Experimental Study of Local Scour Around Four Piles Under Different Attack Angles and Gap Ratios

In an effort to investigate and quantify the patterns of local scour,researchers embarked on an in-depth study using a systematic experimental approach.The research focused on the effects of local scour around a set of four piles,each subjected to different hydromechanical conditions.In particular,this study aimed to determine how different attack angles—the angles at which the water flow impinges on the piles,and gap ratios—the ratios of the spacing between the piles to their diameters,influence the extent and nature of scour.A comprehensive series of 35 carefully designed experiments were orchestrated,each designed to dissect the nuances in how the gap ratio and attack angle might contribute to changes in the local scour observed at the base of pile groups.During these experimental trials,a wealth of local scour data were collected to support the analysis.These data included precise topographic profiles of the sediment bed around the pile groups,as well as detailed scour time histories showing the evolution of scour at strategic feature points throughout the test procedure.The analysis of the experimental data provided interesting insights.The study revealed that the interplay between the gap ratio and the attack angle had a pronounced influence on the scouring dynamics of the pile groups.One of the key observations was that the initial phases of scour,particularly within the first hour of water flow exposure,were characterized by a sharp increase in the scour depth occurring immediately in front of the piles.After this initial rapid development,the scour depth transitioned to a more gradual change rate.In contrast,the scour topography around the piles continuously evolved.This suggests that sediment displacement and the associated sculpting of the seabed around pile foundations are sustained and progressive processes,altering the underwater landscape over time.The results of this empirical investigation have significant implications for the design and construction of offshore multi-pile foundations,providing a critical reference for engineers and designers to estimate the expected scour depth around such structures,which is an integral part of decisions regarding foundation design,selection of structural materials,and implementation of scour protection measures.

Investigations on Fluid Resonance Within A Narrow Gap Formed by Two Fixed Bodies with Varying Breadth Ratios

The resonant motion of the fluid inside a narrow gap between two fixed boxes induced by incident regular waves with various wave heights is investigated by adopting a two-dimensional numerical wave flume based on an opensourced CFD package,OpenFOAM.The two boxes have identical draft and height,but the upstream box has a variable breadth.This article focuses on the influences of the breadth ratio,defined as the ratio of the breadth of the upstream box to that of the downstream box,on the following three aspects of hydrodynamic characteristics of gap resonance:(1)the wave height amplifications inside the gap,and in front and at the rear of the structure system,(2)the reflection,transmission,and energy loss coefficients of the structure system,and(3)the response and damping time of the fluid resonance.It is found that the fluid resonant frequency,the amplification factor of the resonant wave height inside the gap and the maximum energy loss coefficient of the structure system are shown to gradually decrease with the increase of the breadth ratio.The response time of gap resonance is shown to first increase and then decrease with the breadth ratio overall,regardless of the incident wave height,and the configuration that the two boxes have the same breadth would bring the largest response time of gap resonance.

Three-Dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation of Flow past A Near-Wall Circular Cylinder:Combined Effects of Gap Ratio and Boundary Layer Thickness on Flow Profiles and Pressure Distribution

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the wake flow downstream of a near-wall circular cylinder at different gap ratios and boundary layer thicknesses are carried out by using the iterative immersed boundary method.The non-dimensional gap between the cylinder and the wall,G/D=0.2,0.6 and 1.0,the non-dimensional boundary layer thickness,δ/D=0.0,0.7 and 1.6,the Reynolds number,Re=350,and the aspect ratio of the cylinder,L/D=25are adopted.High-resolution visualizations of the complex vortex structures at differentδ/D and G/D are presented.The transition of the streamwise vortex mode,the combined effects ofδ/D and G/D on the flow statistics,the pressure and shear stress distribution and the hydrodynamic forces are analyzed.Results show that with decreasing G/D and increasingδ/D,the gap flow and its vortex-shedding are significantly weakened,together with an elongated wake and an enlarged low-velocity area near the wall,leading to the wake mode transition from the two-sided to one-sided vortex-shedding.Different relative positions of the cylinder regarding the boundary layer alter the flow features of the shear layers.With an increase inδ/D,the front stagnation point shifts to the upper surface,and the distance between the flow divergence point and the maximum pressure position increases.The mean drag coefficient and r.m.s.values of drag and lift coefficients decrease with a decrease in G/D and an increase inδ/D,while the mean lift coefficient increases with decreasing G/D but decreases with increasingδ/D.

The Effect of the Gap Ratio on the Flow and Heat Transfer over a Bluff Body in Near-Wall Conditions

In order to study the effect of different gap ratios on the thermofluid-dynamic field around a bluff body located in proximity to a heated wall,a series of experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted.The former were carried out using an open circulating water tank experimental platform and a single cylinder and square column as geometrical models(their characteristic length being D).The latter were based on the well-known SIMPLE algorithm for incompressible flow.The results show that the gap ratio is an important factor affecting the wake characteristics of near-wall bluff bodies.When the gap ratio is small,the influence of the wall on the bluff body wake is large.With an increase in the gap extension,periodic vortex shedding is enabled and heat transfer is strengthened accordingly;in addition,the vortex shedding period is larger for the square column.The square column displays hysteresis compared with the cylinder at the same gap ratio(the critical gap ratio of cylinder is 0.2~0.4,while that of square column is 0.4
0.6).

井底压力下牙轮钻头浮动套轴承性能分析

为了探究井底压力下215.9 mm牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的平衡转速比、摩擦学性能、油膜压力分布随内外间隙比的变化规律,修正了考虑浮动套轴承实际井下环境压力和牙轮钻头密封压差的Reynolds边界条件,利用MATLAB中的PDE Toolbox对浮动套轴承Reynolds方程进行数值求解,分析内外间隙比对浮动套轴承平衡转速比、油膜压力及摩擦因数的影响规律,结果表明:当环境压力为60 MPa、密封压差为20 MPa时,随内外间隙比增加,浮动套平衡转速比呈现先增大后减小的趋势;以轴承的摩擦因数和油膜压力作为综合评价指标,钻头浮动套轴承内外间隙比为2.0时,轴承的摩擦因数较小,油膜压力较高,其轴承综合性能较优;而当浮动套轴承内外间隙比为2.0时,随着环境压力的升高,浮动套轴承的摩擦扭矩和摩擦因数增加,从而加剧轴承的磨损。该研究为牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的结构参数优化及性能提升提供了基础理论支撑。

急性有机磷中毒患者和肽素、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值、强离子隙表达与中毒严重程度评分有关且对疗效有预测价值

目的:探讨急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)患者和肽素(Copeptin)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、强离子隙(SIG)表达与中毒严重程度评分(PSS)的关系及其对疗效的预测价值。方法:回顾性收集AOPP患者68例,依据临床疗效分为有效组(53例)和无效组(15例)。比较并分析2组一般资料、治疗前、后血清Copeptin、NLR、SIG水平、PSS分值,探讨其对疗效的预测价值。结果:无效组中毒至入院时间长于有效组,病情程度、服毒量、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)水平高于有效组,胆碱酯酶(ChE)水平低于有效组(P均<0.05);无效组治疗前、治疗10 d后血清Copeptin、NLR、SIG水平、PSS分值高于有效组(P均<0.05);AOPP患者治疗前、治疗10 d后血清Copeptin、NLR、SIG水平与PSS分值呈正相关(P均<0.05);治疗前、治疗10 d后血清Copeptin、NLR、SIG高表达为AOPP患者的独立危险因素(P均<0.05);治疗前血清Copeptin、NLR、SIG水平预测AOPP疗效的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.820、0.692、0.758,各指标联合预测的AUC最大,为0.908,灵敏度为93.33%、特异性为81.13%。结论:血清Copeptin、NLR、SIG可作为评估AOPP患者中毒严重程度和疗效预测的生物学指标。

不同布置形式平单轴光伏支架颤振性能研究

对1V和2V两类不同布置形式平单轴光伏支架开展缩尺比为1/6的弹性悬挂节段模型测振风洞试验,研究了倾角(-60°~60°)、阻尼水平和光伏组件之间有无间隙对结构颤振性能的影响.结果表明:1V在-30°~30°倾角下发生明显的扭转颤振,2V在±10°、±20°和±30°时发生明显的扭转颤振;对于两类支架,结构颤振临界无量纲风速随倾角绝对值的增大先减小后增大,最大差值超过3.87倍(1V)和2.45倍(2V),且相同工况下,负倾角颤振性能优于正倾角;建议选择0°作为结构大风保护角度;1V和2V结构颤振性能随阻尼比的增大而提升,但和2V相比1V颤振性能提升对于阻尼比更不敏感;光伏组件之间的间隙对结构颤振性能基本无影响.

分体式三箱主梁气动特性数值模拟

为研究分体式三箱主梁气动特性,基于某公铁两用斜拉悬索协作体系桥梁分体式三箱主梁,采用FLUENT软件开展了不同槽高比(G/D)、不同风攻角下分体式三箱主梁气动特性二维数值模拟。所述主梁气动特性主要包括气动力系数、涡量场、平均压力系数以及压力系数标准差分布。数值模拟结果表明:在研究参数范围内,不同风攻角下,阻力系数总体随槽高比增大而增大,升力系数和力矩系数未随槽高比单调变化,且力矩系数对槽高比变化更敏感。各槽高比下升力系数随风攻角变化斜率均为正值,这表明该分体式三箱主梁颤振性能良好;0°风攻角下,G/D=0时,仅在箱梁尾流区存在周期性漩涡脱落。G/D=1.61时,0°风攻角下箱梁开槽处及中间箱体和下游箱体表面漩涡脱落显著,相较于0°风攻角,±10°风攻角下中间箱体与下游箱体开槽处及下游箱体表面漩涡脱落减弱;主梁开槽使得中间箱体上表面负的平均压力系数幅值增大,并导致箱梁表面压力系数标准差增大。G/D=1.61时,相较于0°风攻角,±10°风攻角下箱梁表面压力脉动减弱,尤其下游箱体表面压力系数标准差显著减小;该分体式三箱主梁临界槽高比为G/D=2.08。

不同细粒含量与间断比下不连续级配砂砾土渗蚀的CFD-DEM数值模拟

基于CFD-DEM方法,开展了不同细粒含量(质量分数,下同)与间断比下不连续级配砂砾土渗蚀数值试验,从宏细观角度研究了细粒含量与间断比对渗蚀的联合作用机理。研究结果表明:土体侵蚀率随间断比的增大而增加,当间断比G较小(G<3)时,土样内部未发生颗粒迁移现象,表现出较好的内部稳定性,与KéZDI判别准则吻合。当细粒含量不同时,间断比对渗蚀宏细观特征行为影响程度差异显著。当细粒含量较低(如15%)时,细颗粒较少参与土体内部应力传递,渗蚀过程中土样体积、强接触力链以及细颗粒应力分担系数几乎不发生改变,粗颗粒间孔隙直径增大,导致更多弱接触细颗粒流失,从而使得侵蚀率随间断比增加;相反,当细粒含量较高(如35%)时,参与应力传递的细颗粒比例相对较高,间断比增大导致粗颗粒数量减少,细颗粒流失易导致整个土体力链体系破坏,引起骨架颗粒重组变形,进而释放更多约束颗粒,加剧颗粒流失,故侵蚀率增加是孔隙直径增大和渗蚀过程中土骨架不断发生变形共同作用的结果。

常见结构缝隙对γ射线屏蔽性能影响的分析研究

屏蔽装置实际安装布置过程中,结构缝隙通常难以避免,不同缝隙对装置屏蔽效果影响存在较大差异。本文基于蒙特卡罗程序Geant4,分别对混凝土、铁(Fe)和铅(Pb)结构缝隙对^(60)Co和^(137)Cs源的γ射线衰减倍数和半值层Δ_(1/2)进行计算。重点对不同直缝宽度下不同屏蔽材料屏蔽性能和不同类型结构缝隙宽度下Pb板屏蔽性能进行分析研究;并在相同条件下对不同直缝宽度的Fe板计算结果进行了实验验证。结果表明:对于直缝而言,随着屏蔽体厚度的增加,相同缝隙宽度下半值层Δ_(1/2)逐渐变大;五类结构缝隙中,斜缝对Pb板屏蔽效果负面影响最小,其宽度每增加1 mm,半值层Δ_(1/2)的平均增量约为2.03%(^(60)Co)和2.02%(^(137)Cs),单V缝次之,直缝负面影响最大。本研究主要评估了各类缝隙结构对屏蔽装置防护效果的影响,在指导屏蔽装置的结构设计和选型等方面,具有重要的应用价值。

考虑气隙分布的超大宽厚比钢锭凝固过程数值模拟研究

扁钢锭的设计及其质量控制是制约“冶炼-铸锭-轧制”方法生产特厚板的关键,大宽厚比扁锭可不经开坯直接轧制,从而简化生产流程,降低生产成本。采用数值模拟的方法研究了超大宽厚比扁锭的气隙生长、凝固进程以及缩孔缺陷的分布。同时,分析了不同宽厚比和预起拱参数对铸锭凝固质量的影响。结果表明,当大宽厚比扁锭凝固时,扁锭宽面中部与宽面1/4位置的气隙厚度差可达1 mm以上,进而在扁锭内部产生两个热中心。随着宽厚比的增加,双热中心现象更明显,导致缩孔缺陷增多。此外,随着预起拱高度的增加,双热中心现象变得不明显,缩孔体积减少,当拱高为80 mm时,超大宽厚比铸锭质量良好。

跨音速流动中涡轮动叶叶顶的气膜冷却特性分析

为了掌握跨音速流动中涡轮动叶叶顶气膜冷却特性,采用压敏漆测试技术来研究叶顶间隙高度和质量流量比对叶顶气膜冷却特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:在小质量流量比条件下,增加叶顶间隙高度能够有效改善叶顶中弦区域的气膜覆盖,然而当质量流量较大时,叶顶间隙高度变化对叶顶中弦区域的气膜冷却效率分布影响并不明显;在小叶顶间隙高度条件下,随着质量流量比增加,叶顶中弦区域冷气覆盖效果逐渐变差,在大叶顶间隙高度条件下,仅当质量流量比从0.1%+0.05%增加到0.14%+0.07%时,叶顶中弦区域的冷气覆盖效果才有所改善。

不同长径比下真空电弧自由燃弧特性的研究

该文研究不同触头开距(g)与直径(D)比值(g/D)条件下真空电弧的自由燃弧特性,以为进一步研究电弧控制方法提供理论支撑。实验选用直径为42 mm、材料为CuCr50合金的平板触头,采用触发引弧的方式,分别观察12 mm(g/D=0.286)、24 mm(g/D=0.571)、36 mm(g/D=0.857)触头开距,2.4至5.2 kA电流峰值(Ipeak)条件下的真空电弧。结果表明:不同长径比真空电弧阴极斑点扩散速度与阴极斑点平均承载电流接近,阴极斑点扩散速度与电流峰值的平方根成正比;小长径比(g/D=0.286)真空电弧在电流峰值较大时(Ipeak>4 kA)会依次出现扩散电弧模式、点状阳极斑点模式、阳极斑点模式;大长径比(g/D=0.571、0.857)真空电弧中大量阴极斑点在初始扩散阶段结束后长期维持在阴极触头侧面,未观察到稳定的阳极斑点。结果表明:大长径比与小长径比真空电弧在形态以及阳极现象上存在较大的差异,涉及大长径比真空电弧时需要考虑电弧对于触头侧面烧蚀的问题。

基于槽极比选择的切向永磁同步电机永磁体涡流损耗抑制措施

为抑制切向永磁同步电机的永磁体涡流损耗,基于麦克斯韦方程和本构方程,对永磁体形状进行近似假设,构建了永磁体涡流损耗的估算模型。使用一种基于卡特系数概念的磁导函数来估算由于定子开槽引起的槽下磁感应强度变化。基于五台槽极比分别为1.05、1.20、1.30、2.40和3.60的电机设计方案对理论分析结论进行了验证。在负载电流和两倍负载电流下,分析永磁体损耗,得到了每台电机的径向气隙磁密曲线及其谐波含量。考虑到增加槽极比对定子铁耗和永磁体涡流损耗的削弱效果,给出了电机槽极比选择策略。研究结果表明,增加槽极比能减弱定子槽下磁感应强度变化,从而抑制气隙磁场中低次谐波含量,减小永磁体涡流损耗,使电机运行更加可靠,但也会引入更多高次谐波,从而增加定子铁耗。

金融学视域下的共同富裕:学理基础与实现路径

通过引入资本收入比和资本收益率与一国资本收入份额之间的关系分析,阐释了资本收入份额不断集中、贫富不断分化背后的金融学学理基础,并在学理分析基础上,对老龄化、金融化等部分经济现象如何影响共同富裕进行了理论推断。这既实现了解当下经济社会现象与共同富裕之间理论联系的目的,也为相关主题的实证研究提供了基础性理论支撑。在此基础上,研究还系统性阐述了金融结构与贫富分化之间的理论联系,以及金融结构影响财富不均等的四大传导路径,首次以金融结构改革为视角阐述了消除不均等、推进共同富裕的理论基础及具体举措,为后续研究进一步探索如何通过金融结构改革来推动共同富裕既提供了理论框架,又提供了行动路径,上述思考与结论实现了以金融学为视角拓展共同富裕改革路径的研究目标。

我国居民杠杆率对居民收入差距的影响——基于CFPS的实证分析

在居民杠杆率不断攀升与居民收入差距过大这两大问题并存的当下,为实现全面共同富裕的政策目标,基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)所提供的2010—2018年共5期微观家庭部门的非平衡面板数据,就居民杠杆率对居民收入差距的影响效应及传导机制进行深入探究,并进一步将居民家庭样本分为城镇样本与农村样本进行异质性检验。研究发现:居民杠杆率的提高会扩大居民收入差距,且城镇地区的影响效应大于农村地区;居民杠杆率通过金融资产投资、房地产投资以及生产经营活动影响居民收入差距,其中房地产投资渠道的影响效应最大,其次为家庭金融资产投资渠道,最后为生产经营活动渠道。为控制居民杠杆率的上升,缩小居民收入差距,应持续控制居民杠杆率、科学追踪资金流向、引导金融资源向农村倾斜。

浅沟槽隔离填充的工艺优化分析

阐述浅沟槽结构中SiN厚度对填充效果的影响,发现SiN厚度对浅沟槽填充效果存在拐点,并从机理上解释出现拐点的原因,提出有效深宽比的概念,为优化HDP CVD的沉积工艺提供理论依据。

An Active Triggered Surge Protective Gap

A triggered surge protective device is designed and its discharge characteristics axe studied. The experimental results show that the triggered surge protective device has excellent surge protective characteristics. When the gap distance is 5 mm, p. d is 90 Pa.mm and without an active energy trigger circuit, the DC breakdown voltage of the triggered surge protective device is 2.32 kV and the pulse breakdown voltage is 5.75 kV. Therefore, the pulse voltage ratio, which is defined as the specific value of pulse breakdown voltage and DC breakdown voltage, is 2.48. With a semiconductor ZnO flashover trigger device and an active energy coupling trigger circuit, the pulse breakdown voltage can be reduced to 3.32 kV, the pulse voltage ratio is 1.43 and the response time is less than 100 ns. These results are helpful in laying a theoretical foundation for further studies on triggered surge protective devices.

Effects of Geometric Configurations on the Performance of Reverse Flow Diverters in Reverse Flow Mode

The reverse flow diverter (RFD) consisting of a nozzle and a diffuser is a key component in pneumatic pulse jet pumps. We investigated the effects of suction gap and diffuser configurations on RFD performance during the reverse flow mode. Three suction gap configurations were examined: (1) an axisymmetrical cylinder, (2) a cuboid whose bottom plane had no half-circle groove and was level with the diffuser entrance lower border, and (3) a cuboid with a half-circle groove on the bottom plane. Among them, the second one resulted in the highest RFD pumping capacity. The effect of receiver presence before the diffuser was also examined. RFD pumping efficiency was found to be enhanced in the presence of a receiver before the diffuser when the suction gap length is small and the jet outlet velocity at the nozzle exit is high enough. Based on experimental data, a dimensionless performance curve of the suction factor q versus the ratio of Euler numbers in sections out-out and 0-0 Eu out /Eu 0 was derived. This curve is insensitive to suction gap configurations.

Preparation and Properties of C-axis Oriented PT/PEK-c Films

The preparation of PT/PEK c films is reported as well as their dielectric and optical properties. The c axis orientation ratio of the films is 68%. Dielectric constant and loss factor at 10 kHz is about 4.023 F/m and 0.003, respectively. The refractive indices of the films, n e and n o, are 1.657 3 and 1.627 8 at 0.63 μm wavelength, respectively. The optical band gap of the film with a thickness of 2.33 μm is found to be 3.06 eV.