Chemical Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols During Dust Storms over Xi'an in China

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols including CC （carbonate carbon）, OC （organic carbon）, and EC （elemental carbon） were investigated at Xi＇an, China, near Asian dust source regions in spring 2002. OC varied between 8.2 and 63.7μgm^- 3, while EC ranged between 2.4 and 17.2 μ m^-3 during the observation period. OC variations followed a similar pattern to EC and the correlation coefficient between OC and EC is 0.89 （n=31）. The average percentage of total carbon （TC, sum of CC, OC, and EC） in PM2.5 during dust storm （DS） events was 13.6%, which is lower than that during non-dust storm （NDS） periods （22.7%）. CC, OC, and EC accounted for 12.9%, 70.7%, and 16.4% of TC during DS events, respectively. The average ratio of OC/EC was 5.0 in DS events and 3.3 in NDS periods. The OC-EC correlation （R^2=0.76, n=6） was good in DS events, while it was stronger （R^2=0.90, n=25） in NDS periods. The percentage of watersoluble OC （WSOC） in TC accounted for 15.7%, and varied between 13.3% and 22.3% during DS events. The distribution of eight carbon fractions indicated that local emissions such as motor vehicle exhaust were the dominant contributors to carbonaceous particles. During DS events, soil dust dominated the chemical composition, contributing 69% to the PM2.5 mass, followed by organic matter （12.8%）, sulfate （4%）, EC （2.2%）, and chloride （1.6%）. Consequently, CC was mainly entrained by Asian dust. However, even in the atmosphere near Asian dust source regions, OC and EC in atmospheric dust were controlled by local emission rather titan the transport of Asian dust.

Integration of preparation of K,Na-embedded activated carbon and reduction of Zn-bearing dusts

Large amounts of solid wastes and flue gases are generated in iron and steel production process,probably leading to serious environmental pollution without duly handle.An innovative and green process of simultaneous reduction of zinc-bearing dusts and activation of low-rank coal was developed and its mechanism was clarified in this paper.Under the optimal conditions,the reduced zinc-bearing dusts containing low harmful elements(0.02%Zn,0.015%K and 0.03%Na)could be made as high-quality burden for blast furnace while the low-rank coal was transferred into K,Na-embedded activated carbon,which can be used as effective adsorbent for purification of SO_(2) and NO-containing flue gases.The solid wastes were successfully utilized to treat the flue gases through the process.The synergetic activation and reduction mechanism in the process was revealed.The coupling effect between reduction reactions of metal oxides in the dusts and activation reaction of carbon in the coal promoted the simultaneous reduction and activation process.In the meanwhile,part of the potassium and sodium from the zinc-bearing dusts could be adsorbed by the activated carbon and played a catalytic role in the activation process.

Study on the volatilization kinetics of lead in carbon- containing pellets made of Zn- Pb- bearing dusts

This study investigated the volatilization kinetics of lead in pellets made of Zn-Pb-bearing dusts mixed with coal powder,in a nitrogen atmosphere and in the temperature range between 1 100 ℃ - 1 300℃ ,and showed that the reduction temperature has a significant effect on the volatilization rate of lead and that neither the particle size of the coal powder nor the extra carbon content has any effect on the volatilization rate. The obtained activation energy for the volatilization of lead is 88.74 kJ/mol. The volatilization rate of lead is controlled by both the lead evaporation reaction and the diffusion of gaseous lead through the gas boundary layer covering the surface of the reduced liquid lead.

Kinetics of Evaporation of Zn and Pb from Carbon-bearing Pellets Made of Dust Containing Zn-Pb-Fe Oxides

The influence of reduction temperature, size of coal powder and the carbon content on the evaporation rates of Zn and Pb in pellets made of ZnO-PbO-FeO bearing dust has been investigated between 1100-1300℃. The evaporation rate of Zn and Pb obtained from the experiments has been analyzed with kinetic models. The results show that the control step for evaporation of Zn is reduction reaction of ZnO by CO at the interface，and that the evaporation rate of Pb is controlled by the volatilization of reduction products, i.e. liquid lead. The overall apparent activation energies of Zn and Pb evaporation from the pellet are 79.42kJ/mol and 88.74kJ/mol respectively.

Study on the volatilization kinetics of zinc in carbon-containing pellets made of Zn-bearing dusts

A study was carried out on the volatilization kinetics of Zn in the pellets made of Zn-bearing dusts mixed with coal powder in a nitrogen atmosphere and within the temperature range between 1 100℃and 1 300℃. The study shows that the reduction temperature has a significant effect on the volatilization rate of zinc and that either the coal particle size or the excess carbon content has no effect on the volatilization rate. The obtained activation energy for the volatilization of zinc is 79.42 kJ/mol. The volatilization rate of zinc is controlled by the reaction between the zinc oxides and CO.

Unravel the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticle-carbonized sawdust matrix for removal of lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution

Zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnOnp) are molecular nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical precipitation method from zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium hydroxide.Carbonized sawdust(CSD) was prepared from sawdust obtained from a local wood mill.The matrix of both provides a better material as an adsorbent.The present study applied the functionality of ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix as adsorbent materials for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.The method of batch process was employed to investigate the potential of the adsorbents.The influence of pH,contact time,initial concentration of adsorbate,the dosage of adsorbents,and the temperature of adsorbate-adsorbent mixture on the adsorption capacity were revealed.The adsorption isotherm studies indicate that both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were suitable to express the experimental data obtained with theoretical maximum adsorption capacities(q_(m)) of 70.42,87.72,and 92.59 mg·g^(-1) for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix,respectively.The separation factors(R_(L)) calculated showed that the use of the adsorbents for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions is a feasible process with R_(L) <1.The thermodynamic parameters obtained revealed that the processes are endothermic,feasible,and spontaneous in nature at 25-50℃.Evaluation of the kinetic model elected that the processes agreed better with pseudo-second order where the values of rate constant(k_2) obtained for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix are 0.00149,0.00188,and 0.00315 g·mg^(-1)·min^(-1),respectively.The reusability potential examined for four cycles indicated that the adsorbents have better potential and economic value of reuse and the ZnOnp-CSD matrix indicates improved adsorbent material to remove Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.

Characterization of Fiber Dust Resulting from Recycling of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics (CFRP) and Their Cell Toxicity

Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRP) have excellent specific strength and rigidity, which has made them a popular material for lightweight construction. The growing demand for fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) leads to the problem of the sustainable handling of FRP at the end of their life cycle. The aim of the research project was to gain knowledge about the shredding of FRP concerning the optimal machine and process design of the shredding process and the possible formation of harmful, inhalable dust fractions and WHO fibers. Toxicity should be investigated at the cellular level. The investigated shredding parameters influence the amount and length of fiber dust produced, both when shredding with a cutting mill and when shredding with a single-shaft shredder. In all investigations, an increasing rotational speed leads to an increase in the fiber dust mass or the fiber concentration. The proportion of short, respirable fibers increases, but raising the speed does not lead to a further, significant shortening of the fibers. A reduction in feedstock size leads to a slightly reduced mass of fiber dust in the ground material. A reduction in the screen size also leads to an increase in fiber dust mass and concentration. There was no recognizable cytotoxicity in the relevant concentration range up to 500 μg/cm2 and no significant induction of cell migration. This indicates minor flammable effects of the dust formed after inhalation. The biological data indicate that the WHO fibers produced by shredding are only a minor health hazard. Formally, the detected carbon fiber (CF) fragments meet the fiber definition of the legislator. However, carbon fibers currently have no specific limit value.

Carbon-Induced Deep Traps Responsible for Current Collapse in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Although outstanding microwave power performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs has been reported,drain current collapse is still a problem. In this paper,an experiment was carried out to demonstrate one factor causing the collapse. Two AlGaN/GaN samples were annealed under N2-atmosphere with and without carbon incorporation, and the XPS measurement technique was used to determine that the concentration of carbon impurity in the latter sample was far higher than in the former. From the comparison of two Id- Vds characteristics,we conclude that carbon impurity incorporation is responsible for the severe current collapse. The carbon impurity-induced deep traps under negative gate bias stress can capture the channel carriers, which release slowly from these traps under positive bias stress,thus causing the current collapse.

Preparation of high purity cadmium with micro-spherical architecture from zinc flue dust

This research has focused on the treatment of zinc flue dust by an acid leach process, combining an environmentally suitable impurity removal process to recover cadmium. Optimum conditions were found as follows： H2SO4 concentration 90 g/L, liquid/solid ratio 6：1, leaching temperature 60 ℃ and leaching time 1.0 h. Under these conditions, 95.8% cadmium was recovered. FeAsO4 and Fe（OH）3 precipitates with FeCI3 are found to be highly effective to obtain a high degree of separation of heavy metals and the oxyanions of arsenic from the leachate. The overall separation of arsenic and other heavy metals and precipitate settling rates are optimum at n（Fe）/n（As） ratio of 3：l and pH 6. The removal rates ofFe, Pb and Cu from the solution were greater than 98.9%, and As removal rate was 99.6%. A solvent extraction with P204 was used for the separation of zinc and cadmium. Optimum conditions are obtained as follows： 20% P204 （volume fraction） diluted with kerosene at room temperature, pH 3.0, and varying organic/aqueous （O/A） phase ratio 1：1. The extraction rate of zinc is 99.2% under these conditions. Spherical cadmium particles showing nearly uniform size were produced by hydrogen reduction at 310 ℃ and the crystal structure was cubic. In addition, the purity of the recovered cadmium powder is more than 99.99%.

原位漫反射中红外光谱在氢氧化钠杂质分析的应用

对原位漫反射中红外光谱开展了氢氧化钠杂质研究。实验发现:氢氧化钠杂质主要包括:少量碳酸钠和水。碳酸钠分子主要的红外吸收模式包括:C=O基团伸缩振动模式(νC=O-Na_(2)CO_(3))和CO_(3)基团面内弯曲振动模式(βCO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3))的合频峰(νC=O-Na_(2)CO_(3)+βCO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3));C=O基团伸缩振动模式(νC=O-Na_(2)CO_(3));CO_(3)基团不对称伸缩振动模式(νasCO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3));CO_(3)基团对称伸缩振动模式(νsCO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3));CO_(3)基团面外弯曲振动模式(rCO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3))及CO_(3)基团面内弯曲振动模式(βCO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3));水分子主要的红外吸收模式包括:OH基团伸缩振动模式(νOH-H_(2)O)。原位漫反射中红外光谱在氢氧化钠杂质分析领域,具有重要的应用研究价值。

ICP-AES法测定废电解铝阳极碳块中铁、锂、钾、钙、镁含量

废电解铝阳极碳块经过高温碳化,通过盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸三酸溶解完全后,冷却,完全溶解盐类加入10 mL 1.19 g/mL的盐酸,在优选出最优的仪器工作状态下,创建了ICP-AES法测定废电解铝阳极碳块样品中Fe、Li、K、Ca、Mg的化学分析方法。每个元素的校准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,同时对以上多种元素进行检出限、加标回收试验研究,结果表明其相对标准偏差(n=8)为0.60%~2.24%,加标回收率在97.1%~104%。

真空碳热还原温度对电炉钢渣自粉化的影响

为解决电炉钢渣易磨性差,文章采用理论计算结合真空碳热还原的方法对电炉钢渣进行还原研究。通过理论计算确定电炉钢渣中各组分随还原温度升高时的变化情况,从而设定真空碳热还原实验的还原温度区间。实验结果表明,随着还原温度的不断升高电炉钢渣自粉化效果呈现出一个先上升后下降的趋势,同时Fe不断被还原出来并表现出明显的聚集效果有利于后续的分离回收。最佳还原条件为:配碳量16%,碱度R=1,保温60 min,1450℃下电炉钢渣的自粉化率达到93.8%,试样中粒径小于89.2μm颗粒占比高达90%。相较于传统电炉钢渣自粉化研究,在常压空气气氛下,还原温度高达1600℃时,电炉钢渣自粉化率仅达到49.97%,真空碳热还原具有粉化率高还原温度低的明显优势。

液氧中水分与二氧化碳冰晶杂质特性可视化实验及分析

针对低温推进剂中高沸点杂质过冷结晶可能堵塞滤网影响输送的问题,本文设计并搭建了能够显微观察液氧中冰晶与二氧化碳杂质状态的实验系统。可视化研究了不同温度液氧中微量水、二氧化碳杂质的生成及性状变化特征。发现当水分、二氧化碳共存于液氧时,部分水分率先形成细密冰晶,并与二氧化碳一同生成松散絮状结构;当该结构内的水冰晶达到饱和态后,其形状基本不再改变,而残余的水分逐渐形成游离态冰晶;絮状结构在90K降温到65 K的过程中发生崩解,杂质的平均尺寸减小了50%以上,有利于含杂质液氧通过滤网。研究所获得的微量杂质冰晶性状变化规律,可为实际应用中火箭充注管路滤网设计和流动阻力计算提供实验参考依据。

EAST托卡马克早期H模实验边界局域模特征的统计分析

为分析EAST托卡马克早期(2010—2014年)高约束运行模式(H模)中边界局域模(ELM)与哪些参数具有强相关性,在验证有效性的基础上,采用主打击点处Dα辐射的相对涨落来定量表征边界局域模幅度,建立EAST托卡马克早期H模下ELM特征数据库。统计分析表明,ELM频率随边界安全因子的增大而减小,2010年type-ⅢELM的频率随总加热功率的增大而增大。这与其他装置或2015年以后EAST装置上得到的结果不一致,部分原因是碳杂质水平的变化。碳杂质水平是影响EAST托卡马克早期H模实验中ELM行为的重要因素之一。

杂质与不完善粒含量对进口玉米粮堆自发热过程中热量与CO_(2)传递特性的影响

为研究不同杂质与不完善粒含量的进口玉米粮堆局部发热时热量与CO_(2)的传递特性,在实验室条件下对不同杂质与不完善粒含量(1%+8%,3%+11%,5%+15%)的进口玉米粮堆(湿基水分含量14.0%)中心点加入高水分进口玉米(湿基水分含量20.0%),在20~25℃室内环境储藏40 d。结果表明:各监测点温度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;随着与中心发热点距离的增加,各监测点温度升高速率降低,最高粮温与最终粮温降低;随着粮堆中杂质与不完善粒含量的升高,中心发热点温度升高速率降低,最高粮温与最终粮温升高,其余监测点的温度升高速率降低,最高粮温也降低,但最终温度升高;粮堆整体CO_(2)扩散速率由大到小的顺序为中层、下层、上层,随着粮堆中杂质与不完善粒含量的升高,各监测点的CO_(2)体积分数升高速率变快,最高体积分数升高;储藏40 d后中心发热点的脂肪酸值和霉菌数随着粮堆杂质与不完善粒含量的升高而上升,水分含量反而下降。研究结果可以进一步为粮堆发热点的发现、监测和控制提供基础数据,对进口玉米储藏过程中的异常粮情监控和预防做出指导。

火灾烟与粉尘混合颗粒光散射矩阵特性研究

非火灾颗粒引起的光电感烟探测器误报是火灾探测领域重点关注的问题。通过Lorenz-Mie理论计算水雾的光散射矩阵,并与光散射平台实验测量对比验证实验平台的可靠性。测量并对比分析了单一的黑碳颗粒、干扰粉尘颗粒及粉尘黑碳混合颗粒的光散射矩阵。结果表明,光散射矩阵的不同元素及不同角度可以有效区分单一的干扰颗粒以及黑碳与粉尘的混合颗粒。

从离子型稀土镁盐富集物中提取稀土工艺初探

以MgO为沉淀剂沉淀MgSO_(4)稀土浸出母液时,得到的稀土镁盐富集物REO总量较低,需要进一步除去杂质以沉淀富集稀土。以离子型稀土镁盐富集物为原料,进行碳化—酸溶—中和除杂—沉淀等工艺初步探索研究。结果表明:REO在碳化过程中的损失很少甚至可以忽略不计,有24.33%~30.9%MgO由稀土镁盐富集物转化进入碳化后液,在中和除杂过程中Fe去除率约99.5%,Al去除率约98.6%。以碳化后液为沉淀剂沉淀中和除杂后液得到碳酸稀土,经过灼烧,获得了符合《GB/T 20169—2015离子型稀土矿混合稀土氧化物》标准质量要求的稀土氧化物,该工艺总渣率为19.81%~23.22%,REO总收率平均89.43%。为了从离子型稀土镁盐富集物中提取稀土的工艺形成成套工艺技术,获取最优的工艺技术参数,有待于后续深入研究和优化。

褐煤粉尘对矿区复垦土壤有机碳矿化及细菌群落的影响

煤粉尘沉降至地表后能够显著提高土壤有机碳含量,改变土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落结构。通过添加褐煤粉尘的土壤培养试验,探究煤粉尘输入的有机碳对土壤有机碳矿化效果及细菌群落的影响。结果表明:在褐煤粉尘影响下,土壤CO_(2)矿化量和矿化速率较对照组最大提升55.02%和54.58%(第5天);土壤易氧化有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳含量在培养结束后较最大值分别降低40.75和141.39 mg/kg。添加褐煤粉尘导致变形菌门的相对丰度显著降低,而酸杆菌、放线杆菌和厚壁菌门的相对丰度升高。褐煤粉尘输入的有机组分能够在短期内产生激发效应,其自身被土壤细菌分解的过程也能促进土壤CO_(2)的矿化累积,并且提高土壤细菌群落的多样性和变异程度。褐煤粉尘中的有机碳极大程度参与了土壤有机碳库周转过程。

转炉烟气袋式除尘系统节能降碳途径

分析了转炉烟气袋式除尘系统能耗的影响因素,提出了袋式除尘系统减污降碳技术途径,重点对袋式除尘器运行阻力的构成、分布和降阻措施进行了阐述,设计了转炉烟气袋式除尘器最小阻力的理想指标。可为转炉炼钢烟气袋式除尘节能降碳和超低排放提供借鉴。

预荷电袋式除尘技术及其在凌钢转炉二次除尘中应用

阐述了预荷电袋式除尘器的工作原理、基本结构、功能和优势,分析了海岛纤维滤料的性能和特点,开展了预荷电袋式除尘器与传统脉冲袋式除尘器技术的经济比较,介绍了预荷电袋式除尘器在凌钢转炉二次烟气除尘项目中的应用,实际运行表明,预荷电袋式除尘技术在净化效率、节能降耗、运行稳定性、占地等方面占有明显优势,实现了超低排放和节能降碳协同增效。