Placement distance of freeway exit advance guide sign and its safety impacts

To remedy the empirical pitfalls of current chinese specifications and MUTCD 2009 guidelines in determining the placement distance of freeway exit advance guide signs,the driving maneuver of exiting traffic is analyzed and the factors influencing placement distance are explored.Variables including the number of lanes,lane width,lane-changing time,driver＇s visual characteristics,sign installation methods and operating speeds on both freeway mainlines and exit ramps are found significant in explaining exit safety.Three different installation methods,namely ground installation,overhead installation and median installation,are introduced and their applicable conditions are given.Models,with the same structure among the three installation methods,are developed to compute the placement distance under different roadway geometric and traffic conditions.Taking overhead installation as an example,simulation results in TSIS-CORSIM show that the proposed distance reduces the number of lane changes in the area from the ramp nose to 500 m upstream by 58.93% compared with current Chinese specifications and 27.35% compared with MUTCD 2009 guidelines.Thus,the distances recommended in this paper have a better safety performance.

Safety distance for preventing hot particle ignition of building insulation materials

Trajectories of flying hot particles were predicted in this work, and the temperatures during the movement were also calculated. Once the particle tem- perature decreased to the critical temperature for a hot particle to ignite building insulation materials, which was predicted by hot-spot ignition theory, the distance particle traveled was determined as the minimum safety distance for preventing the ignition of building insulation materials by hot particles. The results showed that for sphere aluminum particles with the same initial velocities and diameters, the horizontal and vertical distances traveled by particles with higher initial tem- peratures were higher. Smaller particles traveled farther when other conditions were the same. The critical temperature for an aluminum particle to ignite rigid polyurethane foam increased rapidly with the decrease of particle diameter. The horizontal and vertical safety distances were closely related to the initial temper- ature, diameter and initial velocity of particles. These results could help update the safety provision of firework display.

Distributed process monitoring based on Kantorovich distancemultiblock variational autoencoder and Bayesian inference

Modern industrial processes are typically characterized by large-scale and intricate internal relationships.Therefore,the distributed modeling process monitoring method is effective.A novel distributed monitoring scheme utilizing the Kantorovich distance-multiblock variational autoencoder(KD-MBVAE)is introduced.Firstly,given the high consistency of relevant variables within each sub-block during the change process,the variables exhibiting analogous statistical features are grouped into identical segments according to the optimal quality transfer theory.Subsequently,the variational autoencoder(VAE)model was separately established,and corresponding T^(2)statistics were calculated.To improve fault sensitivity further,a novel statistic,derived from Kantorovich distance,is introduced by analyzing model residuals from the perspective of probability distribution.The thresholds of both statistics were determined by kernel density estimation.Finally,monitoring results for both types of statistics within all blocks are amalgamated using Bayesian inference.Additionally,a novel approach for fault diagnosis is introduced.The feasibility and efficiency of the introduced scheme are verified through two cases.

New Method for Confirming the Desired Safety Headway Distance and Desired Deceleration in ACC System

A new method of confirming the desired safety headway distance and desired deceleration is put forward according to the detected static or moving target and its simulation results in Matlab are also presented. The validity of the algorithm to calculate the reference speeds of both the ACC vehicle and the targeted car according to the vector quadrangle composed of the relative distance, the relative azimuth angle, the relative speeds of the vehicles has also been demonstrated through numerical example in Matlab. New laws to obtain the desired deceleration by estimating the braking force according to the vehicle analyses force equation are established too.

DIMZAL:A Software Tool to Compute Acceptable Safety Distance

The scope of this work is to present a multidisciplinary study in order to propose a tool called DIMZAL. DIMZAL forecasts fuelbreak safety zone sizes. To evaluate a safety zone and to prevent injury, the Acceptable Safety Distance (ASD) between the fire and firefighters is required. This distance is usually set thanks to a general rule-of-thumb: it should be at least 4 times the maximum flame length. A common assumption considers an empirical relationship between fireline intensity and flame length. In the current work which follows on from an oral presentation held at the VII International Conference on Forest Fire Research in Coimbra in 2014, an alternative way is proposed: a closed physical model is applied in order to quantize the ASD. This model is integrated in a software tool, which uses a simulation framework based on Discrete EVent system Specification formalism (DEVS), a 3D physical real-time model of surface fires developed at the University of Corsica and a mobile application based on a Google SDK to display the

Safety Distance Determination for 500 kV AC Transmission Line’s Helicopter Inspection

As an efficient and advanced line inspection method, helicopter line patrol is gradually more and more used in transmission lines inspection, promoting the elaborate operation of transmission lines and reducing the management cost. However, as a 'floating-potential conductor' near to a high-voltage transmission line, the helicopter would be at a high electric field region;and bring security risk to equipment and operating personnel. In this paper, the electric field strength near the cabin at locations of different distance from transmission lines is investigated by calculation, and the field in the helicopter cabin is also calculated with finite element method (FEM). The result indicates that the potential difference becomes higher with the decrease of the distance between the helicopter and transmission line. Considering the discharge energy and the guarantee of the persons’ safety, the safety distance is determined as d≥15 m.

The safety distance of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with a landslide-prone zone

At present,substantial scientific research achievements have been made in the research on landslide occurrence,movement mechanism,mitigation measures,and structural stability during tunnel excavation.However,the interaction mechanism of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with potential landslides is still not well understood.Based on the field data provided by previous investigations in the study area,six sets of 1:100 laboratory experiment model tests were conducted to study the stability of the landslide-prone zone of the slope body with an under-traversing tunnel.The selected distances between the tunnel and the sliding surface are 1.5,3,and 5 times of the tunnel diameter,respectively.The experiment results show the interaction between the landslide-prone zone and the tunnel,elucidating the effect of potential landslides during the tunnel excavation process and the reaction of the landslide slip on the tunnel structure.Several conclusions are obtained:①During the process of tunnel excavation,the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault decreases with the increase of the buried depth.②The vertical displacement of the sliding surface increases with the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel.The horizontal displacement of sliding surface decreases with the increase of the buried depth.③After the occurrence of a rainfall-induced landslide,the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault in the 1.5-diameter-distance case is 57.29%greater than that in the 3.0-dismeter-distance case.④For a two-cave tunnel,it is suggested that the cave farther from the landslide toe should be firstly excavated since it may generate less structural deformation.

Study on Safety Distance between Expressway Tunnel and Interchange under Multi Tunnel

The net distance between the Xuetangwan interchange and the Huangshi tunnel exit of the Kaiyun expressway(Jiangkou-Yunyang-Longgang section)is used as an example in this paper.This paper analyses the problems in the safety distance between expressway tunnel and interchange under multi tunnel,and proposes safety distance measures between expressway tunnel and interchange under multi tunnel,based on the current safety distance standard between expressway tunnel and interchange under multi tunnel.

Car-following model featured with factors reflecting emergency evacuation situation

A new emergency evacuation car-following model （EECM） is proposed. The model aims to capture the main characteristics of traffic flow and driver behavior under an emergency evacuation, and it is developed on the basis of minimum safety distances with parts of the drivers＇ abnormal behavior in a panic emergency situation. A thorough questionnaire survey is undertaken among drivers of different ages. Based on the results from the survey, a safety-distance car-following model is formulated by taking into account two new parameters： a differential distributing coefficient and a driver＇ s experiential decision coefficient, which are used to reflect variations of driving behaviors under an emergency evacuation situation when compared with regular conditions. The formulation and derivation of the new model, as well as its properties and applicability are discussed. A case study is presented to compare the car-following trajectories using observed data under regular peak-hour traffic conditions and theoretical EECM results. The results indicate the consistency of the analysis of assumptions on the EECM and observations.

Distance Control and Positive Security for Intrinsic Equipment Working in Explosive Potential Atmospheres

In this paper, intrinsic safety and positive security distance control for an up/down elevator which extracts the materials from an underground coal mine is approached. For a better understanding of intrinsic safety and positive security, the first part of the paper describes the potential risk the workers are facing while working in dangerous environments like coal mining with “grisou” atmospheres and what the conditions of an unfortunate event to take place are. We presented the diagram and working principle for intrinsic safety equipment used in potential explosive areas based on which we modeled and simulated the intrinsic and positive security distance control in order to get a software solution for it. We created an algorithm and simulated the process in Matlab Simulink. The simulation results done in Matlab Simulink were then entered into a Moeller PLC using a ladder-type programming language. For protection against explosive atmospheres, the PLC is inserted into a metal housing with intrinsic protection and Positive Security.

Influence of Friction Drive Lift Gears Construction on the Length of Braking Distance

The friction drive elevators the influence of the braking distance has very high significance to meet certain safety regulations and comfort.During the emergency braking the delay for the system a frame and a cabin should be within the range from 0.2 to 9.81 m/s~2.However,there are no specialist literatures regarding the issues connected with emergency braking of elevating devices either.The results of the own empirical research work are presented regarding the influence of design changes on the working parameters of the friction drive elevator gears.ASG100,KB 160,PP16,PR2000UD and CHP2000 types of safety progressive gears are analyzed.ASG100,KB 160,PP16,PR2000UD type progressive gears are already produced by European manufacturers.CHP2000 type gears are established as the alternative option for the already existing solutions.The unique cam system has been used in the CHP 2000 gears.The cam leverage gives the chance to unblock,in a very easy way,the clamed gears after braking.Thus,it is a key aspect to perform laboratory tests over the braking process of a newly created solution.The proper value of the braking distance has a significant influence on the value of delay in terms of binding standards.The influence of loading on the effective braking distance and the value of the falling elevator cabin speed are analyzed and the results are presented.The results presented are interesting from lift devices operation and a new model of CHP 2000progressive gear point of view.

Influence of rainfall on skid resistance performance and driving safety conditions of asphalt pavements

To study the influence of rainfall on pavement skid-resistance performance and driving safety,the water film thickness(WFT)concept considering the longitudinal and transverse slopes of the pavement was utilized based on the total discharge formulation and turbulence theory of slope flow.Using experimental data measured using the British pendulum test under varying WFT levels,a model for calculating the skid resistance,namely the British pendulum number(BPN),was formulated and used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of rainfall intensity,transverse,and longitudinal slopes on the computed BPN.The study results reveal that skid resistance is linearly proportional to the pavement transverse slope and inversely proportional to the rainfall intensity and the pavement longitudinal slope.In particular,rainfall intensity,along with pavement texture depth,exhibited a significant impact on the tire-pavement friction and skid-resistance performance.The results further indicate that driving safety under wet weather is predominantly governed by skid resistance and visibility.The BPN and sideway force coefficient(SFC60)values for new asphalt pavements under different rainfall intensities are provided along with some modification to the stopping sight distance(SSD)criteria.Safe driving speed limits are also determined using a safe-driving model to develop the appropriate speed limit strategies.The overall study results provide some insights,methodology approach,and reference data for the evaluation of pavement skid-resistance performance and driving safety conditions under different pavement slopes and rainfall intensities.

Evaluation on safety performance of a millimetre wave radar-based autonomous vehicle

This paper presents a method using range deception jamming to evaluate the safety performance of the autonomous vehicle with millimetre wave(MMW)radar.The working principle of this method is described.Combined with a waveform edition software,an experimental platform is developed to generate a deceptive signal that contains false distance information.According to related theories and its principle,the configuration parameters of the experimental setup are calculated and configured.The MMW radar of evaluated vehicle should identify an objective when it receives the deceptive signal from the experimental setup.Even if no obstacle,the evaluated vehicle can immediately brake in order that its braking distance is measured.The experimental results show that the proposed method can meet the requirements of the safety performance evaluation for the autonomous vehicle with MMW radar,and it also overcomes some deficiencies of previous methods.

An Enhanced Safe Distance Car-Following Model

Gipps' model, a well-known safe distance car-following model, has a very strict restriction on the car-following behavior that the following vehicle has to maintain the exact safe distance to the leading vehicle to avoid rear crash. However, this restriction is not consistent with the real traffic condition. Due to that, an enhanced safe distance car-following model is proposed first, and then calibrated and evaluated using the field data. Furthermore, the simulation is conducted to analyze the characteristics of the new model. The results of evaluation and simulation illustrate that the proposed model has higher simulation accuracy than the original Gipps' model, and can reproduce the stable flow and shock wave phenomena that are very common in real traffic.Moreover, the simulation results also prove that the enhanced model can better stabilize the traffic flow than Gipps' model.

Micro-simulation model of two-lane freeway vehicles for obtaining traffic flow characteristics including safety condition

Unidirectional two-lane freeway is a typical and the simplest form of freeway. The traffic flow char- acteristics including safety condition on two-lane freeway is of great significance in planning, design, and manage- ment of a freeway. Many previous traffic flow models are able to figure out flow characteristics such as speed, den- sity, delay, and so forth. These models, however, have great difficulty in reflecting safety condition of vehicles. Besides, for the cellular automation, one of the most widely used microscopic traffic simulation models, its discreteness in both time and space can possibly cause inaccuracy or big errors in simulation results. In this paper, a micro-simula- tion model of two-lane freeway vehicles is proposed to evaluate characteristics of traffic flow, including safety condition. The model is also discrete in time but continu- ous in space, and it divides drivers into several groups on the basis of their preferences for overtaking, which makes the simulation more aligned with real situations. Partial test is conducted in this study and results of delay, speed, volume, and density indicate the preliminary validity of our model, based on which the proposed safety coefficient evaluates safety condition under different flow levels. It is found that the results of this evaluation coincide with daily experience of drivers, providing ground for effectiveness of the safety coefficient.

油气管道组合缺陷漏磁检测信号数值模拟研究

为解决管道组合缺陷之间漏磁检测信号互相干扰,难以识别的问题,采用有限元方法建立仿真模型,研究管道内外、不同形状缺陷以及内外组合缺陷邻近情况下的漏磁场检测信号规律。研究结果表明:管道缺陷的漏磁检测信号在其轴向和径向分量上均存在显著差异;组合缺陷的检测信号存在相互干扰且具有一定的叠加性;当缺陷深度约为管壁厚的10%、25%、40%时,轴向信号干扰距离分别约为缺陷长度的1倍、2倍、3倍,径向信号干扰距离均约为长度的4倍,组合缺陷径向信号的互相干扰程度大于轴向信号,缺陷深度对轴向信号的影响大于径向信号。研究结果可为油气管道组合缺陷的识别提供理论依据。

遗留煤柱边界下方撤面巷道合理位置确定研究

为了确定遗留煤柱边界下方撤面巷道合理布置位置,以内蒙古某矿为研究对象,基于遗留煤柱覆岩空间结构,探究应力在底板的传递规律,通过构建“上煤层遗留煤柱传递应力-下煤层巷道掘进应力”应力叠加计算模型,分析外错距离与撤面巷道围岩安全稳定之间的关系。研究结果表明:在遗留煤柱的“支撑”作用下,煤柱煤体及其上覆岩层近似成“T”型空间结构;10 m外错距离满足现场安全生产和巷道围岩控制的要求。研究结果可为相似开采条件下的巷道稳定评估和合理位置确定提供参考。

800 km客运班线事故特征及情景研究

为降低800 km以上客运班线事故潜在发生性,提高企业安全防控能力,研究分析了800 km以上客运班线事故典型特征,构建事故发生重要情景。基于2014—2020年800 km以上客运班线道路交通事故数据展开致因分析及事故易发情景研究。以人、路、环境为依据,选取关键特征构建了事故特征指标体系。利用决策树模型构建了安全风险模型,探索了运行时段、人因、天气状况、季度、事故发生地区、道路线形、路面状况、节假日情况、春运情况、公路技术等级和公路行政等系统关键因子与翻车、刮擦、碰撞、撞击固定物、追尾、坠车等事故形态间的潜在关系。剖析了事故发生时交通系统内人、路及环境等因素特征及形态,以此构建了800 km以上客运班线的事故易发情景。结果表明:运行时段、人因、天气状况是影响800 km以上客运班线事故发生的关键因子,且与季度、事故发生地区、道路线形、路面状况等因子存在多重耦合关系;节假日情况、春运情况、公路技术等级和公路行政等级不是影响800 km以上客运班线事故发生的关键因子。研究为降低800 km以上客运班线的事故潜在发生性及企业安全防控提供理论依据。未来,道路运输管理部门与道路运输企业应强化安全管理,规范驾驶员安全驾驶行为,普及事故易发情景下的防御性驾驶知识。

复杂艰险地区铁路隧道建设安全韧性优化研究

研究目的:针对西部复杂艰险地区铁路隧道工程施工安全管理难度高、安全事故发生风险大的问题,本文探讨以安全屏障模型作为阻隔风险源、阻断安全事故发生的有效手段,将提高建设安全管理系统自身的韧性作为确保隧道建设系统安全可靠性能的重要目标。研究结论:(1)基于“4M”事故致因理论建立了铁路隧道工程的安全屏障模型,运用ISM的方法搭建了防御要素结构图;(2)采用距离熵的方法量化数据并计算动态权重,结合静态IIM和动态IIM度量安全屏障模型的韧性水平;(3)建立了安全屏障动态优化系统,划分安全屏障预警等级,确保了系统安全性能;(4)在K2号隧道进行应用,实现安全风险预警和安全隐患排查整改,提升安全韧性水平,实现安全风险控制目标。

单向单线电能传输系统的电磁安全性

为解决单向单线电能传输系统的电磁安全性问题,首先搭建了单向单线电能传输系统和含有重要器官的人体模型;其次根据国内电磁场限值标准仿真研究了系统周围电磁场强度的限值范围,并探究了系统不同位置处的电磁场对体内重要器官的电场强度、磁场强度、电流密度和比吸收率(SAR值)最大值的影响程度;最后通过三维电磁场测量装置探测了单向单线电能传输实验系统周围的电磁场分布,得出了系统的限值距离,并与仿真限值距离进行了对比分析。结果表明:发射端和接收端的电磁场强度高于单导线周围的电磁场强度,右肾在发射端、接收端、单线处的的磁场强度分别为0.86、0.81和0.18 A/m;发射端和接收端对体内重要器官的影响程度明显大于单导线。实验与仿真所得的电磁场强度限值距离具有良好的一致性,证明了系统电磁安全性研究的正确性。