CAS-ESM2.0 Dataset for the Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project(CDRMIP)

Understanding the response of the Earth system to varying concentrations of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is critical for projecting possible future climate change and for providing insight into mitigation and adaptation strategies in the near future.In this study,we generate a dataset by conducting an experiment involving carbon dioxide removal(CDR)—a potential way to suppress global warming—using the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2.0(CASESM2.0).A preliminary evaluation is provided.The model is integrated from 200–340 years as a 1%yr^(−1) CO_(2) concentration increase experiment,and then to~478 years as a carbon dioxide removal experiment until CO_(2) returns to its original value.Finally,another 80 years is integrated in which CO_(2) is kept constant.Changes in the 2-m temperature,precipitation,sea surface temperature,ocean temperature,Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC),and sea surface height are all analyzed.In the ramp-up period,the global mean 2-m temperature and precipitation both increase while the AMOC weakens.Values of all the above variables change in the opposite direction in the ramp-down period,with a delayed peak relative to the CO_(2) peak.After CO_(2) returns to its original value,the global mean 2-m temperature is still~1 K higher than in the original state,and precipitation is~0.07 mm d^(–1) higher.At the end of the simulation,there is a~0.5°C increase in ocean temperature and a 1 Sv weakening of the AMOC.Our model simulation produces similar results to those of comparable experiments previously reported in the literature.

Chemico-biological conversion of carbon dioxide

The unabated carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission into the atmosphere has exacerbated global climate change,resulting in extreme weather events,biodiversity loss,and an intensified greenhouse effect.To address these challenges and work toward carbon(C)neutrality and reduced CO_(2)emissions,the capture and utilization of CO_(2)have become imperative in both scientific research and industry.One cutting-edge approach to achieving efficient catalytic performance involves integrating green bioconversion and chemical conversion.This innovative strategy offers several advantages,including environmental friendliness,high efficiency,and multi-selectivity.This study provides a comprehensive review of existing technical routes for carbon sequestration(CS)and introduces two novel CS pathways:the electrochemicalbiological hybrid and artificial photosynthesis systems.It also thoroughly examines the synthesis of valuable Cnproducts from the two CS systems employing different catalysts and biocatalysts.As both systems heavily rely on electron transfer,direct and mediated electron transfer has been discussed and summarized in detail.Additionally,this study explores the conditions suitable for different catalysts and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of biocatalysts.We also explored the biocompatibility of the electrode materials and developed novel materials.These materials were specifically engineered to combine with enzymes or microbial cells to solve the biocompatibility problem,while improving the electron transfer efficiency of both.Furthermore,this review summarizes the relevant systems developed in recent years for manufacturing different products,along with their respective production efficiencies,providing a solid database for development in this direction.The novel chemical-biological combination proposed herein holds great promise for the future conversion of CO_(2)into advanced organic compounds.Additionally,it offers exciting prospects for utilizing CO_(2)in synthesizing a wide range of industrial products.Ultimately,the present study provides a unique perspective for achieving the vital goals of“peak shaving”and C-neutrality,contributing significantly to our collective efforts to combat climate change and its associated challenges.

Effects of drip and flood irrigation on carbon dioxide exchange and crop growth in the maize ecosystem in the Hetao Irrigation District,China

Drip irrigation and flood irrigation are major irrigation methods for maize crops in the Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China.This research delves into the effects of these irrigation methods on carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange and crop growth in this region.The experimental site was divided into drip and flood irrigation zones.The irrigation schedules of this study aligned with the local commonly used irrigation schedule.We employed a developed chamber system to measure the diurnal CO_(2)exchange of maize plants during various growth stages under both drip and flood irrigation methods.From May to September in 2020 and 2021,two sets of repeated experiments were conducted.In each experiment,a total of nine measurements of CO_(2)exchange were performed to obtain carbon exchange data at different growth stages of maize crop.During each CO_(2)exchange measurement event,CO_(2)flux data were collected every two hours over a day-long period to capture the diurnal variations in CO_(2)exchange.During each CO_(2)exchange measurement event,the biological parameters(aboveground biomass and crop growth rate)of maize and environmental parameters(including air humidity,air temperature,precipitation,soil water content,and photosynthetically active radiation)were measured.The results indicated a V-shaped trend in net ecosystem CO_(2)exchange in daytime,reducing slowly at night,while the net assimilation rate(net primary productivity)exhibited a contrasting trend.Notably,compared with flood irrigation,drip irrigation demonstrated significantly higher average daily soil CO_(2)emission and greater average daily CO_(2)absorption by maize plants.Consequently,within the maize ecosystem,drip irrigation appeared more conducive to absorbing atmospheric CO_(2).Furthermore,drip irrigation demonstrated a faster crop growth rate and increased aboveground biomass compared with flood irrigation.A strong linear relationship existed between leaf area index and light utilization efficiency,irrespective of the irrigation method.Notably,drip irrigation displayed superior light use efficiency compared with flood irrigation.The final yield results corroborated these findings,indicating that drip irrigation yielded higher harvest index and overall yield than flood irrigation.The results of this study provide a basis for the selection of optimal irrigation methods commonly used in the Hetao Irrigation District.This research also serves as a reference for future irrigation studies that consider measurements of both carbon emissions and yield simultaneously.

Solubility of iron(Ⅲ) and nickel(Ⅱ) acetylacetonates in supercritical carbon dioxide

As a common precursor for supercritical CO_(2)(scCO_(2))deposition techniques,solubility data of organometallic complexes in scCO_(2)is crucial for the preparation of nanocomposites.Recently,metal acetylacetonates have shown great potential for the preparation of single-atom catalytic materials.In this study,the solubilities of iron(Ⅲ)acetylacetonate(Fe(acac)3)and nickel(Ⅱ)acetylacetonate(Ni(acac)2)were measured at the temperature from 313.15 to 333.15 K and in the pressure range of 9.5–25.2 MPa to accumulate new solubility data.Solubility was measured using a static weight loss method.The semi-empirical models proposed by Chrastil and Sung et al.were used to correlate the solubility data of Fe(acac)3 and Ni(acac)2.The equations obtained can be used to predict the solubility of the same system in the experimental range.

Progress and prospect of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage in CNPC oilfields

The development history of carbon capture,utilization and storage for enhanced oil recovery(CCUS-EOR)in China is comprehensively reviewed,which consists of three stages:research and exploration,field test and industrial application.The breakthrough understanding of CO_(2) flooding mechanism and field practice in recent years and the corresponding supporting technical achievements of CCUS-EOR project are systematically described.The future development prospects are also pointed out.After nearly 60 years of exploration,the theory of CO_(2) flooding and storage suitable for continental sedimentary reservoirs in China has been innovatively developed.It is suggested that C7–C15 are also important components affecting miscibility of CO_(2) and crude oil.The mechanism of rapid recovery of formation energy by CO_(2) and significant improvement of block productivity and recovery factor has been verified in field tests.The CCUS-EOR reservoir engineering design technology for continental sedimentary reservoir is established.The technology of reservoir engineering parameter design and well spacing optimization has been developed,which focuses on maintaining miscibility to improve oil displacement efficiency and uniform displacement to improve sweep efficiency.The technology of CO_(2) capture,injection and production process,whole-system anticorrosion,storage monitoring and other whole-process supporting technologies have been initially formed.In order to realize the efficient utilization and permanent storage of CO_(2),it is necessary to take the oil reservoir in the oil-water transition zone into consideration,realize the large-scale CO_(2) flooding and storage in the area from single reservoir to the overall structural control system.The oil reservoir in the oil-water transition zone is developed by stable gravity flooding of injecting CO_(2) from structural highs.The research on the storage technology such as the conversion of residual oil and CO_(2) into methane needs to be carried out.

Pulsed electrolysis of carbon dioxide by large-scale solid oxide electrolytic cells for intermittent renewable energy storage

CO_(2) electrolysis with solid oxide electrolytic cells(SOECs)using intermittently available renewable energy has potential applications for carbon neutrality and energy storage.In this study,a pulsed current strategy is used to replicate intermittent energy availability,and the stability and conversion rate of the cyclic operation by a large-scale flat-tube SOEC are studied.One hundred cycles under pulsed current ranging from -100 to -300 mA/cm^(2) with a total operating time of about 800 h were carried out.The results show that after 100 cycles,the cell voltage attenuates by 0.041%/cycle in the high current stage of−300 mA/cm^(2),indicating that the lifetime of the cell can reach up to about 500 cycles.The total CO_(2) conversion rate reached 52%,which is close to the theoretical value of 54.3% at -300 mA/cm^(2),and the calculated efficiency approached 98.2%,assuming heat recycling.This study illustrates the significant advantages of SOEC in efficient electrochemical energy conversion,carbon emission mitigation,and seasonal energy storage.

Micro-interface enhanced mass transfer sodium carbonate absorption carbon dioxide reaction

Micro-interface intensified reactor(MIR)can be applied in series/parallel in the absorption of CO_(2)in industrial gases by Na_(2)CO_(3)due to the ability to produce large numbers of stable microbubbles.This work focuses on the variation pattern of mass transfer characteristics parameters of the reaction gas in Na_(2)CO_(3) solution under the influence of different solution properties and operating parameters in the reaction of CO_(2)absorption by Na2CO3.The mass transfer characteristics parameters include bubble Sauter mean diameter,gas holdup,interfacial area,liquid side mass transfer coefficient,and liquid side volume mass transfer coefficient kLa.The solution properties and operating parameters include Na2CO3 concentration(0.05–2.0 mol·L^(-1)),superficial gas velocity(0.00221–0.01989 m·s^(-1)),superficial liquid velocity(0.00332–0.02984 m·s^(-1)),and ionic strength(1.42456–1.59588 mol·kg^(-1)).And volumetric mass transfer coeffi-cients kLa and superficial reaction rates r of the MIR and the bubble column reactor are compared in the reaction of sodium carbonate absorption of carbon dioxide,and the former shows a greater improvement under different solution properties and operating parameters.The enhanced role of MIR in mass transfer in non-homogeneous reactions is verified and the feasibility of industrial practical applications of MIR is demonstrated.

Effects of zinc on χ-Fe_(5)C_(2) for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to olefins:Insights from experimental and density function theory calculations

Production of light olefins from CO_(2), the primary greenhouse gases, is of great importance to mitigate the adverse effects of CO_(2) emission on environment and to supply the value-added products from nonpetroleum resource. However, development of robust catalyst with controllable selectivity and stability remains a challenge. Herein, we report that Zn-promoted Fe catalyst can boost the stable and selective production of light olefins from CO_(2). Specifically, the Zn-promoted Fe exhibits a highly stable activity and olefin selectivity over 200 h time-on-stream compared to the unpromoted Fe catalyst, primarily owing to the preservation of active χ-Fe_(5)C_(2) phase. Structural characterizations of the spent catalysts suggest that Zn substantially regulates the content of iron carbide on the surface and suppresses the reoxidation of bulk iron carbide during the reaction. DFT calculations confirm that adsorption of surface carbon atoms and graphene-like carbonaceous species are not thermochemically favored on Zn-promoted Fe catalyst. Carbon deposition by CAC coupling reactions of two surface carbon atoms and dehydrogenation of CH intermediate are also inhibited. Furthermore, the effects of Zn on antioxidation of iron carbide were also investigated. Zn favored the hydrogenation of surface adsorbed oxygen atoms to H_(2)O and the desorption of H_(2)O, which reduces the possibility of surface carbide being oxidized by the chemisorbed oxygen.

A Novel Method to Identify the Global Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide Based on Spatial Analysis

Today global warming has become one of the most important concerns of environmental science. The redundancy of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is known as a major factor in this phenomenon. These gases contain water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. The CO2?gas is one of their most effective among these gases. According to scientific warnings, the amount of CO2?gases in the atmosphere has increased by 40% to 45% over the last 50 years. Reducing the abundant gas in the atmosphere requires a good knowledge of related factors involved, including sources that emit gases into the atmosphere and sinks that absorb the gas from the atmosphere. The amount of CO2?gas in the atmosphere has been accurately measured in previous years with great certainty. But the predicted values of emissions from sources and removals by sinks have large ambiguities. As studies show, even the computed residuals trends (which is obtained by subtracting the amounts of sinks from sources) strongly disagree with the trends of the existence of CO2?in the atmosphere. This study as a preliminary review, proposes a method to identify the locations of sources and sinks of carbon dioxide using global statistical information and adding spatial analysis approaches. By applying this method to the data observed from 2000 to 2011 and the extraction of likely sources and sinks, the region of the Black Sea, near Romania recognized as one of the strong points issued and Bukit Kototabang near Indonesia acknowledged as an Impressive CO2?absorption zone.

Anti-Melanogenesis Activity of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract from Perilla frutescens Seeds

Perilla frutescens seed (PFS) oil is reported to inhibit skin photoaging;however, its effect on melanogenesis has not yet been investigated. Herein, we tested the anti-melanogenesis activity of an oil-based extract from PFS with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). In a cell culture system, B16 mouse melanoma cells were treated with the PFS scCO2 extract and other samples. The PFS scCO2 extract decreased melanin production by approximately 90% in B16 mouse melanoma cells without cytotoxicity at 100 μg/mL. This effect was greater than that of the well-known melanogenesis inhibitor, kojic acid. Although a hexane-extracted PFS oil and a squeezed PFS oil also decreased melanin production in the B16 cells, the inhibitory effect of the PFS scCO2 extract was higher than both of these. Chemical analysis of the PFS scCO2 extract and squeezed PFS oil showed that almost 90% of the components of both oils were α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. Furthermore, the ratio of those three fatty acids across both samples was almost the same. When the three fatty acids were mixed in the same ratio as in the PFS scCO2 extract, the IC50 of the mixture for melanin production in B16 melanoma cells was identical to that of the PFS scCO2 extract. However, the IC50 of the squeezed PFS oil was approximately 6.6 times higher than that of the mixture. Although those fatty acids are the main inhibitory ingredients against melanin production in all of the extracts, some factor(s) in the squeezed PFS reduce their affinity with the cells. These results indicated that the PFS scCO2 extract could be a superior melanogenesis inhibitor. Although its main ingredients are probably the same as those of the squeezed PFS oil, it is necessary to extract with scCO2 for stronger anti-melanogenesis activity.

Defect engineering of high-loading single-atom catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides an attractive approach to carbon capture and utilization for the production high-value-added products.However,CO_(2)RR still suffers from poor selectivity and low current density due to its sluggish kinetics and multitudinous reaction pathways.Single-atom catalysts(SACs)demonstrate outstanding activity,excellent selectivity,and remarkable atom utilization efficiency,which give impetus to the search for electrocatalytic processes aiming at high selectivity.There appears significant activity in the development of efficient SACs for CO_(2)RR,while the density of the atomic sites remains a considerable barrier to be overcome.To construct high-metal-loading SACs,aggregation must be prevented,and thus novel strategies are required.The key to creating high-density atomically dispersed sites is designing enough anchoring sites,normally defects,to stabilize the highly mobile separated metal atoms.In this review,we summarized the advances in developing high-loading SACs through defect engineering,with a focus on the synthesis strategies to achieve high atomic site loading.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges for CO_(2)RR in the area of high-loading single-atom electrocatalysts are also discussed.

Sub-2 nm mixed metal oxide for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Mixed metal oxide(MMO) represents a critical class of materials that can allow for obtaining a dynamic interface between its components:reduced metal and its metal oxide counterpart during an electrocatalytic reaction.Here,a synthetic method utilizing a MOF-derived micro/mesoporous carbon as a template to prepare sub-2 nm MMO catalysts for CO_(2) electro reduction is reported.Starting from the zeolite imidazolate framework(ZIF-8),the pyrolyzed derivatives were used to synthesize sub-2 nm Pd-Ni MMO with different compositions.The Ni-rich(Pd_(20)-Ni_(80)/ZC) catalyst exhibits unexpectedly superior performance for CO production with an improved Faradaic efficiency(FE) of 95.3% at the current density of 200 mA cm^(-2) at-0.56 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE) compared to other Pd-Ni compositions.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis confirms the presence of Ni^(2+) and Pd^(2+) in all compositions,demonstrating the presence of MMO.Density functional theory(DFT) calculation reveals that the lower CO binding energy on the surface of the Pd_(20)-Ni_(80) cluster eases CO desorption,thus increasing its production.This work provides a general synthetic strategy for MMO electrocatalysts and can pave a new way for screening multimetallic catalysts with a dynamic electrochemical interface.

Modulating Pd e_(g) orbital occupancy in Pd-Au metallic aerogels for efficient carbon dioxide reduction

The electronic structure of electrocatalysts plays a critical role in energy conversion,whereas for an efficient catalyst,it is challenging to modulate the orbitals.Herein,we present a new strategy to modulate the e_(g) orbital occupancy of Pd by constructing composition-controllable Pd-Au metallic aerogels(MAs),optimizing the d-band center of Pd to achieve excellent performance for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).Specifically,Pd_(1)Au_(2) MAs achieve almost 100% Faraday efficiency(FE) of CO in the range of-0.40 to-0.80 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),as well as the long-term stability,being one of the best Pd-based materials for CO_(2)RR.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) results and density functional theory(DFT) calculations demonstrate that the introduction of Au modulates the Pd e_(g) orbital occupancy,which significantly weakens *CO adsorption on Pd,reduces the CO_(2)RR energy barrier and consequently improves the electrocatalytic activity and stability for long-term applications.Our work highlights a new strategy for designing efficient electrocatalysts for CO_(2)RR and beyond.

Experimental Research on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fracturing of Sedimentary Rock:A Critical Review

Supercritical carbon dioxide(ScCO_(2))fracturing has great advantages and prospects in both shale gas exploitation and CO_(2)storage.This paper reviews current laboratory experimental methods and results for sedimentary rocks fractured by ScCO_(2).The breakdown pressure,fracture parameters,mineral composition,bedding plane angle and permeability are discussed.We also compare the differences between sedimentary rock and granite fractured by ScCO_(2),ultimately noting problems and suggesting solutions and strategies for the future.The analysis found that the breakdown pressure of ScCO_(2)was reduced 6.52%–52.31%compared with that of using water.ScCO_(2)tends to produce a complex fracture morphology with significantly higher permeability.When compared with water,the fracture aperture of ScCO_(2)was decreased by 4.10%–72.33%,the tortuosity of ScCO_(2)was increased by 5.41%–70.98%and the fractal dimension of ScCO_(2)was increased by 4.55%–8.41%.The breakdown pressure of sandstone is more sensitive to the nature of the fracturing fluid,but fracture aperture is less sensitive to fracturing fluid than for shale and coal.Compared with granite,the tortuosity of sedimentary rock is more sensitive to the fracturing fluid and the fracture fractal dimension is less sensitive to the fracturing fluid.Existing research shows that ScCO_(2)has the advantages of low breakdown pressure,good fracture creation and environmental protection.It is recommended that research be conducted in terms of sample terms,experimental conditions,effectiveness evaluation and theoretical derivation in order to promote the application of ScCO_(2)reformed reservoirs in the future.

Numerical simulations of supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing:A review

As an emerging waterless fracturing technology,supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))fracturing can reduce reservoir damage and dependence on water resources,and can also promote the reservoir stimulation and geological storage of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)).It is vital to figure out the laws in SC-CO_(2)fracturing for the large-scale field implementation of this technology.This paper reviews the numerical simulations of wellbore flow and heat transfer,fracture initiation and propagation,and proppant transport in SC-CO_(2)fracturing,including the numerical approaches and the obtained findings.It shows that the variations of wellbore temperature and pressure are complex and strongly transient.The wellhead pressure can be reduced by tubing and annulus co-injection or adding drag reducers into the fracturing fluid.Increasing the temperature of CO_(2)with wellhead heating can promote CO_(2)to reach the well bottom in the supercritical state.Compared with hydraulic fracturing,SC-CO_(2)fracturing has a lower fracture initiation pressure and can form a more complex fracture network,but the fracture width is narrower.The technology of SC-CO_(2)fracturing followed by thickened SC-CO_(2)fracturing,which combines with high injection rates and ultra-light proppants,can improve the placement effect of proppants while improving the complexity and width of fractures.The follow-up research is required to get a deeper insight into the SC-CO_(2)fracturing mechanisms and develop cost-effective drag reducers,thickeners,and ultra-light proppants.This paper can guide further research and promote the field application of SC-CO_(2)fracturing technology.

Finned Zn-MFI zeolite encapsulated noble metal nanoparticle catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with carbon dioxide

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with carbon dioxide(CO_(2)-ODP)characterizes the tandem dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with the reduction of the greenhouse gas of CO_(2)to valuable CO.However,the existing catalyst is limited due to the poor activity and stability,which hinders its industrialization.Herein,we design the finned Zn-MFI zeolite encapsulated noble metal nanoparticles(NPs)as bifunctional catalysts(NPs@Zn-MFI)for CO_(2)-ODP.Characterization results reveal that the Zn2+species are coordinated with the MFI zeolite matrix as isolated cations and the NPs of Pt,Rh,or Rh Pt are highly dispersed in the zeolite crystals.The isolated Zn2+cations are very effective for activating the propane and the small NPs are favorable for activating the CO_(2),which synergistically promote the selective transformation of propane and CO_(2)to propylene and CO.As a result,the optimal 0.25%Rh0.50%Pt@Zn-MFI catalyst shows the best propylene yield,satisfactory CO_(2)conversion,and long-term stability.Moreover,considering the tunable synergetic effects between the isolated cations and NPs,the developed approach offers a general guideline to design more efficient CO_(2)-ODP catalysts,which is validated by the improved performance of the bifunctional catalysts via simply substituting Sn4+cations for Zn2+cations in the MFI zeolite matrix.

Effect of carbon dioxide on oxy-fuel combustion of hydrogen sulfide:An experimental and kinetic modeling

CO_(2) is an important component in the acid gas and it is necessary to study the effect of CO_(2) presence on the oxy-fuel combustion of H_(2)S with particular focus on the formation of carbonyl sulfide(COS).The oxyfuel combustion of acid gas was conducted in a coaxial jet double channel burner.The distribution of flame temperature and products under stoichiometric condition along axial(R=0.0)and radial at about 3.0 mm(R=0.75)were analyzed,respectively.The Chemkin-Pro software was used to analyze the rate of production(ROP)for gas products and the reaction pathway of acid gas combustion.Both experimental and simulation results showed that acid gas combustion experienced the H2S chemical decomposition,H_(2)S oxidation and accompanied by H_(2) oxidation.The CO_(2) presence reduced the peak flame temperature and triggered the formation of COS in the flame area.COS formation at R=0.0 was mainly through the reaction of CO_(2) and CO with sulfur species,whereas at R=0.75 it was through the reaction of CO with sulfur species.The ROP results indicated that H_(2) was mainly from H_(2)O decomposition in the H_(2)S oxidation stage,and COS was formed by the reaction of CO_(2) with H_(2)S.ROP and other detailed analysis further revealed the role of H,OH and SH radicals in each stage of H_(2)S conversion.This study revealed the COS formation mechanisms with CO_(2) presence in the oxy-fuel combustion of H_(2)S and could offer important insights for pollutant control.

Reactive ball-milling synthesis of Co-Fe bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to value-added hydrocarbons

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO_(2) using renewable hydrogen not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions,but also provides industrial chemicals.Herein,a Co-Fe bimetallic catalyst was developed by a facile reactive ball-milling method for highly active and selective hydrogenation of CO_(2) to value-added hydrocarbons.When reacted at 320℃,1.0 MPa and 9600 mL h^(-1) g_(cat)^(-1),the selectivity to light olefin(C_(2)^(=)-C_(4)^(=)) and C_(5)+ species achieves 57.3% and 22.3%,respectively,at a CO_(2) co nversion of 31.4%,which is superior to previous Fe-based catalysts.The CO_(2) activation can be promoted by the CoFe phase formed by reactive ball milling of the Fe-Co_(3)O_(4) mixture,and the in-situ Co_(2)C and Fe_(5)C_(2) formed during hydrogenation are beneficial for the C-C coupling reaction.The initial C-C coupling is related to the combination of CO species with the surface carbon of Fe/Co carbides,and the sustained C-C coupling is maintained by self-recovery of defective carbides.This new strategy contributes to the development of efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO_(2) to value-added hydrocarbons.

Indian Solar Panel Initiatives in Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.

Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Natural and Anthropomorphic Effects, and Earth’s Changing Climate

This study will both compare and contrast the characteristics and roles of two pollutants: nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. It will begin by tracing each gas’ negative contributions to the Earth’s spheres, as well as relate any negative links that each plays concerning human activity, health, and interaction with the environment. It will include an in-depth analysis of what the proliferation of such toxic gases indicates about human production and causality, plus reflect on any current attempts being made to improve the effects of these pollutants on the environment. This examination will also inspect three NASA missions, i.e., MOPITT/Terra, AIRS/Aqua, and OMI/Aura, the aim of which, among many other tasks, is to detect pollutants within the Earth’s various spheres, as well as analyze weather anomalies, improve prediction methodology, and chronicle meteorological patterns for future study. It will also cover some of the goals, engineering breakthroughs, and in one case, the limitations, of these three satellite missions. Finally, it should be noted that in all stages of this discussion, the author’s main aim will be to focus on the positives that need to be implemented in order to improve the current situations that both anthropogenic and natural disasters have created for the planet.