The Joule–Thomson effect of (CO_(2)+H_(2)) binary system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS)

The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.

The European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure(ECCSEL)

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

储液式CCS耦合P2G的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为应对电转气P2G(power-to-gas)和碳捕集系统CCS(carbon capture system)在可再生能源出力不足时耦合失效的问题,考虑对常规CCS引入CO_(2)储液罐以加强P2G和CCS的耦合。首先,构建储液式CCS和P2G的耦合模型,利用储液罐将CCS捕集的CO_(2)时移至可再生能源富足时段,供P2G再利用;其次,构建储液式CCS与P2G耦合的电热气综合能源系统日前优化调度模型;最后,以北方某工业园区为例进行仿真。结果证明所提模型可以充分利用CCS捕集的CO_(2),从而获得更好的经济和环境效益。

Carbon capture and storage,geomechanics and induced seismic activity

Injection of large volumes of carbon dioxide(CO) for the purposes of greenhouse-gas emissions reduction has the potential to induce earthquakes.Operators of proposed projects must therefore take steps to reduce the risks posed by this induced seismicity.In this paper,we examine the causes of injection-induced seismicity(IIS),and how it should be monitored and modelled,and thereby mitigated.Many US case studies are found where fluids are injected into layers that are in close proximity to crystalline basement rocks.We investigate this issue further by comparing injection and seismicity in two areas where oilfield wastewater is injected in significant volumes:Oklahoma,where fluids are injected into a basal layer,and Saskatchewan,where fluids are injected into a much shallower layer.We suggest that the different induced seismicity responses in these two areas are at least in part due to these different injection depths.We go on to outline two different approaches for modelling IIS:a statistics based approach and a physical,numerical modelling based approach.Both modelling types have advantages and disadvantages,but share a need to be calibrated with good quality seismic monitoring data if they are to be used with any degree of reliability.We therefore encourage the use of seismic monitoring networks at all future carbon capture and storage(CCS) sites.

Mapping Highly Cost-Effective Carbon Capture and Storage Opportunities in India

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). India’s CO2 emissions are expected to increase 70% by 2025. Geologic carbon storage (GCS) offers a way to reduce CO2 emissions. Here we present the results of a search for the most cost-effective GCS opportunities in India. Source-Sink matching for large and concentrated CO2 sources near geological storage in India indicates one very high priority target, a fertilizer plant in the city of Narmadanagar in Bharuch District of Gujarat Province, India that is <20 km from old oil and gas fields in the Cambay Basin. Two pure CO2 sources are <20 km from deep saline aquifers and one

全球海洋CCS技术进展及对广东的借鉴

在全球碳减排与气候变化议题日益凸显的今日,海洋CCS(碳捕集与封存)作为应对全球气候变化的重要技术之一,正引领着全球应对气候变化的科技浪潮。对世界主要国家海洋CCS发展趋势进行研究,分析广东目前海洋CCS发展情况,从开展海底碳封存潜力评估、建立行业规范和标准体系、发展碳封存技术、开展试点示范工程等方面提出针对性对策建议,以期培育广东绿色发展新引擎,助力广东碳中和目标的率先达成。

Improving Prediction Accuracy of a Rate-Based Model of an MEA-BasedCarbon Capture Process for Large-Scale Commercial Deployment

Carbon capture and storage （CCS） technology will play a critical role in reducing anthropogenic carbondioxide （CO2） emission from fossil-fired power plants and other energy-intensive processes. However, theincrement of energy cost caused by equipping a carbon capture process is the main barrier to its commer-cial deployment. To reduce the capital and operating costs of carbon capture, great efforts have been madeto achieve optimal design and operation through process modeling, simulation, and optimization. Accuratemodels form an essential foundation for this purpose. This paper presents a study on developing a moreaccurate rate-based model in Aspen Plus for the monoethanolamine （MEA）-based carbon capture processby multistage model validations. The modeling framework for this process was established first. The steady-state process model was then developed and validated at three stages, which included a thermodynamicmodel, physical properties calculations, and a process model at the pilot plant scale, covering a wide rangeof pressures, temperatures, and CO2 loadings. The calculation correlations of liquid density and interfacialarea were updated by coding Fortran subroutines in Aspen Plus. The validation results show that the cor-relation combination for the thermodynamic model used in this study has higher accuracy than those ofthree other key publications and the model prediction of the process model has a good agreement with thepilot plant experimental data. A case study was carried out for carbon capture from a 250 MWe combinedcycle gas turbine （CCGT） power plant. Shorter packing height and lower specific duty were achieved usingthis accurate model.

含CCUS和P2G的综合能源系统分布式鲁棒优化调度

在双碳战略背景下,综合能源系统成为探索可再生能源低碳高效利用及多能耦合的主要途径。为兼顾综合能源系统在低碳优化时的稳定性和经济效益,提出了一种含碳捕集、利用与封存-电转气协同运行的综合能源系统分布式鲁棒低碳优化策略。首先,对电转气过程精细化建模,研究氢能的多方面效益,建立CHP-CCUS-P2G耦合模型,并引入阶梯式碳交易机制,提出一种基于阶梯式碳交易机制的CHP-CCUS-P2G低碳经济调度方法;其次,考虑风光出力的不确定性,以调度系统中可用的历史数据为基础,构建数据驱动下min-max-min的两阶段鲁棒调度模型,采用1-范数和∞-范数约束场景概率分布模糊集;最后,基于列约束生成算法对模型反复迭代求解。算例仿真结果表明,上述模型提高了IES的风光消纳率和经济性,并降低了系统碳排放量。

Life-cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Capture for Enhanced Oil Recovery

The development and deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage （CCS） technology is a cornerstone of the Norwegian government＇s climate strategy. A number of projects are currently evaluated/planned along the Norwegian West Coast, one at Tjeldbergodden. COe from this project will be utilized in part for enhanced oil recovery in the Halten oil field, in the Norwegian Sea. We study a potential design of such a system. A combined cycle power plant with a gross power output of 832 MW is combined with CO2 capture plant based on a post-combustion capture using amines as a solvent. The captured CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery （EOR）. We employ a hybrid life-cycle assessment （LCA） method to assess the environmental impacts of the system. The study focuses on the modifications and operations of the platform during EOR. We allocate the impacts connected to the capture of CO2 to electricity production, and the impacts connected to the transport and storage of CO2 to the oil produced. Our study shows a substantial reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions from power production by 80% to 75 g·（kW·h）^-1. It also indicates a reduction of the emissions associated with oil production per unit oil produced, mostly due to the increased oil production. Reductions are especially significant if the additional power demand due to EOR leads to power supply from the land.

中国CCUS技术发展、趋势与建议

CCUS(Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage,碳捕集、利用和封存)是实现碳中和战略目标的关键技术之一。在全球碳达峰和碳中和愿景下,CCUS技术的应用和发展对可持续发展具有重要意义。介绍了从CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage,碳捕集和封存)技术到CCUS技术的发展历程、CCUS传统技术方法以及在新的应用场景下,不断丰富和拓展的CCUS新技术,重点对我国CCUS技术的发展现状和发展趋势进行分析,指出CCUS目前面临的技术难点主要体现在CO_(2)捕集技术发展存在明显代际差异、CO_(2)海底管道运输技术存在缺乏实际经验、CO_(2)强化天然气开采技术及置换水合物等方面,在规模化产业集群建设方面也存在诸多困难和挑战,应从技术体系构建、重点技术攻关、法规体系完善、激励机制、国际合作等方面加强攻关。最终提出了在中国实现CCUS大规模发展与推广“三步走”路径建议,即按照行业试点期(2021—2030年)、地区推广期(2031—2040年)、全国应用期(2040年以后)3个阶段有序推动CCUS在全国的规模化部署。

A review of in situ carbon mineralization in basalt

Global warming has greatly threatened the human living environment and carbon capture and storage(CCS)technology is recognized as a promising way to reduce carbon emissions.Mineral storage is considered a reliable option for long-term carbon storage.Basalt rich in alkaline earth elements facilitates rapid and permanent CO_(2) fixation as carbonates.However,the complex CO_(2)-fluid-basalt interaction poses challenges for assessing carbon storage potential.Under different reaction conditions,the carbonation products and carbonation rates vary.Carbon mineralization reactions also induce petrophysical and mechanical responses,which have potential risks for the long-term injectivity and the carbon storage safety in basalt reservoirs.In this paper,recent advances in carbon mineralization storage in basalt based on laboratory research are comprehensively reviewed.The assessment methods for carbon storage potential are introduced and the carbon trapping mechanisms are investigated with the identification of the controlling factors.Changes in pore structure,permeability and mechanical properties in both static reactions and reactive percolation experiments are also discussed.This study could provide insight into challenges as well as perspectives for future research.

欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目实施进展与启示

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为最有前景可有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,在世界范围内受到广泛推行,特别是欧洲,其作为全球CCS技术的先行者,一直在积极推进该项技术工业化进程。2009年,欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)启动欧洲能源复兴计划(European Energy Programme for Recovery,EEPR),正式批准资助6个全流程CCS示范项目。这6个CCS示范项目囊括了当前所有可行的CO2工业捕集技术,运输方式以及封存方法,本文将对其基本情况和最近进展进行介绍,并重点对欧盟层面的CCS法律法规与此6个项目所在欧盟成员国的CCS技术与政策环境的交互影响进行比对和分析,以进一步系统评述欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目带来的积极成果,包括达成减排目标和气候政策,建立欧洲CCS示范项目网络共享平台,获得CCS技术研发突破等,同时也详细列举了这些项目目前所面临的阻碍与困境,如相关法律政策缺乏执行力,融资困难,公众接受度低,技术成本高等。最后,试探讨欧盟能源复兴计划CCS全流程示范项目实施发展现状对我国未来CCS商业化走向的思索与启示。

基于CCS的MEA脱碳技术全球专利发展态势

以单乙醇胺(MEA)吸收法为主的脱碳技术被认为是较具可行性的CO2捕集技术。本文主要针对MEA脱碳技术开展专利分析,建立MEA技术专利分析方法,研究认为基于二氧化碳捕集、运输和封存(CCS)应用的MEA脱碳技术在近十年得到大幅增长,其中增长较快的国家有美国、中国、日本、澳大利亚等,中国和韩国在近3年尤其增长较快;各国MEA脱碳技术专利的侧重点和优势各不同,美国、日本、俄罗斯等国专利较为倾向烟气脱碳、装置、材料等实际应用,中国则倾向于MEA基础方法研究,该研究结果有望为我国MEA脱碳技术研发创新、专利申请与保护提供参考借鉴。

国外CCS政策法规体系的形成及对我国的启示

碳捕集和封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)是一种新的二氧化碳减排技术,是中国未来实现温室气体深度减排的重要战略选择。但作为一项新兴的减排技术,中国的CCS政策法规体系建设尚处于起步阶段。本文系统整理分析了欧盟、英国、美国、澳大利亚等国家和地区CCS领域的法规、政策和标准,在总结发达国家CCS立法以及政策、标准建立方面成功经验的基础上,针对CCS不同环节提出了对我国相应的政策法规建议,以期为我国CCS相关政策、法规的建立提供参考。

英国发展CCS战略及加强与中国合作的原因简析

详细介绍了英国CCS发展战略和具体实施举措,并从多个角度分析和探讨英国发展CCS及其积极推进与中国合作的原因。自20世纪90年代初以来,英国一直在积极推进CCS的发展,特别是随着《能源白皮书》、《能源法》等战略性文件的颁布,进一步奠定了发展CCS的政策基础,相继实施了竞标计划、示范项目等一系列措施。在实施过程中,除考虑自身能源结构和能源安全外,英国更多把发展CCS瞄准于未来全球煤电市场以及气候外交的战略上,中国元素成为其关注的重要因素之一。中国巨大的煤电市场以及在气候变化政治格局中的地位,成为英国促进与中国合作的重要原因。

实施CCS技术的火力发电厂场址选择

将碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术应用于碳排放密集的燃煤电站,是中国实现中长期减排目标的主要途径。在大规模应用CCS技术前,必须完成对实施CCS技术的大型火力发电厂场址选择。文章探讨了火力发电厂的选址标准及综合评价方法,并分析了在实施CCS下火力发电厂选址需要考虑的问题。通过对河北11个地市级行政区进行定性分析,发现张家口、邢台、邯郸可以优先考虑新建实施CO2捕集的大型火力发电厂,起到示范作用。

CO_2混合物热物性在CCS研究中的作用:实验数据、理论模型和典型应用

二氧化碳捕集与封存(CCS)各工艺过程的设计、运行都依赖于对CO_2及其混合物热物理性质的深入理解。同时,CCS的规模化发展和商业化进程,对CO_2混合物及其热物性的准确性提出了更高的要求。本文从实验数据、理论模型和典型应用3个方面综述了CO_2及其混合物热物性的发展现状,并尝试对发展趋势进行归纳。在实验研究方面,CO_2混合体系的研究进展视组分不同,差异较大,其中CO_2-N_2、CO_2-CH4、CO_2-H_2O和CO_2-H_2二元体系已形成较完善的物性数据库,而CO_2-NH_3、CO_2-NOx和CO_2-CO体系的物性数据还比较欠缺;在物性估算方面,面向CCS的物性估算模型研究自2008年开始活跃,基于不同理论构架,目前已逐步形成面向CCS的多元化的物性估算体系。物性研究在CCS中的应用主要体现在物性是支撑CCS过程研究的基础,其不准确性在过程模拟或计算中会被"放大",从而影响过程评估的准确性,本文从物性在循环构建和能效分析中的作用以及CO_2水合物的形成3个方面入手做了说明。文章最后对面向CCS的物性研究趋势进行了梳理,对分子模拟技术、通用性强的物性估算模型和物性在过程设计和循环分析中的角色进行了展望。

当前全球碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术进展及面临的主要问题

本文分析了当前全球碳捕集与封存(CCS)的最新技术进展及面临的主要问题,指出碳捕集与封存虽然被广泛认为是未来主要的碳减排技术,且当前全球的CCS示范和规划项目在不断增加,但是CCS项目仍面临诸如成本昂贵、使总能效下降、缺乏法律基础、公众难以接受等一系列问题。

碳捕集与封存技术(CCS)成本及政策分析

当前,减排CO2的呼声日益高涨。在未来相当长的时间内,我国一次能源仍将以煤为主,而用于发电的煤炭量占到煤炭消费总量的一半以上,已成为国内CO2排放的重要来源。整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术不仅具有燃料来源广、发电效率提升空间大等优点,而且能以较低的成本实现CO2减排。以IGCC碳捕集结合强化采油为例,分析碳捕集与封存(CCS)全过程CO2减排成本。结果表明,在IGCC电站进行碳捕集结合强化采油的情景下,捕集CO2的IGCC系统的发电成本低于不捕集CO2的IGCC电站的发电成本。CO2减排成本主要受井口油价及CO2利用率影响,当井口油价超过14.642美元/bbl时,CO2减排成本为负值。CCS的发展将经历示范、扩大规模和商业化三个阶段,针对不同的发展阶段,政府应分别采取相应的政策措施。在示范阶段,应加强对相关技术研究的支持,提供财政补贴;在扩大规模阶段,应重点采取财政补贴措施,并配以CCS发电配额标准和CCS电力贸易体系;在商业化阶段,政府已无需继续提供财政补贴,而CCS发电配额标准和认证贸易体系仍将是一个有效的方法。