Simulation Study on Series Capacitor Compensation to Improve the Voltage Quality of Rural Power Distribution Network

In order to improve the voltage quality of rural power distribution network, the series capacitor in distribution lines is proposed. The principle of series capacitor compensation technology to improve the quality of rural power distribution lines voltage is analyzed. The real rural power distribution network simulation model is established by Power System Power System Analysis Software Package (PSASP). Simulation analysis the effect of series capacitor compensation technology to improve the voltage quality of rural power distribution network, The simulation results show that the series capacitor compensation can effectively improve the voltage quality and reduce network losses and improve the transmission capacity of rural power distribution network.

Comparative study of effectiveness of different var compensation devices in large-scale power networks

A comparison of the effectiveness of installing reactive power compensators,such as shunt capacitors,static var compensators(SVCs),and static synchronous compensators(STATCOMs),was presented in large-scale power networks.A suitable bus was first identified using modal analysis method.The single shunt capacitor,single SVC,and single STATCOM were installed separately on the most critical bus.The effects of the installation of different devices on power loss reduction,voltage profile improvement,and voltage stability margin enhancement were examined and compared for 57-and 118-bus transmission systems.The comparative study results show that SVC,and STATCOM are expensive compared to shunt capacitor,yet the effect of installing STATCOM is better than SVC and the effect of installing SVC is better than that of shunt capacitor in achieving power loss reduction,voltage profile improvement and voltage stability margin enhancement.

Microcontroller Control of Reactive Power Compensation for Growing Industrial Loads

Many industrial installations in developing countries start-up as small factories, without regard for the need of compensation of reactive power, leading to significant financial losses in the long term. By improving the power factor, the customer can reduce its power demand and potentially increase efficiency of their equipment. A PIC microcontroller is used to switch capacitor banks to compensate for the reactive power. In order to determine the size of the capacitor bank needed, the microcontroller calculates the phase difference between the voltage and the current. The results obtained based on the lagging power factor for three test loads show an improvement in the power factor from 0.52 to 0.96 under different test load conditions.

CMOS low-dropout regulator with 3.3 μA quiescent current without off-chip capacitor

A CMOS （complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor） low-dropout regulator （LDO） with 3. 3 V output voltage and 100 mA output current for system-on-chip applications to reduce board space and external pins is presented. By utilizing a dynamic slew-rate enhancement（SRE） circuit and nested Miller compensation （NMC） on the LDO structure, the proposed LDO provides high stability during line and load regulation without off-chip load capacitors. The overshot voltage is limited within 550 mV and the settling time is less than 50 μs when the load current decreases from 100 mA to 1 mA. By using a 30 nA reference current, the quiescent current is 3.3 μA. The proposed design is implemented by CSMC 0. 5 μm mixed-signal process. The experimental results agree with the simulation results.

Optimal Sizing of Capacitor Bank for Increasing Substation Capacity of Mamou

In order to increase the available power of the electrical energy distribution station and improve the voltage profile of the distribution lines, the use of shunt capacitor banks is indicated. The main results obtained during this study are: a reduction in subscribed power from 14913.978 kVA to 14010.100 kVA, a reduction in the transformer load rate from 99.4% to 93.4%, a reduction in reactive power called from 5481.729 kVAr to 481.729 kVAr, an increase in the active power transported by the substation from 8505.062 kW to 8962.323 kW, a reduction in the voltage drop from 4.8% to 3.9%, an increase in the power available at the secondary of the transformer station at full load from 13950 kW to 14700 kW and an annual electrical energy saving of 339943.48 kWh of electrical energy, therefore fuel savings and a reduction in CO2 and SO2 emissions due to this energy saving will be achieved. The installation of capacitor banks for optimization of reactive energy allowed a reduction in the current called therefore a reduction in the absorbed power: 14153.061 kVA, i.e. a reduction of 903.876 kVA. It is therefore essential that energy players are convinced of the need to install capacitors to reduce or even eliminate their reactive energy bill. This is necessarily accompanied by an investment by Electricité De Guinée by setting up active and reactive energy meters but also by implementing pricing in line with the reduction in the transfer of reactive energy in the network.

Fault Locator Using Two-end Unsynchronized Measurements for UHV Series Compensated Double-circuit Lines

An accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines is presented.Use of two-end unsynchronized measurements of current and voltage signals is considered.The algorithm applies two subroutines,designated for locating faults on particular line sections,and additionally the procedure for selecting the valid subroutine.The subroutines are formulated with use of the generalized fault loop model and the distributed parameter line model is applied.Performed ATP-EMTP based evaluation has shown the validity of the derived fault location algorithm and its high accuracy.

A High-Performance Operational Amplifier for High-Speed High-Accuracy Switch-Capacitor Cells

A high-speed high-accuracy fully differenttial operational amplifier （op-amp） is realized based on no-Miller-capacitor feedforward （NMCF） compensation scheme. In order to achieve a good phase margin, the NMCF compensation scheme uses the positive phase shift of left-half-plane （LHP） zero caused by the feedforvvard path to counteract the negative phase shift of the non-dominant pole. Compared to traditional Miller compensation method, the op-amp obtains high gain and wide band synchronously without the pole-splitting effect while saves significant chip area due to the absence of the Miller capacitor. Simulated by the 0.35 μm CMOS RF technology, the result shows that the open-loop gain of the op-amp is 118 dB with the unity gain-bandwidth （UGBW） of 1 GHz, and the phase margin is 61°while the settling time is 5.8 ns when achieving 0.01% accuracy. The op-amp is especially suitable for the front-end sample/hold （S/H） cell and the multiplying D/A converter （MDAC） module of the high-speed high-resolution pipelined A/D converters （AVCs）.

一种SOP端口不平衡时直流侧电压脉动抑制策略

当柔性多状态开关(SOP)端口电压不平衡时,会引起直流侧电压的波动,给整个系统的稳定性带来很大的影响。根据SOP的数学模型,对波动的原因进行了分析,提出一种基于二阶滑模控制的直流侧电压波动抑制策略;通过引入基于非线性干扰观测器的电容补偿器装置,对参考电压电流进行精确地跟踪。考虑多种端口电压不平衡的条件,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建SOP仿真模型,仿真结果表明,该方法对直流侧电压波动抑制有明显的效果。

感应电能传输系统多并联拾取模块电流和输出功率均衡方法

大功率感应电能传输系统通常采用多并联拾取模块结构。然而,多并联拾取模块参数不一致,会导致各个拾取模块的电流和输出功率不均衡,从而降低系统效率,严重时会因模块过流而造成系统故障。为解决该问题,文中提出一种基于并联拾取模块补偿电容器的多并联拾取模块电流和输出功率均衡方法。首先,介绍了传统感应电能传输系统与所提出的感应电能传输系统拓扑的特性。然后,分别分析了互感、拾取线圈自感及内阻对电流分布和系统效率的影响。最后,通过4个并联拾取模块的感应电能传输系统实验平台验证了所提方法的有效性。实验结果表明,采用所提方法时多并联拾取模块的电流和输出功率基本一致,并且相比传统感应电能传输系统,系统效率最高提升了2.21%。

基于双电容器耦合和线性补偿的高稳定度平顶脉冲强磁场调控系统分析与设计

平顶脉冲磁场具备脉冲磁场强度高和稳态磁场稳定度高的双重优势,是现代物理科学研究的重要工具。为满足脉冲场核磁共振、I-V测量等科学实验对平顶脉冲磁场高稳定度的需求,该文提出基于双电容器回路耦合放电和线性补偿的平顶磁场调控方案。为此,理论分析双电容器回路耦合放电过程,建立配置主/辅回路电容电压和放电时序的优化方法,基于IGBT有源区的流控特性,设计线性调节补偿回路和前馈反馈相结合的控制器,研制与主磁体解耦的1 T补偿磁体,对双电容器回路耦合放电产生的背景磁场进行高精度调控,最终实现了强度为45.2 T、持续时间为8 ms以及稳定度为0.02%的平顶脉冲磁场,满足相关固态核磁共振等科学实验需求。

基于前馈补偿的快速响应无片外电容LDO设计

无片外电容低压差线性稳压器(LDO)可以为高度集成的片上系统(SoC)提供低噪声、低纹波的电源电压。针对无片外电容LDO瞬态响应速度较慢、稳定性较差的问题,采用有源前馈补偿技术加快功率管的充放电速率,提高LDO的瞬态响应速度;且引入左半平面零点,改善系统的稳定性。同时,前馈补偿电路可以使LDO在轻载和重载之间变化时,自适应地在二级级联放大器和三级级联放大器结构之间切换,确保LDO在全负载范围内保持稳定。采用TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺进行电路的设计。仿真结果表明,在片上负载电容为20 pF且负载电流在0~200 mA变化时,设计的无片外电容LDO能够工作在1.7~2.8 V的输入电源电压下,稳定输出1.5 V的供电电压,系统在全负载范围内的相位裕度大于45°。当负载电流在1μs内,在0 mA和200 mA之间跳变时,过冲和下冲电压小于100 mV,恢复时间低于0.6μs。设计的LDO在高稳定性、快速瞬态响应和宽负载范围方面取得了较好的性能。

带有死区时间补偿及电容电压平衡功能的二极管钳位型三电平逆变器数字调制方法

针对二极管钳位型三电平逆变器存在的电容电压平衡问题和死区时间导致的输出波形失真问题,该文在分析死区时间对输出波形失真及电容电压平衡影响的基础上,提出一种可用于高频逆变器的数字调制方法及具体实现形式,分析量化与采样环节、数字隔离器件传输延时及采样时钟对所提方法的影响,并给出开关时钟分频倍数的设计准则。该方法独立于闭环控制系统其他环节,无需电流采样,实现容易且易于集成在数字控制器中;无需控制环路运算,可适用于更高开关频率和输出频率。仿真和实验表明,所提方法在不同开关频率、不同死区时间和不同负载类型下均能有效地降低死区时间导致的输出波形失真现象,且能够很好地解决电容电压平衡问题。此外,所提方法在开关频率高达400 kHz的情况下仍具有良好的效果。

基于阻抗重塑的虚拟同步机次同步振荡抑制方法

虚拟同步机通过模拟转子运动方程从而使电力电子装置具有同步发电机的惯性和阻尼特性。然而,虚拟同步机与串联电容补偿电网连接时易发生次同步振荡。针对该问题,该文首先建立虚拟同步机与串联电容补偿电网的序阻抗模型,其次,采用伯德图分析次同步振荡发生的机理,研究传统有源阻尼方法的局限性。在此基础上,提出一种基于阻抗重塑的虚拟同步机次同步振荡抑制方法。在虚拟同步机阻尼系数的反馈回路中增加阻抗重塑控制器,进而利用伯德图分析改进系统的阻抗特性。该阻抗重塑方法可以减小虚拟同步机与串联电容补偿电网在低频段的阻抗相位差,有效抑制次同步振荡发生。相较于传统的有源阻尼控制方法,所提出的次同步振荡抑制方法可以较好的适应系统运行方式变化,并且不会引起虚拟同步机工作点偏移。最后,通过仿真和实验验证所提方法的有效性。

基于SiGe BiCMOS工艺的8 GS/s采样保持电路

为实现数字通信对高速模数转换器的要求,基于0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺提出了一款8 GS/s采样率、6 bit的采样保持电路。电路采用全差分开环结构,利用射极跟随型采样开关实现了电路高采样率。采样开关中采用晶体管线性补偿技术,有效地提高了采样保持电路的线性度。输出缓冲电路采用级联结构实现高线性度,并提高了电路的驱动能力。测试结果发现,在采样模式下单端输入信号频率4 GHz、采样时钟频率8 GHz条件下,有效位数为5.4 bit,无杂散动态范围为37.6 dB,总谐波失真为37.5 dB,总功耗为450 mW,芯片尺寸为0.68 mm×0.68 mm。

一种MV级峰化电容一体化电容分压器的研制

峰化电容器由于结构紧凑一般采用间接测量其承受的电压,而峰化电容电压的直接测量一直是难以解决的问题。为了解决该问题,以峰化电容器为基础,研制了一种新型结构的电阻补偿式自积分型峰化电容一体化电容分压器。其次,根据分压器的新型结构分析了峰化电容一体化电容分压器的理论分压比,给出了理论分压比计算公式,分析了影响低频响应的因素并进行了电路仿真验证。同时,开展了方波标定实验,得到了两个探头的分压比及响应时间,且探头响应时间均小于6.2 ns。此外,为了得到更准确的分压比并验证正常工作状态下该一体化电容分压器分压比的稳定性,进行了高压在线标定实验,得到了1#探头分压比为11 071,2#探头分压比为15 148。且在更高电压等级下,该电容分压器探头的测量相对误差较小,分压比稳定性良好。

Bifurcation analysis for an SMIB power system with series capacitor compensation associated with sub-synchronous resonance

In this paper,an introduction to the bifurcation theory and its applicability to the study of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) phenomenon in power system are presented. The continuation and bifurcation analysis software AUTO97 is adopted to investigate SSR for a single-machine-infinite-bus power system with series capacitor compensation. The investigation results show that SSR is the result of unstable limit cycle after bifurcation. When the system exhibits SSR, some complex periodical orbit bifurcations, such as torus bifurcation and periodical fold bifurcation, may happen with the variation of limit cycle. Furthermore, the initial operation condition may greatly influence the ultimate state of the system. The time-domain simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the results obtained from the bifurcation analysis.

一款基于GaAs工艺的改进型Wilkinson功率分配器芯片

对传统Wilkinson功率分配器的设计方式进行改进,使用蛇形环绕式结构取代传统的微带线结构,并在功分器隔离电阻处引入了频率补偿电容,基于砷化镓(GaAs)工艺,借助ADS软件设计并制作了一款新型结构的小型化超宽带一分二Wilkinson功率分配器芯片。芯片实物测试结果表明,在通带4~20 GHz内,插入损耗典型值为0.65 dB,端口回波损耗典型值为20 dB,端口隔离度典型值达到25 dB,芯片尺寸仅为1.0 mm×0.9 mm×0.1 mm。该功率分配器的实测结果与仿真结果相吻合,电特性优良,具有较高的实用价值。

一种基于非线性电流跟踪算法的STATCOM相间电容电压平衡控制策略

针对基于级联H桥拓扑结构的静止同步补偿器在传统控制框架下所产生的相间电容电压不平衡问题,采用一种新型混合调制方法并提出了一种全新的非线性分相电流控制策略。首先,基于六模块十三电平级联H桥拓扑结构,阐明新型混合调制的调制原理,并阐述适用于新型混合调制的相内电容电压均衡策略。其次,推导了静止同步补偿器在两相同步旋转坐标系下的控制模型,并分析指出采用dq解耦控制存在的相间电容电压不平衡问题。针对相间电容电压不平衡问题,提出基于三相静止坐标系下的电流分相控制策略,通过Lyapunov稳定性判据第二法推导并设计实现对交流指令电流无差跟踪的非线性电流控制器。最后,在Matlab/Simulink环境下搭建仿真模型。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略在不同条件下均能保持相间电容电压一致和稳定,且具有良好的动态响应特性。

非隔离单相半桥UPQC直流纹波分析及其影响抑制

非隔离单相半桥统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)两侧变换器的脉动功率差将在直流电容及分电容上产生复杂的多倍频电压纹波,各次电压纹波会对串联侧变换器的补偿电压有不同的影响,降低串联侧变换器的补偿效果。为了抑制直流电压纹波影响,利用等效电容电流模型计算直流电容电压表达式,分析直流纹波及非线性负载对补偿电压的影响路径,并仿真验证其正确性。针对分电容电压纹波和非线性负载对电压补偿效果的影响,提出一种抑制多倍频纹波影响的补偿电压特定次谐波控制策略。最后,基于SiC器件建立了非隔离单相半桥UPQC实验平台进行实验验证,实验结果表明在非线性工况下,所提控制策略将补偿电压THD从12.2%降低至2.4%,相比于传统控制可以减少约70%的直流电容需求。

220 kV变压器低压侧10 kV无功补偿装置电容器绝缘故障分析

电容器无功补偿对提高系统的电压稳定、降低输电线损及变电损耗起着重要的作用。针对某220kV变电站10kV系统发生的电容器外熔断器保护全部熔断及本体烧毁事故,基于故障电容器的解剖情况,分析了电容器绝缘损坏的主要原因以及故障进一步扩大的原因,计算分析发现电容器不平衡保护整定值不合理性,并通过仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC复现故障过程,验证故障结果,最后为避免故障再次发生提出了相应的处理建议,保证电容器的正常运行。