Effects of Sodium Nitroprussiate on the Metabolites and Key Enzyme Activities of Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism from Seed Germination to Seedling Period of Cherry Tomato

This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, the effects on the metabolites and key enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of cherry tomato cuhivar Zhuyun as an experimental material were investigated. The results showed that from seed germination to seedling period, the contents of starch and total nitrogen decreased, but the contents of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble protein increased firstly and then decreased; and free amino acids content increased gradually. Sodium nitroprusside made the contents of starch, sucrose and free amino acids higher than CK. From seed germination to seedling period in cherry tomato, the activities of amylase, glutamine synthetase （GS） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） decreased; the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） increased at first and decreased then; and the CK and the 0.25 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside treatments exhibited de- creased sucrose synthase （SS） activity, and the trend was increasing at first and decreasing then after the treatment with 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L sodium nitroprus- side. Sodium nitroprusside treatment improved amylase activity; and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the CK increased at first and decreased then, while the values of other treatments tended to decrease. In addition, sodium nitroprusside did not affect seed germination potential and germination rate, but significantly improved biomass accumulation, root length and height of seedlings. These data suggest that sodium nitroprusside could affect the conversion of starch and sugar accumulation, delay the decomposition of total nitrogen and soluble protein, and achieve the effects of accelerating the accumulation of free amino acids, and promoting seed germination and seedling growth, and 0.50 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside has the best effect.

Influences of Nitrogen Level on Carbon Metabolism of Spring Maize

[Objective]To study the effect of supplies of nitrogen level on spring maize leaf blade carbon metabolism.[Method]In this experiment,field trail and biochemistry analysis were used to study the effect of the diference-nitrogen level on the content of chlorophyl and carboxylase activity of RuBP and PEP in the leaf of spring maize during main growing period.[Result]Applying proper amount of N could keep relative higher content of chlorophyl and higher activity of carboxylase of RuBP and PEP in the leaf of spring maize,insufficient or excessive（N 400 kg/hm^2） of nitrogenous fertilizer has the adverse effect.[Conclusion]In this experiment,applying 300 kg/hm^2 amount of N could keep relative higher content of chlorophyl and higher activity of carboxylase of RuBP and PEP in the leaf of spring maize during main growing period.It was important to strengthens the leaf blade photosynthesis ability,promote the yield formation and postpone the decline of leaf blade.

Effects of Nitrogen Top-dressing Levels on Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism and Yield of Desmodium styracifoliumon

In order to research effects of the nitrogen top-dressing levels on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and yield of Desmodium styracifolium, a field experiment was conducted on the research farm of Guangxi University in 2007. Some physiological indexes and yield ofD. styracifolium were compared among five nitrogen top-dressing levels （0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5 and 150.0 kg N. hm-2）. Results showed that the nitrogen top-dressing could significantly increase the contents of chlorophyll, soluble protein, sucrose and nitrogen as well as nitrate reducase activity. However, there were no significant differences in most of these indexes under high nitrogen levels. Consistently, there was no significant difference in yield among nitrogen top-dressing levels of 75 kg N.hm-2, 112.5 kg N. hm-2 and 150 kg N-hm-2. Therefore, the optimum nitrogen top-dressing level ofD. styracifolium was 75 kg N. hm-2.

Response of growth,metabolism and yield of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami to long-day photoperiod and fertilizer compensation

The effects of long-day photoperiod on growth,photo synthetic fluorescence,carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and yield of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami and the compensation effects of fertilization were investigated.A completely randomized design was used with two light factors(bamboo culms cultivated in solar greenhouse under long-day[Ls]and short-day[Ln]treatments);two organic nitrogen fertilizer levels(application of organic fertilizer[OF]and no organic fertilizer[NF]);and three nitrogen fertilizer levels(Low[N0],medium[N1]and high nitrogen[N2]).Leaf chlorophyll and fluorescence parameters(φPo,PIABS,and ETo/CSm)decreased and DIo/CSmincreased in Ls compared to Ln.Indole acetic acid(IAA)and gibberellic acid(GA3)levels decreased,whereas abscisic acid(ABA)increased.Leaf area decreased and leaf dry mass increased.The contents of carbon and nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes(nitrate reductase,glutamine synthetase,amylase,and sucrose synthase)and products(total nitrogen,organic carbon,soluble sugar,and starch)increased.Single bamboo shoot weight and diameter at breast height decreased,whereas shoot quantity and total yield increased.Fertilizer application significantly affected physiological growth and yield in the two light treatments,thus promoting carbon and nitrogen metabolism.TheφPo,PIABS,IAA,and GA3contents increased slightly,whereas ABA levels decreased.Shoot quantity,individual weight,and total yield improved.IA A,soluble sugar,and total yield to organic manure and light were lower than those of nitrogen levels(FN>FL,FO).Other indicators showed lower responses to different fertilization treatments than the light factor(FL>FN,FO).The ability of D.oldhami to alter its morphological and physiobiochemical traits and yield in response to variations in light applications may translate into high phenotypic plasticity.Fertilization significantly improved photoplasticity of D.oldhami.Under Ls,D.oldhami had high metabolic rates.was easily inhibited by light,and showed accelerated leaf senescence,and shoot quantity and total output increased.However,the quality of individual shoots decreased.Different fertilization treatments affected D.oldhami differently under the two light intensities.Ls sensitivity to nitrogen was higher.Fertilization could delay leaf dormancy and senescence under Ls treatment.Organic fertilizer addition could improve yield more effectively,with OFN1being the optimal fertilization level.

Effect of Water Stress and Foliar Boron Application on Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Soybean

Effects of water stress and foliar boron (FB) application on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition and nitrogen metabolism have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of water stress and FB on seed protein, oil, fatty acids, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), and nitrogenase activity (NA). A repeated greenhouse experiment was conducted where one set of soybean plants were subjected to water stress (WS), and the other set was watered (W). Foliar boron (B) was applied at rate of 0.45 kg·ha-1. Treatments were watered-plants with no FB (W), watered-plants with FB (WB), water-stress plants with no FB (WS), and water-stress plants with FB (WSB). The results showed that seed protein and oil percentage were significantly (P 15N/ 14N and 13C/12C natural abundance were altered between watered-and watered-stressed plants. These results suggest that water stress and FB can influence seed composition, and nitrogen metabolism, and 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios, reflecting environmental and metabolic changes in carbon and nitrogen fixation pathways. Lack of B translocation from leaves to seed under water stress may suggest a possible mechanism of limited B translocation under water stress. These findings may be beneficial to breeders to select for B translocation efficiency under drought conditions. Altered 15N/14N and 13C/12C under water stress can be used as a tool to select for drought tolerance using N and C isotopes in the breeding programs.

Effects of Light Quality on Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation and Root Activity of Eggplant

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide theoretical and data reference for high-quality high-yield production of Shangqie 1 under controlled light quality environment and light quality control of other eggplant varieties. [Method] With Shangqie1 as an experiment material, the effects of red light, blue light, red-blue light, red-blue light and white light(control) on the carbon-nitrogen metabolism and root vitality of eggplant were investigated. [Result] Different light quality significantly affected sugar and starch contents in leaves of eggplant. Under the red-blue light(5∶1) treatment, the sucrose, total sugar and starch contents were the highest, and the values were higher than those under the white light treatment by 3.47%, 13.61% and 33.49%,respectively. The fructose content was the highest under white light. Under red-blue light(3∶1) and red-blue light(5∶1), the nitrate nitrogen contents were higher than that under white light, indicating that compound light affects nitrate content not only by simple superposition of light quality, but also by other type of interaction effect. The free amino acid and soluble protein contents under blue, red-blue(3∶1), red-blue(5∶1) and red light treatments were all higher than those under the white light treatment, and the blue light treatment exhibited the highest values, which were higher than those under white light by 24.89% and 46.62%, respectively, with significant differences. The red-blue light(5 ∶1) treatment exhibited the highest root vitality of eggplant, which was higher than that under the white light treatment by 31.85%. The red light treatment had the second highest root vitality, which was higher than that under the white light treatment by 19.30%, followed by the red-blue light(5∶1) treatment, and the blue light treatment showed the lowest value. [Conclusion] Under red-blue light(5 ∶1) treatment, eggplant had vigorous carbon-nitrogen metabolism and the highest root vitality.

Effects of Mg on C and N Metabolism of Soybean at Different Nitrogen Supplying Levels

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of magnesium on carbon and nitrogen metabolism of soybean at different nitrogen supplying levels. The results showed that the effects of magnesium at low nitrogen rate on N content, soluble protein, soluble sugar contents were not alike at different growth stage, although nodule dry weights raised, the yield and protein content of seeds decreased, however, the oil content was improved. The application of magnesium at medium and high nitrogen supplying levels promoted the uptake of N effectively, increased the soluble protein and soluble sugar contents, but the nodule dry weights of application magnesium at medium nitrogen supplying level decreased and the yield increased only a little despite the improved quality. Application of magnesium at high nitrogen supplying level raised nodule dry weights and soybean yield significantly, the quality of seeds was also improved.

Twice-split phosphorus application alleviates low-temperature impacts on wheat by improved spikelet development and setting

Extreme low-temperature incidents have become more frequent and severe as climate change intensifies.In HuangHuai-Hai wheat growing area of China,the late spring coldness occurring at the jointing-booting stage(the anther interval stage)has resulted in significant yield losses of winter wheat.This study attempts to develop an economical,feasible,and efficient cultivation technique for improving the low-temperature(LT)resistance of wheat by exploring the effects of twice-split phosphorus application(TSPA)on wheat antioxidant characteristics and carbon and nitrogen metabolism physiology under LT treatment at the anther interval stage using Yannong 19 as the experimental material.The treatments consisted of traditional phosphorus application and TSPA,followed by a-4℃ LT treatment and natural temperature(NT)control at the anther interval stage.Our analyses showed that,compared with the traditional application,the TSPA increased the net photosynthetic rate(P_(n)),stomatal conductance(Gs),and transpiration rate(T_(r))of leaves and reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(C_(i)).The activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in the young wheat spikes was also increased by the TSPA,which promoted the accumulation of soluble sugar(SS),sucrose(SUC),soluble protein(SP),and proline(Pro)in young wheat spike and reduced the toxicity of malondialdehyde(MDA).Due to the improved organic nutrition for reproductive development,the young wheat spikes exhibited enhanced LT resistance,which reduced the sterile spikelet number(SSN)per spike by 11.8%and increased the spikelet setting rate(SSR)and final yield by 6.0 and 8.4%,respectively,compared to the traditional application.The positive effects of split phosphorus application became more pronounced when the LT treatment was prolonged.

Contribution and Prospect of Erect Panicle Type to Japonica Super Rice

Over the past 30 years,super rice played an important role in boosting rice yield.The phenotype of erect panicle(EP)architecture controlled by dense and erect panicle 1(dep1)is the typical characteristic of super rice,and the phenotype has been used in rice breeding for nearly a century.In this review,the molecular genetic basis of EP phenotype,and mechanism of how dep1 affects rice carbon,nitrogen metabolism and grain quality(grain shape and taste quality)were discussed.In addition,we discussed the possible improvement strategies of rice yield and quality.This review provides a quick overview of the whole process for rice quality formation,as well as suggestions and ideas for future research on rice quality improvement.

生长素与钼配施对烤烟上部叶生理代谢及品质的影响

为探究生长素与钼配施对烤烟生理代谢及品质的影响,以‘云烟87’为材料,通过田间试验研究生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合作用、碳氮代谢、物理特性和化学成分的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,打顶后喷施生长素并追施钼肥不同程度地提高了叶片光合色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)含量、气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)值和碳氮代谢酶(淀粉酶、转化酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶)活性;提高了烤后烟叶的叶长、叶宽、单叶重、填充值和抗张力,烟叶钾、总糖、还原糖含量显著增加,总氮、烟碱含量显著降低。生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合色素总变异的贡献率分别为68.85%、13.23%,对气体交换参数总变异的贡献率分别为50.66%、42.63%,对碳氮代谢酶总变异的贡献率分别为40.74%、34.02%,对物理特性总变异的贡献率分别为46.72%、49.55%,对化学成分总变异的贡献率分别为54.94%、36.22%。总的来看,生长素为主要效应因子,喷施生长素20 mg·kg^(-1)并追施钼肥4 mg·株^(-1)的处理在促进生理代谢和提高烟叶品质方面效果最佳。以上研究结果为激素和微量元素在烤烟生产中的合理应用提供了理论基础。

Suppression of glutamate synthase genes significantly affects carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice (Oryza sativa) glutamate synthase (GOGAT,EC 1.4.1.14) enzymes have been proposed to have great potential for improving nitrogen use efficiency,but their functions in vivo and their effects on carbon and nitrogen metabolism have not been systematically explored.In this research,we analyzed transcriptional profiles of rice GOGAT genes using a genome-wide microarray database,and investigated the effects of suppression of glutamate synthase genes on carbon and nitrogen metabolism using GOGAT co-suppressed rice plants.Transcriptional profiles showed that rice GOGAT genes were expressed differently in various tissues and organs,which suggested that they have different roles in vivo.Compared with the wild-type,tiller number,total shoot dry weight,and yield of GOGAT co-suppressed plants were significantly decreased.Physiological and biochemical studies showed that the contents of nitrate,several kinds of free amino acids,chlorophyll,sugars,sugar phosphates,and pyridine nucleotides were significantly decreased in leaves of GOGAT co-suppressed plants,but the contents of free ammonium,2-oxoglutarate,and isocitrate in leaves were increased.We conclude that GOGATs play essential roles in carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and that they are indispensable for efficient nitrogen assimilation in rice.

不同钾肥对水肥一体化下烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响

为解决平顶山烟区烤烟钾含量偏低的问题,以烤烟品种中烟100为材料,基于水肥一体化栽培管理,研究了不同钾肥对烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响。结果表明:配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥,以及施用缓释钾肥和生物钾肥都能提高烟株光合能力与碳氮代谢水平,促进烟株生长发育,促进效应依次是缓释钾肥>生物钾肥>自制钾肥。施用不同种类钾肥能够提高烟株体内SOD等保护酶的活性,增强烤烟抗性,这种促进效应的基本顺序是生物钾肥>缓释钾肥>自制钾肥。钾代谢相关基因表达分析表明,这三种钾肥的合理使用能够有效促进钾的吸收与转运、减少钾的外排,进而增加烟株中钾的储存。配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥和施用缓释钾肥两个处理对中上部烟叶钾含量有明显的提升作用。

不同施氮水平对黑钙土花生碳氮代谢相关酶活性、产量和品质的影响

为探讨黑钙土花生适宜施氮量,本研究以吉花25为试验材料,共设置6个氮肥水平,分别为施用纯氮0、112.5(传统施肥,N1)、90(减氮20%)、79.5(减氮30%)、159(增氮40%)、225 kg/hm^(2)(增氮100%),研究了氮肥对花生碳氮代谢相关酶的活性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥会提高硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,但过量施用氮肥会抑制NR、GS、GDH、SS和SPS活性。各施氮处理产量均高于对照,在传统施肥的基础上减氮施肥20%(施氮量90 kg/hm^(2))时,花生产量最高,与对照相比增产9.21%,相较于传统施肥增产1.57%,说明减氮20%即可既满足花生生长发育的氮肥需求,同时又能保证叶片中碳氮代谢相关酶的活性,增强了花生对氮素的吸收与利用的能力,并通过降低单株秕果数和单株单果数,提高单株双果数、百果重和百仁重,最终提高花生产量。

不同遮荫处理对杉木幼苗生长及土壤碳氮代谢酶活性的影响

遮荫是苗木培育的关键措施,它可以通过影响根系向土壤释放分泌物的量改变土壤碳氮酶活性,进而影响土壤碳氮循环过程。然而,有关遮荫对土壤碳氮酶活性的影响及其与苗木生长之间的关系如何,研究较为缺乏。以杉木1年生幼苗“洋061”为研究对象,设置五个不同遮荫处理:不遮荫(CK)光强1157.82μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、30%遮荫(T1)光强856.31μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、55%遮荫(T2)光强542.68μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、70%遮荫(T3)光强382.08μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)、85%遮荫(T4)光强219.56μmol m^(-2)s^(-1),比较不同遮荫处理对杉木幼苗生长、土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量和土壤碳氮代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)杉木苗高、不同器官生物量、根冠比和苗木质量指数均随光强减弱呈先升后降的趋势,除苗高和根冠比分别在T3和T1时最大,其余指标均在T2时最大,而地径则随光强的减弱逐渐变小;(2)土壤SOC含量对遮荫响应存在差异,T3处理下SOC含量显著低于CK,而在T4时显著高于CK,遮荫不同程度降低土壤TN含量,但不同处理间不存在显著差异;(3)土壤碳氮代谢酶对不同遮荫处理的响应存在一定的差异。与CK相比,不同遮荫处理显著改变土壤酶活性,其中土壤纤维素酶(S-CL)、土壤蔗糖酶(S-SC)、土壤酸性转化酶(S-AI)、土壤木质素过氧化物酶(S-LiP)活性在T4处理时最高;土壤过氧化氢酶(S-CAT)、土壤β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(S-NAG)、土壤几丁质酶(S-C)则在T3达到最大值;土壤多酚氧化酶(S-PPO)活性在T1处理下最大;T2遮荫强度时,土壤淀粉酶(S-AL)、土壤亚硝酸转化酶(S-NiR)活性最高;但遮荫还不同程度的降低了土壤脲酶(S-UE)、土壤硝酸转化酶(S-NR)活性。冗余分析发现,土壤酶活性对SOC、TN的解释度高达76.61%,表明S-LiP、S-AL、S-AI、S-PPO、S-CL与SOC具有较强的正相关关系,S-UE、S-NR对TN影响较大。综上所述,30%—55%遮荫即光照强度为542.68—856.31μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)是较适宜杉木幼苗生长的光照条件,这与该处理下提高土壤碳氮酶活性进而改善碳氮养分循环密切相关。

连续间作下的紫花苜蓿/燕麦根系与碳氮代谢特性研究

为探明豆/禾牧草连续间作下的根系生长特性、碳氮代谢特性及二者相互耦联机制的长期效应,通过田间框栽土培试验,以紫花苜蓿单作和燕麦单作为参照,对紫花苜蓿/燕麦间作种植后第2年、第3年(高产期)连续2年的根系特征、碳氮代谢特性及其相互协调关系开展研究。结果表明:燕麦的生物量表现为间作显著高于单作(P<0.05);燕麦的根表面积和根平均直径表现为间作显著高于单作(P<0.05);燕麦的蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性、4个氮代谢酶活性和碳水化合物积累量表现为间作显著高于单作(P<0.05),而紫花苜蓿与燕麦表现相反。通过相关性分析发现,生物量与光合气体交换参数、氮代谢酶活性、根系特性呈正相关;根表面积、根平均直径与Tr、Pn、Gs、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、氮积累量、蛋白总量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);根体积、根表面积、根平均直径与亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。由此可知,紫花苜蓿与燕麦间作更有利于燕麦优化其根系形态,同时也会显著提高燕麦净光合速率和蒸腾速率,增强燕麦RuBPCase、NR和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)等碳、氮代谢酶活性,进而促进其体内碳水化合物及蛋白质积累以改善燕麦生物量和品质,连续间作减弱了系统内燕麦对紫花苜蓿根表面积和根体积的抑制,拓展了紫花苜蓿总根长,但整体而言,间作抑制了紫花苜蓿根系生长和碳、氮代谢水平,不利于其代谢产物及生物量的积累;且总根长、根表面积和根体积对碳、氮代谢起显著促进作用,紫花苜蓿/燕麦间作体系内根系及碳、氮代谢的协调一致可有效提高体系内生物量和蛋白总量。

紫花苜蓿与根瘤菌共生过程中固氮效率的动态研究

为明晰紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌共生系统固氮能力的动态变化及高效固氮的发生阶段,提高苜蓿对氮素的转化与利用。以甘农9号紫花苜蓿和苜蓿中华根瘤菌菌株LL11共生组合为研究对象,分析比较接种根瘤菌后紫花苜蓿生长42 d内不同共生阶段的根瘤形态结构、固氮能力、植物表型、可溶性物质含量、氮代谢关键酶活性等指标的动态变化,采用熵权TOPSIS综合评价法探寻共生过程中高效固氮的发生阶段。结果表明:(1)随着共生天数的增加,有效根瘤数、根瘤直径和根瘤重逐渐增大,42 dpi(接种后天数)有效根瘤数(9.3个)、根瘤重(0.0309 g)和根瘤直径(1.43 mm)达到最大;而根瘤内部被侵染的根瘤细胞数目呈先增后减的趋势,35 dpi根瘤内部被侵染的根瘤细胞数目最多(992个);(2)35 dpi的固氮酶活性[0.9619μmol/(g·h)]、豆血红蛋白含量(2.6081 mg/g)、单株固氮潜力(0.0283μmol/h)均显著高于其他共生时期(P<0.05);(3)接种根瘤菌菌株LL11后,甘农9号紫花苜蓿的株高、根长、地上部和地下部干重均显著提升,并在21 dpi或35 dpi出现了增幅高峰(与对照组相比较),在42 dpi达到最大值;(4)根系中可溶性糖含量的最高值和最大增幅发生在21 dpi,而可溶性蛋白含量最高值和最大增幅发生在42 dpi;叶片和根系中的硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)这4类氮代谢关键酶活性均在35 dpi显著高于其他共生阶段(P<0.05)。通过熵权TOPSIS综合评价分析得出,35 dpi为高效固氮发生阶段,之后固氮效率开始下降。

不同调酸剂对种植玉米红壤微生物群落的影响

为研究红壤微生物丰度和群落组成对不同调酸剂的响应,分析影响碳/氮关键代谢过程微生物的变化,通过盆栽实验,设置不施肥(CK)、钙镁复合剂(L)、钙镁复合剂配施猪粪(ML)和钙镁复合剂配施秸秆(SL)4个处理,采用宏基因组测序技术,分析土壤细菌、真菌和古菌以及碳/氮代谢关键过程微生物。结果表明:L、ML和SL处理显著提高土壤pH值和交换性钙/镁,显著降低土壤交换性酸。调酸剂增加了细菌优势菌中的变形菌门相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度;降低了真菌优势菌中的毛霉菌门相对丰度;增加了古菌优势菌中的广古菌门和深古菌门的相对丰度,降低了奇古菌门的相对丰度。冗余分析结果显示,速效钾是影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的主要环境因子,土壤pH和有机碳是影响土壤真菌和古菌群落结构组成的关键因子。碳代谢过程的贡献度方面,变形菌门的贡献度在SL处理中最高,放线菌门和芽单胞菌门的贡献度在ML处理中最高。氮代谢过程中,各处理绿弯菌门对硝化作用的贡献率均超过80%。调酸降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门在反硝化与硝酸盐异化还原过程中的贡献度,L与SL处理的变形菌门贡献度低于ML处理,而ML处理的放线菌门贡献度高于L与SL处理。单施钙镁复合剂、钙镁复合剂配施猪粪和钙镁复合剂配施秸秆均可缓解红壤酸性,改变土壤优势菌群,并有利于碳/氮积累。

退耕对民勤绿洲土壤碳氮循环关键微生物及功能基因的影响

采用时空互代法,以巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘民勤绿洲不同退耕年限样地土壤为研究对象,利用微生物宏基因组测序技术,以KEGG数据库碳固定、氮代谢途径为工具,研究长期退耕对参与区域土壤碳固定和氮代谢途径的主要微生物群落组成及其功能基因变化的影响。试验共设置9个退耕年限梯度样地:未退耕耕地、退耕1年样地、退耕2年样地、退耕4年样地、退耕8年样地、退耕13年样地、退耕20年样地、退耕30年样地和退耕40年样地。结果表明:退耕明显改变了碳固定、氮代谢土壤微生物和功能基因丰度,细菌在碳固定和氮代谢两个过程中均起到主导作用;还原三羧酸循环途径、还原乙酰辅酶A途径以及3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸循环途径等为研究区土壤微生物主要碳固定途径,厌氧氨氧化途径、硝酸盐异化还原途径、硝酸盐同化还原途径、反硝化途径以及硝化途径等为研究区土壤微生物主要氮代谢途径;芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Chloroflexi)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等是区域土壤微生物碳固定主要菌属,氮代谢则以腈基降解菌属(Nitriliruptor)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Chloroflexi)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等为主;Gemmatirosa、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Conexibacter)、未分类念珠菌门(unclassified_Candidatus Rokubacteria)、Gaiella和Geminicoccus等5个属分类土壤微生物可作为研究区退耕地碳固定途径标记性微生物种群,coxL.cutL和ACO.acnA等是研究区退耕地土壤微生物碳固定途径主要响应功能基因;腈基降解菌属(Nitriliruptor)、未分类念珠菌门(unclassified_Candidatus Rokubacteria)、Geminicoccus、未分类绿弯菌属(unclassified_Conexibacter)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)、未分类酸杆菌门(unclassified_Acidobacteria)和红色杆菌属(Rubrobacter)等7个属分类土壤微生物可作为研究区退耕地氮代谢途径标记性微生物种群,GDH2和E1.4.7.1是研究区退耕地土壤微生物氮代谢途径主要响应功能基因。该结果对于明确退耕影响下民勤绿洲土壤碳氮循环过程具有重要意义。

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下鼓粒期大豆籽粒发育的影响

为探究外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下鼓粒期大豆籽粒发育的影响,本试验以干旱敏感型大豆品种绥农26和耐旱品种抗线9号为试验材料,采用盆栽土壤称重控水法设置干旱胁迫,于R5期进行褪黑素叶面喷施处理,褪黑素浓度为100μmol·L^(-1),处理后5,10,15 d进行取样,针对外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆籽粒发育的影响进行研究。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下喷施外源褪黑素处理可以显著提高干旱胁迫下大豆糖类物质含量,碳代谢关键酶活性,有利于碳代谢水平的提高;同时,外源褪黑素处理显著增加了干旱胁迫下大豆的氮代谢关键酶(NR、GS、GOGAT和GDH)的活性,促进植株氮素积累量提高,有利于氮素同化和转运。综上所述,外源褪黑素处理通过调节干旱胁迫下大豆碳氮代谢关键酶活性、糖类物质含量、氮素积累量促进鼓粒期大豆籽粒发育,最终提升干旱胁迫下大豆的产量。

藜麦幼苗响应低氮的转录组分析

为探究藜麦响应低氮的分子机制,筛选低氮响应基因,揭示藜麦响应低氮的适应性变化,从不同氮素水平处理下藜麦的生长和叶绿素合成入手,采用RNA-Seq技术从转录组水平分析藜麦对于低氮和缺氮分别处理5 d和30 d后的响应情况。结果表明,藜麦在缺氮条件下根系优先生长;低氮和缺氮均可促使老叶优先变黄或脱落而维持幼嫩叶片的叶色,且均提高了幼苗对氮素的利用效率。GO功能富集分析结果显示,低氮和缺氮分别在处理5 d和30 d后差异表达基因均主要涉及膜的重要组成部分、细胞膜、氧化还原过程、代谢过程、ATP结合及金属离子结合等。KEGG富集分析结果表明,低氮和缺氮处理相对于高氮处理5 d后比较显著的差异代谢通路在于苯丙素的生物合成和谷胱甘肽代谢;而处理30 d后比较显著的差异代谢通路在于碳代谢通路。进一步挖掘藜麦响应低氮的关键基因,结果显示,低氮和缺氮处理5 d后过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因上调,表达量较高;低氮和缺氮处理30 d后磷酸甘油酸激酶、半胱氨酸合成酶、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(NADP)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶基因上调,表达量较高。qRT-PCR验证结果与RNA-Seq测序结果一致。