A progress review of black carbon deposition on Arctic snow and ice and its impact on climate change

The rapid warming of the Arctic,accompanied by glacier and sea ice melt,has significant consequences for the Earth’s climate,ecosystems,and economy.Black carbon(BC)deposition on snow and ice can trigger a significant reduction in snow albedo and accelerate melting of snow and ice in the Arctic.By reviewing the published literatures over the past decades,this work provides an overview of the progress in both the measurement and modeling of BC deposition and its impact on Arctic climate change.In summary,the maximum value of BC deposition appears in the western Russian Arctic(26 ng·g^(–1)),and the minimum value appears in Greenland(3 ng·g^(–1)).BC records in the Arctic ice core already peaked in 1920s and 1970s,and shows a regional difference between Greenland and Canadian Arctic.The different temporal variations of Arctic BC ice core records in different regions are closely related to the large variability of BC emissions and transportation processes across the Arctic region.Model simulations usually underestimate the concentration of BC in snow and ice by 2–3 times,and cannot accurately reflect the seasonal and regional changes in BC deposition.Wet deposition is the main removal mechanism of BC in the Arctic,and observations show different seasonal variations in BC wet deposition in Ny-Ålesund and Barrow.This discrepancy may result from varying contributions of anthropogenic and biomass burning(BB)emissions,given the strong influence by BC from BB emissions at Barrow.Arctic BC deposition significantly influences regional climate change in the Arctic,increasing fire activities in the Arctic have made BB source of Arctic BC more crucial.On average,BC in Arctic snow and ice causes an increase of+0.17 W·m^(–2)in radiative forcing and 8 Gt·a^(–1)in runoff in Greenland.As stressed in the latest Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme report,reliable source information and long-term and high-resolution observations on Arctic BC deposition will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding and a better mitigation strategy of Arctic BC.In the future,it is necessary to collect more observations on BC deposition and the corresponding physical processes(e.g.,snow/ice melting,surface energy balance)in the Arctic to provide reliable data for understanding and clarifying the mechanism of the climatic impacts of BC deposition on Arctic snow and ice.

Ash removal from inferior coal via ammonium fluoride roasting and simultaneous yield of white carbon black

The quality upgrading and deashing of inferior coal by chemical method still faces great challenges.The dangers of strong acid,strong alkali,waste water and exhaust gas as well as high cost limit its industrial production.This paper systematically investigates the ash reduction and desilicification of two typical inferior coal utilizing ammonium fluoride roasting method.Under the optimal conditions,for fat coal and gas coal,the deashing rates are 69.02%and 54.13%,and the desilicification rates are 92.64%and 90.27%,respectively.The molar dosage of ammonium fluoride remains consistent for both coals;however,the gas coal,characterized by a lower ash and silica content(less than half that of the fat coal),achieves optimum deashing effect at a reduced time and temperature.The majority of silicon in coal transforms into gaseous ammonium fluorosilicate,subsequently preparing nanoscale amorphous silica with a purity of 99.90%through ammonia precipitation.Most of the fluorine in deashed coal are assigned in inorganic minerals,suggesting the possibility of further fluorine and ash removal via flotation.This research provides a green and facile route to deash inferior coal and produce nano-scale white carbon black simultaneously.

橡胶助剂CBS生产废水处理工程实例

橡胶助剂CBS生产废水具有有机物浓度高、可生化性差的特点,某工程设计采用铁碳微电解-芬顿氧化-ABR厌氧-A/O-混凝沉淀-过滤组合工艺,介绍了工艺流程、设计和运行参数。运行结果表明,该组合工艺处理效果显著,出水COD、BOD5、NH3-N、SS的质量浓度分别达到140、25、5、50 mg/L以下,主要出水指标可达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。

Black Carbon Size in Snow of Chinese Altai Mountain in Central Asia

Black carbon(BC)in snow plays an important role to accelerate snow melting.However,current studies mostly focused on BC concentrations,few on their size distributions in snow which affected BC’s effect on albedo changes.Here we presented refractory BC(rBC)concentrations and size distributions in snow collected from Chinese Altai Mountains in Central Asia from November 2016 to April 2017.The results revealed that the average rBC concentrations were 5.77 and2.82 ng g-1for the surface snow and sub-surface snow,which were relatively higher in the melting season(April)than that in winter(November-January).The mass median volume-equivalent diameter of rBC size in surface snow was approximately at 120-150 nm,which was typically smaller than that in the atmosphere(about 200 nm for urban atmosphere).However,there existed no specific mass median volume-equivalent diameter of BC size for sub-surface snow in winter.While during the melting season,the median mass size of rBC in sub-surface snow was similar to that in surface snow.Backward trajectories indicated that anthropogenic sourced BC dominated rBC in snow(70%-85%).This study will promote our understanding on BC size distributions in snow,and highlight the possible impact of BC size on climate effect.

A novel nanofluid of modified carbon black nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs

A novel nanofluid of modified carbon black(MCB)nanoparticles was initially developed for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)in low permeability reservoirs.The MCB nanoparticles were obtained via a three-step reaction involving modification by oxidation,acyl chlorination,and activated grafting.MCB nano-particles were spherically dispersed,with an average size of 72.3 nm.Compared with carbon black(CB)nanoparticles,dispersed MCB nanoparticles can effectively reduce the oil-water interfacial tension(IFT)to 10^(-2)mN/m and change the surface wettability of sand particles.Based on the results of core flooding experiments,the MCB nanoparticles exhibited a better EOR capacity than surfactants and CB nano-particles,and the final oil recovery was significantly increased by 27.27%.The core scanning test showed that the MCB nanoparticles could plug high permeability channels by adsorbing onto the surfaces of sand particles and forming larger aggregates that bridge across pores or throats,resulting in a higher swept volume.The synergistic effects of improved swept volume and oil displacement efficiency were the EOR mechanisms of the MCB nanoparticles.The studies indicate that these MCB nanoparticles have excellent potential for EOR in low permeability reservoirs.

Correcting Black Carbon Absorption Measurements with Micro-aethalometer Model 200: Insights from Comparative Analysis

Black carbon(BC)is the strongest visible-light-absorbing aerosol component in the atmosphere,with a sig-nificant impact on Earth’s radiative budget.Accurate measurement of BC light absorption is crucial for estimating its radiative effect.The micro-aethalometer model 200(MA200)by AethLabs,USA,offers high-time-resolution measurement of the multi-wavelength absorption coefficient(σ_(ab))within 1 s,making it widely used in aerial measurement due to its compact size and light weight.However,the reliability of the measuredσ_(ab) has not been extensively studied in previous research.In this study,we evaluate the performance of MA200 by comparingσ_(ab) measurements obtained from MA200 with those from the aethalometer model 33(AE33)by Magee,USA.Our results revealed a significant variation in the determinant coefficient(R 2)betweenσ_(ab) measurements from MA200 and AE33,depending on the time resolution.The R 2 increases from 0.1 to 0.5 and further to 0.97 as the time resolution of σ_(ab) increases from 1 s to 30 s and 60 s,respectively.We recommend a minimum time resolution of 30 s for stableσ_(ab) measurements using MA200.Moreover,we determineσ_(ab) from attenuation coefficient(σ_(ATN))measured by MA200 asσ_(ab)=(σ_(ATN)-σ_(0))/C_( MA),whereσ_(0 )ranges from-15.3 Mm-1 to-6.4 Mm-1 and C MA ranges from 2.65 to 3.21.Correcting the measuredσ_(ab) based on the findings of this study can provide reliable results for estimating the radiative effects of BC.

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Nitrite Based on Cationic Surfactant Modification of Conductive Carbon Black

Nitrite is a commonly used additive in cured foods and its sensitive detection is important to human health.In this work,a simple but sensitive electrochemical sensor for nitrite was developed.Conductive carbon black(VXC-72R)functionalized with a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)was used as an electrode material,and was coated on a glassy carbon electrode(GCE)to fabricate the electrochemical sensor(CTAB/VXC-72R/GCE)for nitrite.Zeta potential characterization and a series of electrochemical tests were carried out on several materials.It was found that the present sensor showed an enhanced sensitivity towards nitrite detection due to the enhanced surface positive charge revealed by the Zeta potential.Under optimal conditions,the ranges of good linear relationship between the peak current and the nitrite concentration were obtained to be 0.5-5.0μmol/L and 5.0-1087.0μmol/L with a lower detection limit of 0.30μmol/L.It was also successfully used for the determination of nitrite in cured food samples with excellent reproducibility,stability and selectivity.

Effects of Conductive Carbon Black on Thermal and Electrical Properties of Barium Titanate/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composites for Road Application

In the field of roads,due to the effect of vehicle loads,piezoelectric materials under the road surface can convert mechanical vibration into electrical energy,which can be further used in road facilities such as traffic signals and street lamps.The barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride(BaTiO_(3)/PVDF)composite,the most common hybrid ceramic-polymer system,was widely used in various fields because the composite combines the good dielectric property of ceramic materials with the good flexibility of PVDF material.Previous studies have found that conductive particles can further improve the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of other composites.However,few studies have investigated the effect of conductive carbon black on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of BaTiO_(3)/PVDF composites.In this study,BaTiO_(3)/PVDF/conductive carbon black composites were prepared with various conductive carbon black contents based on the optimum ratio of BaTiO_(3)to PVDF.The effects of conductive carbon black content on the morphologies,thermal performance,conductivities,dielectric properties,and piezoelectric properties of the BaTiO_(3)/PVDF/conductive carbon black composites were then investigated.The addition of conductive carbon black greatly enhances the conductivities,dielectric properties,and piezoelectric properties of the BaTiO_(3)/PVDF/conductive carbon black composites,especially when the carbon black content is 0.8%by weight of PVDF.Additionally,the conductive carbon black does not have an obvious effect on the morphologies and thermal stabilities of BaTiO_(3)/PVDF/conductive carbon black composites.

废轮胎热解炭黑(TPCB)改性沥青抗紫外老化性能试验研究

为探讨废轮胎热解炭黑(TPCB)改性沥青抗紫外老化性能,制备TPCB改性沥青,对基质沥青和TPCB改性沥青进行不同时段的紫外老化试验。通过原子力显微镜(AFM)试验对比研究两种沥青表面的微观变化和表面粗糙度。通过沥青性能试验检验了两种沥青紫外老化前后延度、软化点、针入度变化行为。研究结果表明:TPCB改性沥青三维表观形貌图降低高度比基质沥青小,在各时间段的表面粗糙度比基质沥青大;紫外老化前后TPCB改性沥青性能变化值比基质沥青小。与基质沥青相比,TPCB改性沥青具有更好的抗紫外老化性能。

Ce-MOF/CB纳米复合材料的合成及其对5-羟色胺的电化学检测

制备了一种铈-金属有机框架/炭黑(Ce-MOF/CB)纳米复合材料,将其修饰于玻碳电极(GCE)上,用于对5-羟色胺(5-HT)的电化学测定.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线谱仪(EDS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对Ce-MOF/CB进行了表征.电化学实验结果表明:Ce-MOF/CB对5-HT的电化学氧化具有良好的电催化活性.5-HT的峰电流与该物质的量浓度在6.77×10^(-8)~1.00×10^(-5)mol·L^(-1)内呈线性关系,检测限(LOD)达1.0×10^(-8)mol·L^(-1)(信噪比S/N=3).

PANI/CB界面光热织物制备及其水蒸发性能研究

以碳纤维材质的棉线为基底,通过聚苯胺(PANI)原位聚合和炭黑(CB)掺杂制备PANI/CB棉线,并以其为纬线,亲水棉线为经线,编织出平纹PANI/CB光热织物.设计一种织物型的蒸发器件,聚苯乙烯泡沫为隔热材料,棉线作供水通道,PANI/CB复合材料用于吸收太阳光.测试分析PANI/CB棉线的微观形貌和光热性能,以及PANI/CB织物的吸光性和水蒸发性能.结果表明,经PANI/CB修饰的棉线,光热转换能力显著提高,且优于PANI棉线和CB棉线;PANI/CB织物具备出色的光吸收能力,吸光率达到98.70%;在1 kW/m^(2)的光照强度下,蒸发器件的蒸发速率达2.21 kg/(m^(2)·h),光热转换效率达92.24%;此外,该光热织物具有优异的耐盐性,可以实现长期且大规模地生产淡水.

橡胶助剂CBS废水处理的试验研究

本文以物理方法为主对高浓度难降解橡胶促进剂CBS废水进行了试验研究。试验结果表明所采用的组合工艺十分有效,COD从40000mg/L降到150mg/L以下,COD总去除率达到99.6％以上,色度从150倍降到0,脱色率达到100％,出水可以达标排放。

Simulation of the Radiative Effect of Black Carbon Aerosols and the Regional Climate Responses over China

As part of the development work of the Chinese new regional climate model (RIEMS), the radiative process of black carbon (BC) aerosols has been introduced into the original radiative procedures of RIEMS, and the transport model of BC aerosols has also been established and combined with the RIEMS model. Using the new model system, the distribution of black carbon aerosols and their radiative effect over the China region are investigated. The influences of BC aerosole on the atmospheric radiative transfer and on the air temperature, land surface temperature, and total rainfall are analyzed. It is found that BC aerosols induce a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which is dominated by shortwave radiative forcing. The maximum radiative forcing occurs in North China in July and in South China in April. At the same time, negative radiative forcing is observed on the surface. Based on the radiative forcing comparison between clear sky and cloudy sky, it is found that cloud can enforce the TOA positive radiative forcing and decrease the negative surface radiative forcing. The responses of the climate system in July to the radiative forcing due to BC aerosols are the decrease in the air temperature in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River and Huaihe area and most areas of South China, and the weak increase or decrease in air temperature over North China. The total rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River area is increased, but it decreased in North China in July.

Black Carbon Particles in the Urban Atmosphere in Beijing

A study of the concentration of black carbon particles and its variation in the urban atmosphere has been carried out since 1996 in the Beijing area. The measurements were done in the late autumn and early winter each year, the period before and after domestic heating activities begin. The results show the presence of black carbon particles at the high level that vary over a large range in the urban atmosphere in Beijing. The mean value of daily average concentration for the whole observation period of 1996-2004 is 20.0 μgm^-3. An evident decrease of black carbon particle concentration in the Beijing area is observed after 2000, and the daily average concentration of black carbon particles is estimated to be 16.0 μgm^-3 with a variation range of 2.10-50.50 μgm^-3 for the period of 2000-2004. The observation method and main variation behavior characteristics of black carbon particles in the urban atmosphere in the Beijing area are given and discussed.

An overview of black carbon deposition and its radiative forcing over the Arctic

This paper gives an overview of the current understanding of the observations of black carbon(BC) in snow and ice, and the estimates of BC deposition and its radiative forcing over the Arctic. Both of the observations and model results show that, in spring, the average BC concentration and the resulting radiative forcing in Russian Arctic > Canadian and Alaskan Arctic > Arctic Ocean and Greenland. The observed BC concentration presented a signi?cant decrease trend from the Arctic coastal regions to the center of Arctic Ocean. In summer, due to the combined effects of BC accumulation and enlarged snow grain size, the averaged radiative forcing per unit area over the Arctic Ocean is larger than that over each sector of the Arctic in spring. However, because summer sea ice is always covered by a large fraction of melt ponds, the role of BC in sea ice albedo evolution during this period is secondary. Multi-model mean results indicate that the annual mean radiative forcing from all sources of BC in snow and ice over the Arctic was ~0.17 W m^(-2). Wet deposition is the dominant removal mechanism in the Arctic, which accounts for more than 90% of the total deposition. In the last part, we discuss the uncertainties in present modeling studies, and suggest potential approaches to reduce the uncertainties.

Tibetan Plateau Geladaindong black carbon ice core record(1843-1982):Recent increases due to higher emissions and lower snow accumulation

Black carbon(BC) deposited on snow and glacier surfaces can reduce albedo and lead to accelerated melt. An ice core recovered from Guoqu glacier on Mt. Geladaindong and analyzed using a Single Particle Soot Photometer(SP2) provides the ?rst long-term(1843-1982) record of BC from the central Tibetan Plateau. Post 1940 the record is characterized by an increased occurrence of years with above average BC, and the highest BC values of the record. The BC increase in recent decades is likely caused by a combination of increased emissions from regional BC sources, and a reduction in snow accumulation. Guoqu glacier has received no net ice accumulation since the 1980 s, and is a potential example of a glacier where an increase in the equilibrium line altitude is exposing buried high impurity layers. That BC concentrations in the uppermost layers of the Geladaindong ice core are not substantially higher relative to deeper in the ice core suggests that some of the BC that must have been deposited on Guoqu glacier via wet or dry deposition between 1983 and 2005 has been removed from the surface of the glacier, potentially via supraglacial or englacial meltwater.

Soil Organic Carbon, Black Carbon, and Enzyme Activity Under Long-Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.

Modeling black carbon and its potential radiative effects over the Tibetan Plateau

A regional climate model(RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol-snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of black carbon(BC) on temperature and snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in 1990-2009. Two experiments driven by ERA-interim reanalysis were performed, i.e., with and without aerosol-snow/ice feedback. Results indicated that the total deposition BC and organic matter(OM) in snow/ice in the monsoon season(MayeS eptember) were much more than non-monsoon season(the remainder of the year). The great BC and OM deposition were simulated along the margin of the TP in the non-monsoon season, and the higher deposition values also occurred in the western TP than the other regions during the monsoon period. BC-in-snow/ice decreased surface albedo and caused positive surface radiative forcing(SRF)(3.0-4.5 W m^(-2)) over the western TP in the monsoon season. The maximum SRF(5-6 W m^(-2)) simulated in the Himalayas and southeastern TP in the non-monsoon season. The surface temperature increased by 0.1-1.5℃ and snow water equivalent decreased by 5-25 mm over the TP, which showed similar spatial distributions with the variations of SRF in each season. This study provided a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of aerosols on climate change and the water cycle in the cryospheric environment of the TP.

Radiative Forcing and Climate Response Due to Black Carbon in Snow and Ice

The radiative forcing and climate response due to black carbon（BC） in snow and/or ice were investigated by integrating observed effects of BC on snow/ice albedo into an atmospheric general circulation model（BCC AGCM2.0.1） developed by the National Climate Center（NCC） of the China Meteorological Administration（CMA）.The results show that the global annual mean surface radiative forcing due to BC in snow/ice is ＋0.042 W m 2,with maximum forcing found over the Tibetan Plateau and regional mean forcing exceeding ＋2.8 W m 2.The global annual mean surface temperature increased 0.071 C due to BC in snow/ice.Positive surface radiative forcing was clearly shown in winter and spring and increased the surface temperature of snow/ice in the Northern Hemisphere.The surface temperatures of snow-covered areas of Eurasia and North America in winter（spring） increased by 0.83 C（0.6 C） and 0.83 C（0.46 C）,respectively.Snowmelt rates also increased greatly,leading to earlier snowmelt and peak runoff times.With the rise of surface temperatures in the Arctic,more water vapor could be released into the atmosphere,allowing easier cloud formation,which could lead to higher thermal emittance in the Arctic.However,the total cloud forcing could decrease due to increasing cloud cover,which will offset some of the positive feedback mechanism of the clouds.

Paleoceanographic Indicators for Early Cambrian Black Shales from the Yangtze Platform, South China: Evidence from Biomarkers and Carbon Isotopes

The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, a widespread black shale deposition, is of geological interest because of its polymetallic beds, Cambrian explosion, depositional ages, dramatic environmental changes and so on. Previous study focused mainly on inorganic geochemistry and few studies have investigated the organic fractions of upper Neoproterozoic-lower Cambrian strata in South China. Here we report a study of biomarkers plus organic carbon isotopes for black shales from Ganziping, Hunan Province （China）. All the saturated hydrocarbon fractions have a unimodal distribution of n-alkanes, a high content of short-chain alkanes and maximize at C 19 or C 20 （C 23 for sample Gzh00-1）. The C 27 /C 29 sterane ratio ranges from 0.77 to 1.20 and 4-methylsteranes are in low abundance. These parameters indicate that algae and bacteria are the important primary producers. Furthermore, biomarker maturity proxies show the samples to be higher maturity. The low Pr/Ph values （0.7） suggest that the samples were deposited under anoxic conditions and, likely, under stratified water columns. In addition, 25-norhopanes and gammacerane are present as diagnostic indicators of normal marine salinity and dysoxic to anoxic conditions. During the Early Tommotian, known to coincide with a transgression event, small shelly fossils increased in abundance and diversity. Moreover, positive δ 13 C org excursions close to 1.4‰ occur at the base of the Tommotian stage. In summary, the Early Cambrian black shales were deposited under dramatic paleoenvironmental changes, including oceanic anoxia, higher primary productivity and sea-level rise.