Property of slice square polycapillary x-ray optics

A geometrical description of square polycapillary x-ray optics and the basic theory of the transmission of x-rays are presented. A method of numerical calculation is developed based on ray-tracing theory. The method simulates the intensity distribution of x-rays propagating through slice square polycapillary x-ray optics. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results.

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on the SMILE Mission

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOV)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.The sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.

Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry based on a single-bounce parabolic capillary

Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a single-bounce parabolic capillary is proposed for the analysis of layered samples.The divergence of the x-ray beam was 0.33 mrad.In this paper,we used this instrumental setup to analyze a Si single crystal and a 50 nm HfO_(2) single-layer film deposited on a Si substrate.

The Study Internal Structure of the Annual Layers in Lake Sediments Using Synchrotron Radiation with X-ray Focusing Optics

1 Introduction Annually laminated(varve)sedimentary deposits are considered as one of the most important archives,since they offer precise temporal information(years)in combination with high time resolutions.Bottom sediments of the lakes contain detailed geochemical information on

Space Soft X-ray and EUV Optics in CIOMP

1 Introduction Since the early of 1980’s,the studies of soft X-ray and EUV optics have been implemented in CIOMP (Changchun Institute of Optics,Fine Mechanics and Physics)．So far,the research system of soft X-ray and EUV optics has been founded including sources,ra- diometry,testing and manufacturing of the super smooth mirror and multilayer coating mirror fabrication．Based on the above technologies,we started to develop the soft X-ray and EUV optical system such as a space EUV solar telescope and a EUV imager．

Ultrastructural changes in the optic nerve and capillary vessels during early stages of optic nerve injury

BACKGROUND： Capillaries are the only blood supply for optic nerves, which makes the system more vulnerable to impaired blood circulation. OBJECTIVE： To observe the ultrastructural changes in the optic nerves and capillaries in rabbits following intracanalicular segment injury to the optic nerve. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Comparative, observational, pathological morphology was performed at the Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical College from September to November 2007. MATERIALS： Models of intracanalicular segment injury to the optic nerve were induced in the right eye of thirty healthy, adult rabbits by a free-falling metal cylinder. The H-7500 transmission electron microscope was provided by Hitachi, Japan. METHODS： All rabbits were randomly assigned into experimental （n = 25） and control （n = 5） groups. Optic nerve specimens were obtained from the experimental group at 0.5, 6, 12, 48, and 96 hours, respectively, following injury. Ultrastructural changes to the optic nerves and their capillaries were observed by electron microscopy. Optic nerve injury was not established in the control group, but optic nerve specimens were collected similarly to the experimental group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Ultrastructural changes in the injured optic nerves and their capillaries. RESULTS： Thirty rabbits were included in the final analysis. In the control group, cross-sections of the optic nerves exhibited varied thicknesses with regularly arranged fibers. The axons appeared to be smooth with condensed myelin sheaths and oval mitochondria. The microtubules and microfilaments were clearly seen. The lumens of the capillaries were regular with densely arranged endothelial cells and visible mitochondria. In the experimental group, 30 minutes after injury to the optic nerves, swollen axons, sparse myelin sheath, disordered microtubules and microfilaments, swollen mitochondria, and a decreased number of pinocytosis vesicles and microfilaments in endothelial cells of the capillaries were observed. At 6 hours, medullary and vacuolar degeneration in the mitochondria, and swollen endothelial cells in the capillary, were visible. At 12 hours, these changes were more obvious. At 48 hours, granular dissolution of microtubules, microfilaments, and mitochondria, as well as diffuse degeneration of mitochondria in the endothelial cells, were observed. At 96 hours, axonal disintegration, vacuolar degeneration, and dilated capillaries were observed. CONCLUSION： During early stages, the injured intracanalicular optic nerve exhibited swollen axons with vacuolar degeneration, swollen and degenerated mitochondria, decreased number of microtubules and microfilaments, and dilated capillaries with increased permeability.

Analysis of Radial Peripapillary Capillary Density in Patients with Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Objective We wanted to investigate the radial peripapillary capillary(RPC)network in patients with Bietti crystalline dystrophy(BCD).Methods We compared RPC densities in the disk and different peripapillary regions,obtained using optical coherence tomography angiography in 22 patients with BCD(37 eyes)and 22 healthy subjects(37 eyes).The BCD group was then divided into Stage 2 and Stage 3 subgroups based on Yuzawa staging,comparing the RPC densities of the two.Results The disk area RPC density was 38.8%±6.3%in the BCD group and 49.2%±6.1%in the control group(P<0.001),and peripapillary region RPC density was significantly lower in the BCD group than in the control group(49.1%±4.7%and 54.1%±3.0%,respectively,P<0.001).There were no significant RPC density differences between the tempo quadrant and inside disk of Stages 2 and 3 subgroups;the other areas showed a significantly lower RPC density in Stage 3 than in Stage 2 BCD.Conclusion The BCD group RPC density was significantly lower than the control group.The reduction of RPC density in the tempo quadrant occurred mainly in the Stage 1 BCD.In contrast,the reduction of RPC density in superior,inferior,and nasal quadrants occurred mainly in Stage 2.

Determining the imaging plane of a retinal capillary layer in adaptive optical imaging

Even in the early stage,endocrine metabolism disease may lead to micro aneurysms in retinal capillaries whose diameters are less than 10 μm.However,the fundus cameras used in clinic diagnosis can only obtain images of vessels larger than 20 μm in diameter.The human retina is a thin and multiple layer tissue,and the layer of capillaries less than10 μm in diameter only exists in the inner nuclear layer.The layer thickness of capillaries less than 10 μm in diameter is about 40 μm and the distance range to rod＆cone cell surface is tens of micrometers,which varies from person to person.Therefore,determining reasonable capillary layer（CL） position in different human eyes is very difficult.In this paper,we propose a method to determine the position of retinal CL based on the rod＆cone cell layer.The public positions of CL are recognized with 15 subjects from 40 to 59 years old,and the imaging planes of CL are calculated by the effective focal length of the human eye.High resolution retinal capillary imaging results obtained from 17 subjects with a liquid crystal adaptive optics system（LCAOS） validate our method.All of the subjects＇ CLs have public positions from 127 μm to 147 μm from the rod＆cone cell layer,which is influenced by the depth of focus.

X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Optical Absorption Study of Bauxite

The bauxite mineral obtained from Araku, Vishakapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India is used in the present work. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mineral was found to be gibbsite in phase. The transitional metal ions present were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectra. The EPR results suggest that Fe3+ has replaced Al3+ in the unit cell of bauxite. The optical absorption spectrum is due to Fe3+ which indicates that it is in distorted octahedral environment. The near-infrared (NIR) spectrum is due to water fundamentals and combination overtones, which confirm the formula of the compound. The impurities in the mineral are identified using spectroscopic techniques.

INDIRECT THERMO－OPTICAL DETECTION FOR CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS SEPARATION OF AMINO ACIDS

In this letter, we first reported a novel method-indirect thermo-optical detection used in CE separation of native amino acids. By using methylene blue as background aborber,the detecion limit for lysine was 5×10(-5)mol/L.

On-Chip Capillary Electrophoresis (Chip-CE) with Optical On-Chip Leaky-Waveguide-Based Detection

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) suffers from a relatively small sensitivity—at least in case of optical detection transversely to the capillary axis due to the small capillary inner diameters in the range of 50 - 100 μm. Different concepts like bubble, U-, or Z-cells have been used to tackle that problem already in the nineties of the last century. But the U- and Z-cells have typically been extra cells with larger inner channel diameters and no optimization for optical waveguiding and the bubble cell per se did not allow for optical waveguiding. In the case of on-chip capillary electrophoresis (chip-CE) a U-cell can be implemented quite easily on the chip. Here we show how leaky optical waveguiding can be employed to improve optical detection. Proper U-channel design and preparation by wet-chemical etching of the fused silica sub- and superstrate, making the U-channel bend a part of the optical input lens system, can help to achieve high coupling efficiency with loss coefficients around 2 dB and low waveguiding loss.

Reduced choroidal peripapillary capillaries in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with early stage of dysthyroid optic neuropathy

AIM: To investigate whether the subtle change of choroidal/retinal vessel densities and volumes in thyroidassociated ophthalmopathy(TAO) could be an early sign to detect dysthyroid optic neuropathy(DON). METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, and a total of 98 eyes from 50 subjects were enrolled under certain criteria. Thirty-four eyes of normal controls and 64 eyes of TAO, including 39 eyes of DON and 25 eyes of TAO without DON, underwent optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA) scanning. All the tested parameters of OCTA scanning including choroid radial peripapillary capillaries(RPC), retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL), and macular ganglion cell complex(GCC) were compared among groups, and the correlation between OCTA parameters and visual function parameters was also investigated. RESULTS: Whole choroidal RPC was significantly reduced in DON(48.24%±0.4978%) compared to normal(50.33%±0.3173%) and TAO without DON(49.16%±0.5463%;P=0.0041). The reduction of whole choroidal RPC was also correlated with visual field(VF) defect in DON(r=0.5422, n=39). Although vision acuity and VF were improved in all the patients with DON after being treated with medical and surgical decompression, the reduction of RPC density were not reversed.CONCLUSION: There is a notable reduction in choroidal RPC in DON, which is correlated with VF defect. The reduction of RPC density could not be reversed immediately by medical and surgical decompression even when vision and VF were improved. These findings suggest that choroidal RPC could be a useful parameter to diagnose and monitor early stage of DON.

X-ray focusing using an x-ray lens composed of multi-square polycapillary slices

A new type of x-ray lens composed of multi-square polycapillary slices(ASPXRL)used in focusing parallel x-ray beam was presented in this paper.Compared with conventional x-ray polycapillary lens,ASPXRL can provide smaller and brighter focus.The effects of the manufacturing imperfections on focusing quality of ASPXRL were evaluated with the values of transmission efficiency and discussed.It is suggested that ASPXRL has application prospects as a condenser lens for x-ray microscopy and flux collectors for x-ray analytical instruments.

Properties of Optical and X-ray Selected AGN-Probing the Unified Model of AGN

We have compiled a sample of two subsets of AGN selected from their optical and X ray data. The first subset was selected for very broad and/or peculiar optical emission line profiles, the second for a high X ray flux. Here we will discuss properties of these galaxies and show that both subsets are very similar in the multi wavelength view. Furthermore, we will discuss differences between the two subsets and their implications for a Unified Model of AGN.

Structural evolution-enabled BiFeO3 modulated by strontium doping with enhanced dielectric,optical and superparamagnetic properties by a modified sol-gel method

Multiferroic(BFO)nanoparticles doped with strontium with the general formula Bi1-xSrx FeO3(x=0,0.3,0.5,0.7)were synthesized using a modified sol-gel auto-combustion process.The structural,electrical,optical,and magnetic properties of the samples are discussed.The structural analysis,carried out using the x-ray powder diffraction technique,shows a structural transition from rhombohedral(R-3c)to cubic(Pm-3m)for the doping amount of strontium(Sr)equal to x=0.3.Morphological analysis of the prepared samples were carried out using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Frequency-dependent dielectric constant and ac conductivity were studied.The doped samples,with improved dielectric properties,can be used to fabricate different optoelectronic devices.Strong dielectric dispersion and broad relaxation were exhibited by all the samples.Cole–Cole plots were employed as an effective tool to study the dispersion parameters,namely,the optical dielectric constant,static dielectric constant,relaxation time,and spreading factor.The activation energy was calculated from the relaxation peaks and Cole–Cole plots,which were found to be compatible with each other.The bandgap of the samples was calculated using diffuse reflectance spectral(DRS)analysis.Sharp and strong photoluminescence in the IR region was observed in the samples,similar to ZnO,which was reported for the first time.Room-temperature and low-temperature magnetization studies point towards the superparamagnetic nature of the samples,with an improvement in magnetic properties with doping.The antiferromagnetic behavior of bulk bismuth ferrite transforms to superparamagnetic in nature for both pure and Sr-substituted bismuth ferrite nanoparticles due to the close dimensions of crystallite size with magnetic domains leading to the break-down of the frustrated spin cycloidal moment.

Changes of retinal vessel density in low to moderate myopic eyes with orthokeratology evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography

AIM:To explore the effect of orthokeratology(OK)fitting on retinal vessel density in low to moderate myopia adolescents by using optical coherence tomography angiography.METHODS:Children aged 10 to 14y with a cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction of−0.50 diopter(D)to−5.00 D and astigmatism with more than−1.50 D were recruited.The enrolled adolescents were divided into OK group and spectacle group.During regular followup,adolescents were measured respectively at pre-wear,1,3,and 6mo after treatment.The follow-up included uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA),axial length(AL),superficial capillary plexus density(SCPD),deep capillary plexus density(DCPD),central retinal thickness(CRT),foveal avascular zone area(FAZ-A),foveal avascular zone perimeter(FAZ-P)and foveal vessel density in a 300-μmwide region around foveal avascular zone(FD-300).The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods.RESULTS:By one month,SCPD significantly increased in the fovea and superior retina,and DCPD significantly increased inferiorly in OK group compared to spectacle group(P<0.05).By three months,there were significant increases in SCPD in the fovea and inferior retina,and DCPD in the parafovea,superior,and inferior retina in OK group(P<0.05),while the increase in SCPD and DCPD in the fovea were observed by six months(P<0.05).The FD-300 significantly increased at every follow-up in OK group compared to spectacle group(P<0.05).No significant differences in the CRT,FAZ-A and FAZ-P and FD-300 were observed between two groups(P>0.05).OK group showed a significant improvement in UDVA after wearing OK,compared to spectacle group(P<0.01),while the AL did not show a significant difference between two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Short-term OK worn can increase local retinal vessel density in adolescents with low-to-moderate myopia.

微循环检测在系统性红斑狼疮评估中的应用

近年来,微循环检测技术在结缔组织病中的应用不断发展,并已在系统性硬化症的诊疗中占有重要地位,但在系统性红斑狼疮中的应用仍有待继续推进。本文聚焦甲襞毛细血管镜及光学相干断层扫描血管成像两种常用的微循环检测技术,归纳甲襞、眼底微循环异常对系统性红斑狼疮不同器官及系统受累可能具有的提示作用,并总结现有研究的不足与潜力。

不同程度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的OCTA表现

目的:利用光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)探讨不同程度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)的表现差异。方法:横断面研究。纳入糖尿病患者77例77眼,分为非DR组(NDR,23眼)和NPDR组(54眼),其中轻度NPDR(20眼)、中度NPDR(20眼)和重度NPDR(14眼)。NDR组与NPDR组的黄斑区中央凹无血管区(FAZ)面积、浅层和深层毛细血管密度(SSP和DSP)、视力(LogMAR)进行比较,不同程度NPDR的视力、FAZ面积、SSP和DSP水平进行比较,FAZ面积、视力、SSP和DSP与病情严重程度进行相关性分析。结果:与NDR组相比,NPDR组的视力值(LogMAR)、黄斑区FAZ面积增大,SSP和DSP降低(P<0.05);不同程度NPDR的视力、FAZ面积、SSP和DSP水平差异显著(P<0.05)。视力(LogMAR)、FAZ面积与病情严重程度呈正相关,SSP和DSP与病情严重程度呈负相关。结论:随着NPDR病情的进展,视力(LogMAR)、FAZ面积增大,SSP和DSP降低。

Dual-phase coexistence enables to alleviate resistance drift in phase-change films

The amorphous phase-change materials with spontaneous structural relaxation leads to the resistance drift with the time for phase-change neuron synaptic devices. Here, we modify the phase change properties of the conventional Ge_2Sb_2Te_5(GST) material by introducing an SnS phase. It is found that the resistance drift coefficient of SnS-doped GST was decreased from 0.06 to 0.01. It can be proposed that the origin originates from the precipitation of GST nanocrystals accompanied by the precipitation of SnS crystals compared to single-phase GST compound systems. We also found that the decrease in resistance drift can be attributed to the narrowed bandgap from 0.65 to 0.43 eV after SnS-doping. Thus, this study reveals the quantitative relationship between the resistance drift and the band gap and proposes a new idea for alleviating the resistance drift by composition optimization, which is of great significance for finding a promising phase change material.

一种新型比率荧光毛细管pH传感器的制备及性能

实时便捷的pH检测对于环境监测和医学诊断等领域具有重要应用价值。本文通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了一种比率荧光毛细管pH传感器。该传感器以2.8-羟基芘-1,3,6-三磺酸三钠盐(8-hydroxy-pyrene-1,3,6-tri-sulfonate,HPTS)作为pH敏感的荧光探针,利用HPTS与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)结合形成HPTS-IP离子对,然后将离子对分散于溶胶-凝胶中,并将其固定于毛细管内壁即制得比率荧光毛细管pH传感器。该传感器利用HPTS在双激发带下的发射强度比值实现比率荧光检测,当pH从5.0上升至8.0时,HPTS的荧光强度比率随pH值增加逐渐增强,pKa值为6.95,通过分析HPTS的比率荧光强度变化可间接监测pH波动。该传感器具有较好的pH敏感性、稳定性和可逆性,且可快速、灵活、便捷地进行实际操作,在环境保护和生物医学领域的pH监测分析方面拥有良好的应用前景。