Micromolding in Capillaries Using Swollen Elastomeric Stamp

Micromolding in capillaries of a micro square array was carried out for polystyrene solution in acetone by means of swollen polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） elastomeric stamp. The resulting micro-cubic poles were isolated and separable when the added amount of the polystyrene solution was small. Some special distorting micro-patterns in the micro-square array were observed because of shrinkage resulting from the varying evaporation rate of solvent at different places.

Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins in Polymer Coated Capillaries

Fused-silica capillaries used in capillary zone electrophoresis were statically coated with γ- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and epoxy polymer in order to suppress wall adsorption in the separation of proteins. It has been shown that a significant decrease in adsorption was obtained and eletroosmotic flow was the diminished in the pH range 3-5. However with higher pH values, appreciable peak deformation and decreases in the resolving power were observed. Under pH 5, the epoxy polymer coating was shown to be quite stable and exhibited reproducible separations from run-to-run and day-to-day over a period of time.

Dynamic characteristics of charged droplets in an electrostatic spraying process with twin capillaries

The experimental and simulated investigations on electrostatic spraying with twin capillaries are carried out. The starting electric voltage required for the cone-jet and the deposition characteristics of the droplets are measured.The whole spraying process, which includes jet and droplet motions, is simulated and the simulated results on the motions of jet and droplet are basically consistent with the experiments. According to the simulated results,the contributions of various electric forces to droplet movement are quantitatively analyzed and the droplet dynamic characteristics, especially the interaction mechanism between two sprays, are revealed. The test results on the droplet deposition characteristics partially support the simulated results on the droplet motion. The present work is useful for a better understanding on the interaction between sprays in double or multi-capillary system.

New Sorbent for Bilirubin Removal from Human Plasma: Albumin Immobilized Microporous Membranous PTFE Capillaries

In this study, we developed a tailored capillary sorbent for bilirubin removal. For immobilized bioligand, capillaries were grafted with epoxy groups using RIGP. The HSA immobilized capillaries has a high affinity adsorption capacity （71.2 mg bilirubin/g polymer） and a shorter adsorption equilibrium time （about 60 min）.

Reduced choroidal peripapillary capillaries in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with early stage of dysthyroid optic neuropathy

AIM: To investigate whether the subtle change of choroidal/retinal vessel densities and volumes in thyroidassociated ophthalmopathy(TAO) could be an early sign to detect dysthyroid optic neuropathy(DON). METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, and a total of 98 eyes from 50 subjects were enrolled under certain criteria. Thirty-four eyes of normal controls and 64 eyes of TAO, including 39 eyes of DON and 25 eyes of TAO without DON, underwent optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA) scanning. All the tested parameters of OCTA scanning including choroid radial peripapillary capillaries(RPC), retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL), and macular ganglion cell complex(GCC) were compared among groups, and the correlation between OCTA parameters and visual function parameters was also investigated. RESULTS: Whole choroidal RPC was significantly reduced in DON(48.24%±0.4978%) compared to normal(50.33%±0.3173%) and TAO without DON(49.16%±0.5463%;P=0.0041). The reduction of whole choroidal RPC was also correlated with visual field(VF) defect in DON(r=0.5422, n=39). Although vision acuity and VF were improved in all the patients with DON after being treated with medical and surgical decompression, the reduction of RPC density were not reversed.CONCLUSION: There is a notable reduction in choroidal RPC in DON, which is correlated with VF defect. The reduction of RPC density could not be reversed immediately by medical and surgical decompression even when vision and VF were improved. These findings suggest that choroidal RPC could be a useful parameter to diagnose and monitor early stage of DON.

CO_2 Density-Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Its Application

The densities of CO2 inclusions in minerals are commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals. However, conventional microthermometry is difficult to apply for inclusions of small size （〈 5-10 μm） or low density. Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density, provided that the CO2 density-Raman shift relation is known. This study aims to establish this CO2 density-Raman shift relation by using CO2 inclusions synthesized in fused silica capillaries. By using this newly-developed synthetic technique, we formed pure CO2 inclusions, and their densities were determined by microthermometry. The Raman analysis showed that the relation between CO2 density （D in g/cm^3） and the separations （△ in cm^-1） between the two main bands （i.e. Fermi diad bands） in CO2 Raman spectra can be represented by a cubic equation： D （g/cm^3）=0.74203（-0.019^3＋5.90332△^2-610.79472△＋21050.30165）-3.54278 （r^2=0.99920）. Our calculated D value for a given A is between those obtained from two previously-reported equations, which were derived from different experimental methods. An example was given in this study to demonstrate that the densities of natural CO2 inclusions that could not be derived from microthermometry could be determined by using our method.

Guided transmission of oxygen ions through Al_2O_3 nanocapillaries

The transmissions of oxygen ions through Al2O3 nanocapillaries each 50 nm in diameter and 10 μm in length at a series of different tilt angles are measured, where the ions with energies ranging from 10 to 60 keⅤ and charge states from 1 up to 6 are involved. The angular distribution and the transmission yields of transported ions are investigated. Our results indicate both the existence of a guiding effect when ions pass through the capillary and a significant dependence of the ion transmission on the energy and the charge state of the ions. The guiding effects are observed to be enhanced at lower projectile energies and higher charge states. Meanwhile, the results also exhibit that the transmission yields increase as the tilt angle decreases at a given energy and charge state.

ASSAY OF SENSITIVITY OF CANCER CELL TO ANTICANCER DRUG IN GLASS CAPILLARIES

A newly established human tumor clonogenecity assay - the glass capillary tube culture technique (CAP assay) to described. With this method, we observed the in vitro anticancer efficiency of several antineoplastics on human solid tumors and acute non-lymphatic leukemia (ANLL) specimen. Comparing with the conventional two-layer agar culture assay (2-LAC assay). The CAP-assay had a higher culture success rate, higher plating efficiency (PE) and shorter experimental period. The preliminary data suggesting and that the CAP assay has the potential to replace the conventional 2- LAC assay for in vitro drug- sensitivity testing and may be applied clinically.

Ordered Arrangement of Micro-beads in Single Line by Micromolding in Capillaries

An effective procedure was demonstrated to arrange spherical micro-beads into ordered, long, line-shape arrays by means of ＂micromolding in capillaries＂ in soft lithography. Polystyrene （PS） micro-beads with 2-3 mm of diameter were used as units and arranged by molding in continuous micro-channels formed by the conformal contact between a glass substrate and an elastomeric stamp with micrometer-scale line patterns on the surface. An aqueous emulsion of PS micro-beads filled these channels by capillary action and was allowed to solidify. The stamp was then removed. The PS micro-beads could be assembled into a string of long line-shape arrays, and the strings were then joined by heating them to their softening temperature. In order to separate the PS micro-bead string from the substrate, the glass was covered with a thin layer of A1 or polymethyl methacrylate. After the A1 layer was dissolved, the string of PS micro-beads would be released. A string of micrometer scale PS beads can be used as a simple and direct ＂model＂ of a real macromolecular chain. It is hopeful to show an analogue with the condensed process of real macromolecules in a mesoscopic scale using the ＂string of PS micro-beads＂.

CO_2 Density-Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Applications

The density of CO2 inclusions in minerals is commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals.However,the conventional microthermometry method is difficult to apply for inclusions that are small in size（【5-10μm） or low in density.Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density,provided that

STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF ARTEMISINE CAPILLARIES AND RADIX CURCUMAE PREVENTING GALLSTONE FORMATION INDUCED BY HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET IN GUINEA PIGS

To study the effect of chinese herbal medicine preventing gallstone formation, morphology of livers and gallbladders as well as conjugated bile acids of the bile. 58 female guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed on normal diet; the lithogenous groups was high cholesterol diet (HCD) and the antilithic group was high cholesterol and the chinese herbal medicine capsule (13 5 g/kg). 8 weeks later the guinea pigs were killed. Liver and gallbladder were removed for light and electroscope observation. Gallbladder bile were withdrawn and gallbladder were collected. The minute construction of gallstones were observed by scanning electron microscope and gallstone components were quantified by Fourier Transform Infrand Spectros Copy (FT IR). The morphology of liver and gallbladder were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Conjugated bile acid of biles were determined by Thin layer Chromatograph. The effect of chinese herbal medicine preventing gallstone formation, morphololgy of livers and gallbladders as well as conjugated bile acids of the bile were also observed. We measured conjugated bile acids in all groups and found that decreased in lithogenic group and increased notably in antilithic group (P<0 01) . The gallstone formation rate was 100% when the animals were fed on HCD in lithogenic group. The rate decreased to 5 3% when the animals were fed on HCD and Chinese herbal medicine capsule inantilithic group. It indicates that changes in diet is an important factor in the process of gallstone formation and the chinese herbal medicine can prevent gallstone formation effectively.

Light Microbeams by Tapered Glass Capillaries for Biological Irradiation

Microbeams of visible light were studied using a tapered glass capillary. Transmittance of laser light through capillaries with different inlet and outlet diameters was measured. About several % of the transmittance was obtained and larger than 80% was achieved in combining with an optical lens. It was found that the obtained transmittance considerably depended on the capillary shape, i.e., the taper angle. Density enhancement of the extracted beam was derived and showed a strong focusing ability for the tapered glass capillary. Propagation of visible light through the capillary was discussed.

The Moisturein Capillaries of Building Materials

The behavior of building materials in constructions of civil structures is influenced by the surrounding moisture and it is a crucial for intensively examined field of the construction physics. Most standard building materials are characterized by a porous structure, which results in the ability to receive water in a liquid as well as gaseous form in the inner pores. The water fills the storage space of pores under certain conditions; it is transported and transferred back to the surroundings. Many technical studies show that the moisture monitoring is prevailingly based on experiments. Previous calculating methods introduced, e.g., by Glaser, which became the basis for the standard calculations in many European countries in the 1960s, are not always sufficient with respect to the demands of the civil structures. The moisture influences thermo-insulating properties of the material. By a change of the thermo insulation properties of the construction also the thermal and diffusion scheme of the construction is changed and its thermal resistance is decreasing. Faults in the thermo-technical projects occur when thermal conductivity coefficient L values for material in a dry state are substituted.The aim of the research is to determine the capillary conductivity coefficient as a characteristic material moisture parameter of the building materials by the means of a non-destructive method using the experimentally assembled apparatus developed at the Department of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. Keywords： Capillary conductivity coefficient, moisture transfer, EMWR （electromagnetic microwave radiation）, diffusion

Characterization of Blood Flow in Capillaries by Numerical Simulation

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the axisymmetric, pressure driven motion of single file erythrocyte (i.e., red blood cell) suspensions flowing in capillaries of diameter 8-11 μm. Our study success-fully recreates several important in vivo hemodynamic and hemorheological properties of microscopic blood flow, such as parachute shape of the cells, blunt velocity profile, and the Fahraeus effect, and they have been shown to have strong dependence on cell deformability, hematocrit and vessel size.

Preparation of polyacrylamide gel-filled capillaries with step gradients and low UV-detection background

Polyacrylamide- filled capillaries with step gradients were designed and prepared with a newly established method,which is also suitable for producing other sorts of capillaries.The resulting capillaries allow the use of any UV light to approach the most sensitive detection and have the features of fast running speed and high separation efficiency In addition,the capillaries can he used continuously for more than two weeks.

Two-dimensional capillaries assembled by van der Waals heterostructures

Research on two-dimensional materials in the past decades has brought many insights of low-dimensional science on a wide range of related topics.As a novel two-dimensional structure,the atomic-scale capillaries which can conceptually be seen as the empty space left by removing few layers of two-dimensional materials from their bulk van der Waals crystals offer a unique platform of investigating physical and chemical processes of ions,molecules,and atoms under two-dimensional confinements.Investigation of many important problems,such as capillary condensation and water network structure that are difficult to be explored experimentally in other confinement structures,has now been accessible;two-dimensional migration of ions,water,and gases shows abnormal transport properties beyond conventional theory prediction;influence of quantum effect to molecule permeation is observable even at room temperature.All these discoveries greatly extend our fundamental understandings of nano-science,and stimulate the development of potential applications.We review the fabrication of these two-dimensional capillaries which are created by the assembly of van der Waals heterostructures,and discuss the ultimate steric effects in the smallest possible confinements.Exotic interactions between capillary interior and confined particles are also summarized.When coupled with external stimuli,these channels exhibit tunable mass transport behaviors,which not only gives feedback to the mechanism understanding but in turn guides the channel structure optimization.

Guiding of 60 keV O^(6+) ions along capillaries in an Al_2O_3 membrane

The guiding of 60 keV O6+ions along capillaries in an Al2O3 membrane is studied.The charge state distribution and the angular distribution of the ions transmitted through the capillaries are measured.The ion guiding ability of the concerned capillaries for the used projectile ions is analyzed,and is compared with other results using PC and alumina capillaries.Qualitative agreement is found.Further studies on material influence on the ion guiding power of the capillaries are needed.

NEWTONIAN FLOW IN CONVERGING-DIVERGING CAPILLARIES

The one-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are used to derive analytical expressions for the relation between pressure and volumetric flow rate in capillaries of five different converging-diverging axisymmetric geometries for Newtonian fluids.The results are compared to previously derived expressions for the same geometries using the lubrication approximation.The results of the one-dimensional Navier–Stokes are identical to those obtained from the lubrication approximation within a nondimensional numerical factor.The derived flow expressions have also been validated by comparison to numerical solutions obtained from discretization with numerical integration.Moreover,they have been certified by testing the convergence of solutions as the converging-diverging geometries approach the limiting straight geometry.

Water transport through graphene capillaries made with atomic-scale precision

Subject Code:A02With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,an international collaboration involving groups from the University of Science and Technology of China and the University of Manchester at the United Kingdom,reported the fabrication of narrow and smooth nanocapillaries through van der Waals assembly with atomic-scale precision.They also studied the water transport through these

High resolution mosaic image of capillaries in human retina by adaptive optics

Adaptive optics (AO) has been proved as a powerful means for high resolution imaging of human retina. Because of the pixel number of charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, the field of view is limited to 1°. In order to have image of capillaries around vivo human fovea, we use mosaic method to obtain high resolution image in area of 6°×6°. Detailed structures of capillaries around fovea with resolution of 2.3 μm are clearly shown. Comparison shows that this method has a much higher resolution than current clinic retina imaging methods.