A CAPACITY EXPANSION PROBLEM WITH BUDGET CONSTRAINT AND BOTTLENECK LIMITATION

This paper considers a capacity expansion problem with budget constraint. Suppose each edge in the network has two attributes: capacity and the degree of difficulty. The difficulty degree of a tree T is the maximum. degree of difficulty of all edges in the tree and the cost for coping with the difficulty in a tree is a nondecreasing function about the difficulty degree of the tree. The authors need to increase capacities of some edges so that there is a spanning tree whose capacity can be increased to the maximum extent, meanwhile the total cost for increasing capacity as well as overcoming the difficulty in the spanning tree does not exceed a given budget D*. Suppose the cost for increasing capacity on each edge is a linear function about the increment of capacity, they transform this problem into solving some hybrid parametric spanning tree problems([1]) and propose a strongly polynomial algorithm.

Zero-Thermal Expansion and Heat Capacity of Zirconium Pyrovanadate Doped with Zirconia and Vanadium (V) Oxide

The dominant phase ZrV2O7 material, doped with zirconia and vanadium (V) oxide, was synthesized by solid state reaction and sol-gel methods. X-ray power diffraction patterns show that it is cubic structure. Thermal mechanic analysis measurements exhibit a zero-thermal expansion of this material above 150 degreesC. Meanwhile, the heat capacity dependent on temperature, determined by differential scanning calorimetry, keeps in constant almost in the same temperature range. The relationship between unusual thermal expansion and abnormal heat capacity is discussed with Gruneisen parameter.

Decision Making for Capacity Expansion of Water Supply Systems

This study developed a systematic decision-making process for water supply capacity expansion using the analytic hierarchy process. The decision-making criteria were categorized into environmental, economic, technical and socio-cultural aspects. Capacity expansion of three water resources (Kpong, Weija and Teshie plants) of Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area (Ghana) was studied as a test case. The research resulted in the environmental criterion with the highest priority weight (52.4%), followed by the economic (30.6%), technical (11.3%) and socio-cultural criteria (5.8%). The overall analysis ranked the Kpong plant with a score of 36.1% followed by the Weija and Teshie plants with scores 33.8% and 30.2%, respectively.

Experimental Investigation of the Cooling Capacity of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide in Free Jet Expansion for Use in Portable Air-Cooling Systems

This paper investigates the possibility of using the free expansion of gaseous CO2 in portable air-cooling systems. The cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 free jet expansion was calculated using three different approaches and the results showed that the simplified calculations would give approximated cooling values with an 11.6% maximum error. The mass flow rate, upstream pressure and cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 decreased with time. A maximum 48.5 watts of cooling was recorded at minute 4 and a minimum value of 10.4 watts at the end of the test. The drop in cooling capacity is due to the evaporation of the liquid CO2 inside the small cylinder which cools the two-phase CO2 mixture and causes a pressure drop (from 6 MPa to 2.97 MPa), which also affects the mass flow rate of gaseous CO2 exiting the orifice (from 0.56 g/s to 0.24 g/s). If this cooling technique is to be considered in portable compact-cooling systems, the mass, pressure and cooling capacity drop with time must be solved. One of the solutions could be to cover the cylinder with a heating coat to compensate for the heat absorbed by the evaporation of the liquid CO2.

Characterizing Property of States: Effect of Defects on the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and the Specific Heat Capacity of ZrB₂

Thermal storage potential and thermal expansion are characteristic properties for extreme applications. ZrB2 is a candidate for advanced applications in aircraft and fusion reactors. This article presents density functional theory calculations of its states, microstructure and quasi-harmonic levels calculations of thermophysical properties. Band structure highlighted dynamical instability with metallic impurities in ZrB2 structure based on frequency modes. The observed projected density of states (PDOS) appropriate 4d orbital of Zr dominated at low frequency both in perfect crystal in the presence or absence of covalent impurities while B 2s and 2p orbitals dominate higher frequency states. Temperature dependency and anisotropy of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were evaluated with various impurities. Various thermodynamic properties like entropy and free energy were explored for degrees of freedom resulting from internal energy changes in the material. Computed results for heat capacity and CTE were compared to available numerical and experimental data.

Studies on Capacity Expansion of Fuel Plants for Nuclear Research Reactors

The demand for nuclear fuel for research reactors is rising worldwide. Thus, the production facilities of this kind of fuel need reliable guidance on how to augment their production in order to meet the increasing demand efficiently and safely. We proposed a specific procedure for increasing production capacity. That procedure was tested with data from a real plant, which produces plate-type fuel elements loaded with LEU U3Si2-Al fuel. The test was made by means of discrete event simulation, and the results indicated the proposed procedure is efficient in raising production capacity.

Minimum Cost of Capacity Expansion for Time-Limited Transportation Problem On-Demand

The minimum cost of capacity expansion for time-limited transportation problem on-demand (MCCETLTPD) is to find such a practicable capacity expansion transportation scheme satisfying the time-limited T along with all origins’ supply and all destinations’ demands as well as the expanding cost is minimum. Actually, MCCETLTPD is a balance transportation problem and a variant problem of minimum cost maximum flow problem. In this paper, by creating a mathematical model and constructing a network with lower and upper arc capacities, MCCETLTPD is transformed into searching feasible flow in the constructed network, and consequently, an algorithm MCCETLTPD-A is developed as MCCETLTPD’s solution method basing minimum cost maximum flow algorithm. Computational study validates that the MCCETLTPD-A algorithm is an efficient approach to solving the MCCETLTPD.

Lenzing Decides on Capacity Expansion Program

The Lenzing Group, world market leader in cellulose fibers, will continue to expand production capacity in 2010 by investing a scheduled EUR 120 million in its European and Asian sites.The projects will be realized over the next two years. The key elements are the

China's Excess Oil Refining Production Capacity in the Background of the Supply Side Structural Reform

Through analysis of the current situation and newly-increased production capacity-of the oil refining industry of China, this Paper discusses both the continuous expansion trend and the serious excess of production capacity of the oil refining industry of China. Due to the entry of the Chinese economy into the new normal,the accelerated substitution of old energy by new energy and rigid restrictions composed of low carbon and environmental protection requirements, the oil demand of China will continue to increase overall, but the growth will obviously slow down. At the same time, the newly-increased production capacity in Shandong and coastal region will continuously expand, the supply and demand contradiction will intensify, and the structural excess production capacity of the oil refining industry of China will be prominent. It is suggested that the government should attach great importance to the production capacity of the oil refining industry at the macro level, and deeply carry forward the supply side structural reform, and that enterprises should speed up technical innovation,enhance regional and layout optimization, adapt to market changes and adjust product structure, control oil refining but increase chemical engineering, improve product quality and production efficiency, and constantly promote the international competitiveness of the Chinese petrochemical industry.

Capacity and outage probability analysis of downlink MRT-SC in distributed antenna system

This paper investigates the downlink capacity distribution and the outage probability of the interested area of maximum ratio transmission-selection combining(MRT-SC) scheme in the distributed antenna system(DAS).Composite fading channels are assumed,which include path loss,lognormal shadowing and multi-path Rayleigh fading.Analytical approximations of the capacity's cumulative distribution function(CDF),the outage capacity,the mean capacity,and the outage probability of the interested area are derived by means of moment generation function(MGF) and Gauss-Hermite series expansion based approaches.The influence of antenna number,path loss exponent,and shadowing standard deviation on the capacity distribution are investigated.The simulation results agree with the analytical approximations well,and thus the analytical approximations are able to substitute the time-intensive Monte Carlo simulation for further investigation.

Large-Capacity and High-Speed Instruction Cache Based on Divide-by-2 Memory Banks

An increase in the cache capacity is usually accompanied by a decrease in access speed.To balance the capacity and performance of caches,this paper proposes an instruction cache(ICache)architecture based on divide-by-2 memory banks(D2MB-ICache).The control circuit and memory banks of D2MB-ICache work at the central processing unit(CPU)frequency and the divide-by-2 CPU frequency,respectively,so that the capacity of D2MB-ICache can be expanded without lowering its frequency.For sequential access,D2MB-ICache can output the required instruction from memory banks per CPU cycle by dividing the memory banks with a partition mechanism and employing an inversed clock technique.For non-sequential access,D2MB-ICache will fetch certain jump instructions one or two more times,so that it can catch the jump of the request address in time and send the correct instruction to the pipeline.Experimental results show that,compared with conventional ICache,D2MB-ICaches with the same and double capacities show a maximum frequency increase by an average of 14.6%and 6.8%,and a performance improvement by an average of 10.3%and 3.8%,respectively.Moreover,energy efficiency of 64-kB D2MB-ICache is improved by 24.3%.

The revision on heat capacity of Einstein’s solid model

This paper is based on Einstein’s supposition about crystal lattice vibration, which states that when Einstein’s temperature ΘE is not less than the crystal temperature T but less than 2T, the expression of crystal molar heat capacity changes to the Dulong-Petit equation Cv=3R. Thereby this equation can explain why crystal molar heat capacity equals about 3R not only at low temperatures but also at normal temperatures for many kinds of metals. It can be calculated that the nonlinear interaction among atoms contributes to the molar heat capacity using the coefficient of expansion β and the Grüneisen constant γ. The result is that the relative error between the theoretical and the experimental value of the molar heat capacity is reduced greatly for many kinds of metals, especially for metals of IA. The relative error can be cut by about 17%.

Anomalous low-temperature heat capacity in antiperovskite compounds

The low-temperature heat capacities are studied for antiperovskite compounds AX M_3（A = Al, Ga, Cu, Ag, Sn, X = C,N, M = Mn, Fe, Co）. A large peak in（C- γ T）/T^3 versus T is observed for each of a total of 18 compounds investigated,indicating an existence of low-energy phonon mode unexpected by Debye T^3 law. Such a peak is insensitive to the external magnetic field up to 80 k Oe（1 Oe = 79.5775 A·m-1）. For compounds with smaller lattice constant, the peak shifts towards higher temperatures with a reduction of peak height. This abnormal peak in（C- γ T）/T^3 versus T of antiperovskite compound may result from the strongly dispersive acoustic branch due to the heavier A atoms and the optical-like mode from the dynamic rotation of X M_6 octahedron. Such a low-energy phonon mode may not contribute negatively to the normal thermal expansion in AX M_3 compounds, while it is usually concomitant with negative thermal expansion in open-structure material（e.g., ZrW_2O_8, Sc F_3）.

Grouted Pile and Its Bearing Capacity

The grouting method applied in bored pile is an improvement to the conventional bored pile. Load tests have proved that grouting under the bored pile tip is an effective method to enhance the bearing capacity of the pile and to reduce the pile settlement. In this paper, the grouting technology is described and pile load test results are discussed. In order to put the grouting method into design practice, the authors analyze the working mechanism of soil compaction. And, based on the theory of cavities expansion in soil mass, approximate formulae are proposed for estimating the bearing capacity of the grouted pile. The theoretical prediction agrees well with the load test results.

Analyzing the correlation among the five indications of the regenerative effectiveness of expanded skin:A retrospective study of 277 expansion cases

Background:Skin expansion is a useful method for harvesting extra tissue.However,the outcome is hardly predictable.Methods:A total of 158 patients with 277 expanded skin cases were reviewed and evaluated via photographs.The review and evaluation were conducted to determine the skin’s regenerative condition.The overall texture of the expanded skin,which was deemed good,fair,or poor,was evaluated.The occurrence of five indications of the limitation of skin regeneration(thinning,color change,stretch marks,varicose vessels,and skin lesions)during expansion was recorded.The correlation between the five indications and the overall texture was statistically analyzed.Results:Among the 277 retrospectively reviewed expansion cases,the occurrence rate of skin deterioration showed significant differences between the expansion sites(P<0.01).Skin deterioration was most commonly seen on the neck and at the back.The occurrence of each indication varied among locations.The odds ratios of color change,stretch marks,varicose vessels,thinning,and skin lesions between good and poor skin conditions were 44.97,5.09,22.26,89.79,and 4.61,respectively(all P<0.001).Conclusion:Skin color,stretch marks,varicose vessels,thickness,and skin lesions are closely correlated with the skin regenerative capacity.An integrated evaluation can help predict the regenerative capacity of expanded skin.

On the Distributive Justice of Land Added Value in the Process of Urban Expansion

It is an unarguable fact that the urban-rural dual structure led to two different results. On the one hand,it had been playing a great role in the city development and prosperity,and on the other hand,it had led the slow development of rural economy and the income gap between rural and urban areas. The government makes efforts to promote the process of urbanization to maintain the sustained development of China's economy and economic transformation which are the two needs of the Chinese reality. But in the top-level design of the policy,the government did not give a fair profits distribution to all social groups. On the contrary,the result of urban development is based on the expense of a part of the people's interests in exchange for the interests of another parts of the people,and especially on the government expropriation in the process of urban expansion. Under Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China,the government monopolized the expropriation right of the rural land,and the rural collectives and farmers as the land owner and constructors respectively have no rights to decide the land use purposes. In fact,they are forced to accept the land compensation,and because of the little bargaining rights,they gain little from the land value increment. Comparatively,the governments became the biggest beneficiary who made use of the land as a source and capital to earn the achievement in their official career and more money required by the urban development. The paper mainly analyzes the current situation of the distribution of the land added value,elaborates the reasons why the government strives for the land interests,and discusses what farmers lose in the government expropriation. Last but not lest,the author reflects on the land reform and gives a proposal on distribution of land added value.

High-pressure capacity expansion and water injection mechanism and indicator curve model for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

Water injection for oil displacement is one of the most effective ways to develop fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.With the increase in the number of rounds of water injection,the development effect gradually fails.The emergence of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology allows increased production from old wells.Although high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology has been implemented in practice for nearly 10 years in fractured-vuggy reservoirs,its mechanism remains unclear,and the water injection curve is not apparent.In the past,evaluating its effect could only be done by measuring the injection-production volume.In this study,we analyze the mechanism of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection.We propose a fluid exchange index for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection and establish a discrete model suitable for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curves in fractured-vuggy reservoirs.We propose the following mechanisms:replenishing energy,increasing energy,replacing energy,and releasing energy.The above mechanisms can be identified by the high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curve of the well HA6X in the Halahatang Oilfield in the Tarim Basin.By solving the basic model,the relative errors of Reservoirs I and II are found to be 1.9%and 1.5%,respectively,and the application of field examples demonstrates that our proposed high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection indicator curve is reasonable and reliable.This research can provide theoretical support for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology in fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion of Water and Helium

Original expressions for heat capacity CV and its components, vibrational and configurational components of thermal expansion coefficient were established. The values of CV, Cvib, Cconf, Cvib and Cconf for water and helium 4He were calculated.

China Crude Oil Imports and Oil Market-oriented Reform

Crude oil imports in China are mainly carried out by state-owned entities with non state-owned entities as compliment. Crude imported by 5 state-owned entities accounts for 90% of the total imports, while non state-owned entities are about given more freedom in using and importing crude. In 2015 only, there were 13 compauies graftted rcritlt access to imported crude oil and 6welv qualiied to import rights. Currently, there are 29 non-state-owned companies engaging in crude import business. China oil market is .faced with severe challenges. Ttre growth rate of oil demand declined, and dependence upon imported oil increased and reached as high as 61.26% in 2015. Refined oil demand growth also slowed down, and oil refining overcapacity got prominent and completion wouht become fiercer＂ in future. Overcapacity was about 140 million toils per year in 2015. Consumption ratio of diesel to gasoline went on declining, and ttre task of product structure adjustment was heavy. China oil market is undergoing great transformation, and institutional mechanism zoill go ahead, on the basis of centering on orderly release of limitations on crude oil and refined oil import and export, orderly release of competitive business arrd government pricing of oil/gas downstream links, vigorous resolving of overcapacity, strengthening low-carbon development, and laying a solid foundation.for guarantee.

Multicriteria Analysis of a Capacity Expansion Problem:Damaturu, Northeastern Nigeria as Case Study

Damaturu, the Yobe State Capital is one of the major towns in the semi-arid areas OfNortheastern Nigeria. It lacks adequate water supply. Being a State Capital, rapid improvements in itsinfrastructures including water supply to cope with increased demands are required. Three options forthe expansion of the present water supply system are been considered. These are Groundwater resourceswithin and around the existing system, and surface water schemes from two Dam sites identitied andappraised for this purpose. The Management of the Yobe State Water Board and the State Governmentare faced with the problem of which of these three options to choose. This is a typical capacity expansionproblem within a multicriterion setting in which the choice is to be bassed on economic, environmental,social as well as political considerstions. This paper presents a multicriterion analysis whose result willbe used in forming the basis of an informed decision to be made on why a particular option is to bechosen.