The Joule–Thomson effect of (CO_(2)+H_(2)) binary system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS)

The Joule-Thomson effect is one of the important thermodynamic properties in the system relevant to gas switching reforming with carbon capture and storage(CCS). In this work, a set of apparatus was set up to determine the Joule-Thomson effect of binary mixtures(CO_(2)+ H_(2)). The accuracy of the apparatus was verified by comparing with the experimental data of carbon dioxide. The Joule-Thomson coefficients(μ_(JT)) for(CO_(2)+ H_(2)) binary mixtures with mole fractions of carbon dioxide(x_(CO_(2))= 0.1, 0.26, 0.5,0.86, 0.94) along six isotherms at various pressures were measured. Five equations of state EOSs(PR,SRK, PR, BWR and GERG-2008 equation) were used to calculate the μ_(JT)for both pure systems and binary systems, among which the GERG-2008 predicted best with a wide range of pressure and temperature.Moreover, the Joule-Thomson inversion curves(JTIC) were calculated with five equations of state. A comparison was made between experimental data and predicted data for the inversion curve of CO_(2). The investigated EOSs show a similar prediction of the low-temperature branch of the JTIC for both pure and binary systems, except for the BWRS equation of state. Among all the equations, SRK has the most similar result to GERG-2008 for predicting JTIC.

The European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure(ECCSEL)

The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Monitoring Technologies for Marine Carbon Sequestration in Zhanjiang

Marine carbon sequestration is an important component of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage(CCUS) technology. It is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China. However, CO_(2) leakage may lead to seabed geological disasters and threaten the safety of marine engineering. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the safety monitoring technology of marine carbon sequestration.Zhanjiang is industrially developed and rich in carbon sources. Owing to the good physical properties and reservoirs and trap characteristics,Zhanjiang has huge storage potential. This paper explores the disaster mechanism associated with CO_(2) leakage in marine carbon sequestration areas. Based on the analysis of the development of Zhanjiang industry and relevant domestic monitoring technologies, several suggestions for safety monitoring of marine carbon sequestration are proposed: application of offshore aquaculture platforms, expansion and application of ocean observation networks, carbon sequestration safety monitoring and sensing system. Intended to build a comprehensive and multi-level safety monitoring system for marine carbon sequestration, the outcome of this study provides assistance for the development of marine carbon sequestration in China's offshore areas.

Criteria for Selecting Carbon Subsurface and Ocean Storage Site in Developing Countries: A Review

Important first phases in the process of implementing CO2 subsurface and ocean storage projects include selecting of best possible location(s) for CO2 storage, and site selection evaluation. Sites must fulfill a number of criteria that boil down to the following basics: they must be able to accept the desired volume of CO2 at the rate at which it is supplied from the CO2 source(s);they must as well be safe and reliable;and must comply with regulatory and other societal requirements. They also must have at least public acceptance and be based on sound financial analysis. Site geology;hydrogeological, pressure, and geothermal regimes;land features;location, climate, access, etc. can all be refined from these basic criteria. In addition to aiding in site selection, site characterization is essential for other purposes, such as foreseeing the fate and impacts of the injected CO2, and informing subsequent phases of site development, including design, permitting, operation, monitoring, and eventual abandonment. According to data from the IEA, in 2022, emissions from Africa and Asias emerging markets and developing economies, excluding Chinas, increased by 4.2%, which is equivalent to 206 million tonnes of CO2 and were higher than those from developed economies. Coal-fired power generation was responsible for more than half of the rise in emissions that were recorded in the region. The difficulty of achieving sustainable socio-economic progress in the developing countries is entwined with the work of reducing CO2 emissions, which is a demanding project for the economy. Organisations from developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria, have formed partnerships with organisations in other countries for lessons learned and investment within the climate change arena. The basaltic rocks, coal seams, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, soils, deep saline aquifers, and sedimentary basins that developing countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, and Nigeria etc.) possess all contribute to the individual countrys significant geological sequestration potential. There are limited or no carbon capture and storage or clean development mechanism projects running in these countries at this time. The site selection and characterization procedure are not complete without an estimate of the storage capacity of a storage location. Estimating storage capacity relies on volumetric estimates because a site must accept the planned volume of CO2 during the active injection period. As more and more applications make use of site characterization, so too does the body of written material on the topic. As the science of CO2 storage develops, regulatory requirements are implemented, field experience grows, and the economics of CO2 capture and storage improve, so too will site selection and characterisation change.

西南油气田CCUS/CCS发展现状、优势与挑战

中国石油西南油气田公司(以下简称西南油气田)是中国西南地区首个天然气年产量超400×10^(8) m^(3)的油气生产企业,其天然气新建产能、产量的增量分别占到全国增量的1/4和1/3,预计2030年天然气开发的碳排放量将突破500×10^(4) t。为解决天然气高质量上产过程中碳排放量刚性增长的问题,西南油气田主动围绕“天然气+CCUS”的战略规划,积极部署CCUS/CCS工作,以期打造“绿色能源西南模式”,助力实现“双碳”目标。为此,系统阐述了西南油气田在CCUS/CCS业务规划、标准体系、技术系列等方面的发展现状,梳理了其CCUS/CCS业务在资源、技术方面的优势,并分析了面临的技术成熟度不高、经济效益缺乏、社会接受度不高等挑战,最后作出了展望并有针对性地提出了下一步建议:①攻关形成具有气田特色的CCUS/CCS技术体系,打造气田CCUS/CCS原创技术策源地;②建立气田CCUS/CCS标准体系,推广应用气田CO_(2)驱气提高采收率(CCUS-EGR)和CO_(2)埋存技术;③依托西南油气田自有碳捕集、输送、驱气、封存等技术,进一步延伸拓展传统油气主营业务产业链,建立西南片区CCUS/CCS产业集群和碳库,助力中国石油成为CCUS/CCS产业链链长;④探索页岩气注CO_(2)及混合气体提高采收率技术,支撑在页岩气领域开辟新的CCUS方向。

Carbon capture and storage,geomechanics and induced seismic activity

Injection of large volumes of carbon dioxide(CO) for the purposes of greenhouse-gas emissions reduction has the potential to induce earthquakes.Operators of proposed projects must therefore take steps to reduce the risks posed by this induced seismicity.In this paper,we examine the causes of injection-induced seismicity(IIS),and how it should be monitored and modelled,and thereby mitigated.Many US case studies are found where fluids are injected into layers that are in close proximity to crystalline basement rocks.We investigate this issue further by comparing injection and seismicity in two areas where oilfield wastewater is injected in significant volumes:Oklahoma,where fluids are injected into a basal layer,and Saskatchewan,where fluids are injected into a much shallower layer.We suggest that the different induced seismicity responses in these two areas are at least in part due to these different injection depths.We go on to outline two different approaches for modelling IIS:a statistics based approach and a physical,numerical modelling based approach.Both modelling types have advantages and disadvantages,but share a need to be calibrated with good quality seismic monitoring data if they are to be used with any degree of reliability.We therefore encourage the use of seismic monitoring networks at all future carbon capture and storage(CCS) sites.

Mapping Highly Cost-Effective Carbon Capture and Storage Opportunities in India

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). India’s CO2 emissions are expected to increase 70% by 2025. Geologic carbon storage (GCS) offers a way to reduce CO2 emissions. Here we present the results of a search for the most cost-effective GCS opportunities in India. Source-Sink matching for large and concentrated CO2 sources near geological storage in India indicates one very high priority target, a fertilizer plant in the city of Narmadanagar in Bharuch District of Gujarat Province, India that is <20 km from old oil and gas fields in the Cambay Basin. Two pure CO2 sources are <20 km from deep saline aquifers and one

International experience of carbon neutrality and prospects of key technologies:Lessons for China

Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.

全球海洋CCS技术进展及对广东的借鉴

在全球碳减排与气候变化议题日益凸显的今日,海洋CCS(碳捕集与封存)作为应对全球气候变化的重要技术之一,正引领着全球应对气候变化的科技浪潮。对世界主要国家海洋CCS发展趋势进行研究,分析广东目前海洋CCS发展情况,从开展海底碳封存潜力评估、建立行业规范和标准体系、发展碳封存技术、开展试点示范工程等方面提出针对性对策建议,以期培育广东绿色发展新引擎,助力广东碳中和目标的率先达成。

实现碳中和目标的CCUS产业发展展望

中国碳中和目标的实现对CCUS技术需求巨大,亟须加快培育CCUS产业,赋能中国碳中和时代高质量发展。CCUS技术全链条产业体系建设将牵引制造业、采矿业、金融业等七大产业门类、25个大类和64个小类国民经济行业的技术、设备、材料、服务、市场及政策等创新需求,培植碳核查、碳金融、碳资产管理等新产业。围绕中国CCUS产业化现存的技术基础薄弱、市场被国外厂商主导、政策体系不完善等挑战,建议未来从以下几方面着手:搭建CCUS产业基础数据共享平台,加大产业关键技术研发投入,打造CCUS产业孵化基地,探索创新产业商业模式及市场机制,重视CCUS专业人才培养等。

A review of in situ carbon mineralization in basalt

Global warming has greatly threatened the human living environment and carbon capture and storage(CCS)technology is recognized as a promising way to reduce carbon emissions.Mineral storage is considered a reliable option for long-term carbon storage.Basalt rich in alkaline earth elements facilitates rapid and permanent CO_(2) fixation as carbonates.However,the complex CO_(2)-fluid-basalt interaction poses challenges for assessing carbon storage potential.Under different reaction conditions,the carbonation products and carbonation rates vary.Carbon mineralization reactions also induce petrophysical and mechanical responses,which have potential risks for the long-term injectivity and the carbon storage safety in basalt reservoirs.In this paper,recent advances in carbon mineralization storage in basalt based on laboratory research are comprehensively reviewed.The assessment methods for carbon storage potential are introduced and the carbon trapping mechanisms are investigated with the identification of the controlling factors.Changes in pore structure,permeability and mechanical properties in both static reactions and reactive percolation experiments are also discussed.This study could provide insight into challenges as well as perspectives for future research.

中国CCUS技术发展、趋势与建议

CCUS(Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage,碳捕集、利用和封存)是实现碳中和战略目标的关键技术之一。在全球碳达峰和碳中和愿景下,CCUS技术的应用和发展对可持续发展具有重要意义。介绍了从CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage,碳捕集和封存)技术到CCUS技术的发展历程、CCUS传统技术方法以及在新的应用场景下,不断丰富和拓展的CCUS新技术,重点对我国CCUS技术的发展现状和发展趋势进行分析,指出CCUS目前面临的技术难点主要体现在CO_(2)捕集技术发展存在明显代际差异、CO_(2)海底管道运输技术存在缺乏实际经验、CO_(2)强化天然气开采技术及置换水合物等方面,在规模化产业集群建设方面也存在诸多困难和挑战,应从技术体系构建、重点技术攻关、法规体系完善、激励机制、国际合作等方面加强攻关。最终提出了在中国实现CCUS大规模发展与推广“三步走”路径建议,即按照行业试点期(2021—2030年)、地区推广期(2031—2040年)、全国应用期(2040年以后)3个阶段有序推动CCUS在全国的规模化部署。

二氧化碳捕集、利用与储存(CCUS)技术进展及趋势分析

通过分析CCUS技术应用现状,提出净减排量计算公式,并对地质利用封存、化工利用及生物利用技术中的能耗问题和发展前景进行分析。通过研发新技术降低生产能耗、新能源耦合利用等措施实现减排效果,同时注重封存过程中的潜在环境危害,提高安全防护技术水平。

CCUS工程中二氧化碳输送管道的HALOPA分析研究

由于CO_(2)长距离大规模运输技术刚起步,存在诸如泄漏风险等的挑战。应用复合式风险评估分析方法(HALOPA),采用“HAZOP+LOPA+HSE风险矩阵”的形式,对CCUS项目中CO_(2)输送管道的风险进行辨识与评估,对可能的事故场景与后果进行等级定级,根据分析定级结果,针对性地提出了可以降低现有风险等级的防范措施。结果表明:CO_(2)输送管道最主要的风险集中在管线泄漏,未来需重点关注增压泵出口温度、压力以及换热器管程出口温度等指标。

欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目实施进展与启示

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为最有前景可有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,在世界范围内受到广泛推行,特别是欧洲,其作为全球CCS技术的先行者,一直在积极推进该项技术工业化进程。2009年,欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)启动欧洲能源复兴计划(European Energy Programme for Recovery,EEPR),正式批准资助6个全流程CCS示范项目。这6个CCS示范项目囊括了当前所有可行的CO2工业捕集技术,运输方式以及封存方法,本文将对其基本情况和最近进展进行介绍,并重点对欧盟层面的CCS法律法规与此6个项目所在欧盟成员国的CCS技术与政策环境的交互影响进行比对和分析,以进一步系统评述欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目带来的积极成果,包括达成减排目标和气候政策,建立欧洲CCS示范项目网络共享平台,获得CCS技术研发突破等,同时也详细列举了这些项目目前所面临的阻碍与困境,如相关法律政策缺乏执行力,融资困难,公众接受度低,技术成本高等。最后,试探讨欧盟能源复兴计划CCS全流程示范项目实施发展现状对我国未来CCS商业化走向的思索与启示。

基于CCS的MEA脱碳技术全球专利发展态势

以单乙醇胺(MEA)吸收法为主的脱碳技术被认为是较具可行性的CO2捕集技术。本文主要针对MEA脱碳技术开展专利分析,建立MEA技术专利分析方法,研究认为基于二氧化碳捕集、运输和封存(CCS)应用的MEA脱碳技术在近十年得到大幅增长,其中增长较快的国家有美国、中国、日本、澳大利亚等,中国和韩国在近3年尤其增长较快;各国MEA脱碳技术专利的侧重点和优势各不同,美国、日本、俄罗斯等国专利较为倾向烟气脱碳、装置、材料等实际应用,中国则倾向于MEA基础方法研究,该研究结果有望为我国MEA脱碳技术研发创新、专利申请与保护提供参考借鉴。

国外CCS政策法规体系的形成及对我国的启示

碳捕集和封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)是一种新的二氧化碳减排技术,是中国未来实现温室气体深度减排的重要战略选择。但作为一项新兴的减排技术,中国的CCS政策法规体系建设尚处于起步阶段。本文系统整理分析了欧盟、英国、美国、澳大利亚等国家和地区CCS领域的法规、政策和标准,在总结发达国家CCS立法以及政策、标准建立方面成功经验的基础上,针对CCS不同环节提出了对我国相应的政策法规建议,以期为我国CCS相关政策、法规的建立提供参考。

英国发展CCS战略及加强与中国合作的原因简析

详细介绍了英国CCS发展战略和具体实施举措,并从多个角度分析和探讨英国发展CCS及其积极推进与中国合作的原因。自20世纪90年代初以来,英国一直在积极推进CCS的发展,特别是随着《能源白皮书》、《能源法》等战略性文件的颁布,进一步奠定了发展CCS的政策基础,相继实施了竞标计划、示范项目等一系列措施。在实施过程中,除考虑自身能源结构和能源安全外,英国更多把发展CCS瞄准于未来全球煤电市场以及气候外交的战略上,中国元素成为其关注的重要因素之一。中国巨大的煤电市场以及在气候变化政治格局中的地位,成为英国促进与中国合作的重要原因。

基于DEMATEL方法的CCS技术扩散影响因素研究

发展碳捕捉与碳储存技术(CCS)是应对气候变化的最重要举措之一,但是在技术扩散的过程中却面临诸多困境。基于此,本文由政府、电厂、社会公众3个维度构建CCS技术扩散的影响体系,采用DEMATEL方法研究CCS技术扩散的制约因素,研究表明:政府的原因度和影响度较大,但中心度却次于电厂;社会公众的影响度和被影响度均相对较低。进而指出,政府是促进CCS技术扩散的中心环节,而社会公众在CCS技术扩散中的影响地位较弱。

实施CCS技术的火力发电厂场址选择

将碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术应用于碳排放密集的燃煤电站,是中国实现中长期减排目标的主要途径。在大规模应用CCS技术前,必须完成对实施CCS技术的大型火力发电厂场址选择。文章探讨了火力发电厂的选址标准及综合评价方法,并分析了在实施CCS下火力发电厂选址需要考虑的问题。通过对河北11个地市级行政区进行定性分析,发现张家口、邢台、邯郸可以优先考虑新建实施CO2捕集的大型火力发电厂,起到示范作用。