Carbon allocation in Picea jezoensis:Adaptation strategies of a non-treeline species at its upper elevation limit

Understanding the physiological adaptations of non-treeline trees to environmental stress is important to understand future shifts in species composition and distribution of current treeline ecotone.The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the formation of the upper elevation limit of non-treeline tree species,Picea jezoensis,and the carbon allocation strategies of the species on Changbai Mountain.We employed the^(13)C in situ pulse labeling technique to trace the distribution of photosynthetically assimilated carbon in Picea jezoensis at different elevational positions(tree species at its upper elevation limit(TSAUE,1,700 m a.s.l.)under treeline ecotone;tree species at a lower elevation position(TSALE,1,400 m a.s.l.).We analyzed^(13)C and the non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)concentrations in various tissues following labeling.Our findings revealed a significant shift in carbon allocation in TSAUE compared to TSALE.There was a pronounced increase inδ^(13)C allocation to belowground components(roots,soil,soil respiration)in TSAUE compared to TSALE.Furthermore,the C flow rate within the plant-soil-atmosphere system was faster,and the C residence time in the plant was shorter in TSAUE.The trends indicate enhanced C sink activity in belowground tissues in TSAUE,with newly assimilated C being preferentially directed there,suggesting a more conservative C allocation strategy by P.jezoensis at higher elevations under harsher environments.Such a strategy,prioritizing C storage in roots,likely aids in withstanding winter cold stress at the expense of aboveground growth during the growing season,leading to reduced growth of TSAUE compared to TSALE.The results of the present study shed light on the adaptive mechanisms governing the upper elevation limits of non-treeline trees,and enhances our understanding of how non-treeline species might respond to ongoing climate change.

Study on the optical limiting properties of the mixed liquid of carbon black suspensions and green tea solution by multi-pulse laser

The optical limiting properties of the mixed liquid of carbon black suspensions （CBS） and green tea solution were studied by using an 8 ns laser pulse at 532 nm. The optical limiting effects of the CBS and mixed liquid have been compared between 5 and 10 Hz repetition frequencies with nanosecond laser pulse. The experimental results indicate that the optical limiting threshold of the sample with the incidence laser at 10 Hz repetition frequency is lower than at 5 Hz repetition frequency. The possible reasons for the influence of the repetition frequency on the samples are discussed. And by observing the optical radiant distributions when the laser pulse passing through different samples, a possible mechanism for the observed effects is suggested. At the same time, the result shows that the optical limiting of CBS is the dominant factor to optical limiting of the mixed liquid.

Discussion on the limit recovery factor of carbon dioxide flooding in a permanent sequestration scenario

Based on practices of CO_(2) flooding tests in China and abroad,the recovery factor of carbon dioxide capture,utilization in displacing oil and storage(CCUS-EOR)in permanent sequestration scenario has been investigated in this work.Under the background of carbon neutrality,carbon dioxide injection into geological bodies should pursue the goal of permanent sequestration for effective carbon emission reduction.Hence,CCUS-EOR is an ultimate development method for oil reservoirs to maximize oil recovery.The limit recovery factor of CCUS-EOR development mode is put forward,the connotation differences between it and ultimate recovery factor and economically reasonable recovery factor are clarified.It is concluded that limit recovery factor is achievable with mature supporting technical base for the whole process of CCUS-EOR.Based on statistics of practical data of CO_(2) flooding projects in China and abroad such as North H79 block CO_(2) flooding pilot test at small well spacing in Jilin Oilfield etc.,the empirical relationship between the oil recovery factor of miscible CO_(2) flooding and cumulative CO_(2) volume injected is obtained by regression.Combined with the concept of oil production rate multiplier of gas flooding,a reservoir engineering method calculating CO_(2) flooding recovery factor under any miscible degree is established by derivation.It is found that when the cumulative CO_(2) volume injected is 1.5 times the hydrocarbon pore volume(HCPV),the relative deviation and the absolute difference between the recovery percentage and the limit recovery factor are less than 5%and less than 2.0 percentage points respectively.The limit recovery factor of CCUS-EOR can only be approached by large pore volume(PV)injection based on the technology of expanding swept volume.It needs to be realized from three aspects:large PV injection scheme design,enhancing miscibility degree and continuously expanding swept volume of injected CO_(2).

Removal of subfoveal perfluorocarbon droplet combined with internal limiting membrane peeling to flatten the macular

Dear Editor,I’m Dr.Dan Li from the Department of Suzhou Kowloon Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Suzhou,Jiangsu Province,China.I’m writing to present an interesting case.It is well known that retained subretinal perfluorocarbon droplets are a possible surgical complication after intravitreal injection of perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL).The retinal neuroepithelial layer and retinal pigment epithelial layer cannot be bonded where it located.The retina is in a state of detachment.When the patient is lying on the bed,due to the action of gravity,the subretinal PFCL will gradually shift to the posterior pole,especially the macular region.Subfoveal PFCL droplet may seriously affect the visual function.Clinicians are committed to finding a method of removing subfoveal PFCL with less damage.We recently encountered a case of this complication,reported here.

Manipulated precipitation regulated carbon and phosphorus limitations of microbial metabolisms in a temperate grassland on the Loess Plateau,China

Manipulated precipitation patterns can profoundly influence the metabolism of soil microorganisms.However,the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC)and nutrient turnover to microbial metabolic limitation under changing precipitation conditions remain unclear in semi-arid ecosystems.This study measured the potential activities of enzymes associated with carbon(C:β-1,4-glucosidase(BG)andβ-D-cellobiosidase(CBH)),nitrogen(N:β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase(NAG)and L-leucine aminopeptidase(LAP))and phosphorus(P:alkaline phosphatase(AP))acquisition,to quantify soil microbial metabolic limitations using enzymatic stoichiometry,and then identify the implications for soil microbial metabolic limitations and carbon use efficiency(CUE)under decreased precipitation by 50%(DP)and increased precipitation by 50%(IP)in a temperate grassland.The results showed that soil C and P were the major elements limiting soil microbial metabolism in temperate grasslands.There was a strong positive dependence between microbial C and P limitations under manipulated precipitation.Microbial metabolism limitation was promoted by DP treatment but reversed by IP treatment.Moreover,CUE was inhibited by DP treatment but promoted by IP treatment.Soil microbial metabolism limitation was mainly regulated by soil moisture and soil C,N,and P stoichiometry,followed by available nutrients(i.e.,NO^(-)_(3),NH^(+)_(4),and dissolved organic C)and microbial biomass(i.e.,MBC and MBN).Overall,these findings highlight the potential role of changing precipitation in regulating ecosystem C turnover by limiting microbial metabolism and CUE in temperate grassland ecosystems.

基于实验的碳酸盐岩气藏储量计算——以X气藏为例

四川盆地X气藏为碳酸盐岩储层,储层层间及层内都具有较强的非均质性,是气藏储量计算面临的困难之一。针对此问题,本文采用实验方法支撑储量计算,首先通过实验测量得到气藏各小层岩心的孔隙度、渗透率等基础物性参数,将小层渗透率校正为克氏渗透率,并根据物性差异将储层分类为孔隙型储层、孔隙-孔洞型储层,再通过产能模拟实验计算得到气藏工业产能对应的有效储层孔隙度和渗透率等储层物性下限。继而通过液膜厚度实验测得各目标储层的液膜厚度,并结合压汞实验测得的孔径分布曲线,得到有效储层中含烃孔隙体积比例,最后通过地质储量计算公式得到气藏储量。研究结果表明:①利用基础物性测试实验、产能模拟实验、水膜厚度实验等实验方法,确定储层物性下限以及有效孔隙体积比例,为气藏储量计算奠定基础,X气藏有效储层孔隙度下限为1.21%~1.56%;②气藏有效储层中含烃孔隙体积比例范围在42.62%~67.73%,通过地质储量计算公式可得到该气藏的有效储量;③该方法对于非均质性较强的碳酸盐岩储层气藏的储量确定具有理论意义和现场指导意义。

电子功能材料生产过程节能技术规范金属材料标准分析

为响应国家绿色低碳要求,支撑金属功能材料行业发展,钢铁研究总院牵头制定《电子功能材料生产过程节能技术规范 第1部分:金属材料》,介绍了该标准制定的背景,重点分析了本次标准制订的术语定义、产品分类、考核评价要求等内容,结合产品应用及产业现状,提出相关建议,从而有效指导行业使用该标准,推动行业技术进步,提高行业的高质量发展水平。

青藏高原典型冰川小流域土壤微生物生物量及胞外酶活性分布特征

土壤微生物释放的胞外酶是决定碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生物地球化学循环的关键因素,为了阐明青藏高原典型小流域土壤微生物生物量和胞外酶活性沿海拔和土层的分布特征并揭示影响该分布格局的主要养分限制状况,于2021年8月采集了青藏高原廓琼岗日冰川小流域5个海拔梯度(4900 m;5000 m;5100 m;5200 m;5300 m)中4个土壤发生层(A层:腐殖质层、E层:淋溶层、B层:淀积层和C层:母质层)的土壤样品,定量分析了土壤基本理化性质、微生物生物量、胞外酶活性等指标。结果表明:1)微生物生物量碳氮磷的海拔差异变化规律不同,随着土层加深微生物生物量碳氮磷随海拔变化越小。同时,各海拔之间微生物生物量均有随土层加深而显著降低的趋势(P<0.05);2)四种酶活性的海拔间变化规律各异,但整体呈现随海拔升高而升高的趋势且在表层(A和E层)增长趋势更明显,而且随土层加深显著降低(P<0.05);3)该区域土壤微生物受到碳和磷共同限制,土层越深限制越高,而且海拔越高C限制越强,但P限制降低;4)青藏高原典型冰川小流域土壤微生物生物量和胞外酶活性在海拔和土层之间存在较明显的差异,可能是由于土壤养分含量的差别造成的。整体而言,青藏高原典型冰川小流域土壤养分含量影响土壤微生物生物量和胞外酶活性在海拔和土层之间的分布特征。为深入理解青藏高原冰川小流域土壤养分循环提供了数据基础和科学依据。

球形破片侵彻碳纤维复合材料层合板的理论和试验研究

随着碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber composite,CFC)在军事领域中的广泛应用,建立球形破片对CFC的侵彻工程模型对满足武器装备防护结构设计和目标易损性研究的需求具有重要意义。开展试验研究分析了不同入射角以及靶板厚度下的CFC失效模式和耗能机制,据此建立了计算弹道极限速度和破片剩余速度的工程模型,并在广泛的弹、靶参数范围内进行了对比验证。研究表明:高速冲击条件下,CFC层合板的失效模式包括剪切冲塞破坏、纤维拉伸断裂、层合板破碎和分层;破片入射角的变化对层合板失效机制没有明显影响;对于不同材质的球形破片和CFC层合板,在弹靶相对厚度0<h/(d cosθ)<3范围内,弹道极限速度和破片剩余速度工程模型的预测误差分别小于8%和5%。

基于减污降碳和水质目标约束下的黄河干流兰州段城区污水处理厂出水排放限值研究

为科学合理地提出黄河干流兰州段城区污水处理厂出水排放限值,实施精准科学治污,持续改善黄河干流兰州段水环境质量,本文以兰州市城区四座有代表性的污水处理厂(西固、七里河安宁、盐场和雁儿湾污水处理厂)为研究对象,统计四座污水处理厂主要污染物排放浓度、中水回用率、主要污染物去除率及减排效果,分析四座污水处理厂入河排污对黄河干流兰州段水质的影响,梳理污水处理厂运行阶段的碳排放情况.结果表明:(1)兰州市城区四座污水处理厂中水回用率低,介于0.86%~4.66%之间.(2)四座污水处理厂主要污染物的去除率高于国内污水处理厂主要污染物去除率的平均水平,COD、NH_(3)-N年均减排量分别为114584.1、8234.6 t,减排效果明显.(3)在黄河枯水期上游来水水量小、水质接近或超出GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类水质目标限值的条件下,叠加区间其他入河排污口的影响,兰州市城区四座污水处理厂均按照设计规模及设计出水水质排污会对下游河段水质造成影响.因此,不能一味地追求出水水质,盲目提标改造,要综合考虑污水处理厂运行过程中的碳排放,在满足受纳水体水质目标前提下,统筹考虑减污降碳.

锂离子电解液溶剂/空气混合物爆炸特性实验研究

本工作利用爆炸极限与点火能测试反应平台开展了典型锂离子电解液溶剂碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)蒸气爆炸实验,首次测量了不同初始温度与当量比条件下EMC的最大爆炸压力P_(max)、爆炸下限LFL等爆炸危险性基础参数,并利用数值模拟方法开展了燃烧化学反应动力学机理分析数值模拟分析。结果表明EMC/空气混合气体的最大爆炸压力P_(max)随着当量比的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,并且在当量比φ=1.2附近取到最大值;随着温度的增加,P_(max)呈递减的趋势,且P_(max)与初始温度的倒数1/T_(0)呈线性关系;由于存在热损失,在相同工况下,P_(max,exp)均小于最大绝热爆炸压力P_(max,ad)。EMC/空气混合气体的爆炸下限LFL随着T_0的升高而降低,并呈线性关系,且对燃料爆炸下限经典模型的参数进行了修正,修正后的新公式的预测值与实验值结果吻合较好;通过反应机理分析得到不同T_0对于LFL的影响方式主要是通过影响OH?自由基的生成速率来实现的。本研究可为定量评估EMC的爆炸危险性提供一定依据以及为其实际使用中制定相应的安全标准提供一定参考。

Impacts of Defoliation on Morphological Characteristics and Non-Structural Carbohydrates of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica Seedlings

Leaves are important‘source’organs that synthesize organic matter,providing carbon sources for plant growth.Here,we used Populus talassica×Populus euphratica,the dominant species in ecological and timber forests,to simulate carbon limitation through artificial 25%,50%,and 75%defoliation treatments and explore the effects on root,stem,and leaf morphology,biomass accumulation,and carbon allocation strategies.At the 60th d after treat-ment,under 25%defoliation treatment,the plant height,specific leaf weight,root surface area and volume,and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in stem and root were significantly increased by 9.13%,20.00%,16.60%,31.95%,5.12%,and 9.34%,respectively,relative to the control.There was no significant change in the growth indicators under 50%defoliation treatment,but the concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in the leaf and stem significantly decreased,showing mostly a negative correlation between them.The opposite was observed in the root.Under 75%defoliation treatment,the plant height,ground diameter,leaf number,single leaf area,root,stem,and total biomass were significantly reduced by 14.15%,10.24%,14.86%,11.31%,11.56%,21.87%,and 16.82%,respectively,relative to the control.The concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in various organs were significantly reduced,particularly in the consumption of the starch concentrations in the stem and root.These results indicated that carbon allocation strategies can be adjusted to increase the con-centration of non-structural carbohydrates in root and meet plant growth needs under 25%and 50%defoliation.However,75%defoliation significantly limited the distribution of non-structural carbohydrates to roots and stems,reduced carbon storage,and thus inhibited plant growth.Defoliation-induced carbon limitation altered the carbon allocation pattern of P.talassica×P.euphratica,and the relationship between carbon reserves in roots and tree growth recovery after defoliation was greater.This study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehen-sive management of P.talassica×P.euphratica plantations,as well as a reference for the study of plantation car-bon allocation strategies in the desert and semi-desert regions of Xinjiang under carbon-limitation conditions.

Correlation between carbon emissions,fuel consumption of vehicles and speed limit on expressway

This paper aimed to investigate the correlation between carbon emissions,fuel consumption,and speed limit.A theoretical model was derived based on the energy conservation law,which expresses the relationship between vehicle's fuel consumption and speed.Subsequently,a total of 40 sets of fuel consumption data were collected through field tests to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model at different speeds and different road longitudinal slope combinations.The fuel consumption was then converted to carbon emissions according to the carbon emission factors specified by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).In the field experiment,two types of cars and trucks,which are most common on the expressways in China,were selected.Finally,the travel speed under different posted speed limits was obtained through the previously established model,and the carbon emission changes of different vehicle types at different limited speeds are calculated.The results show that the speed limit has a significant impact on fuel consumption and carbon emissions.When the speed limit increased from 80 to 120 km/h,average vehicle speeds increased about 21%-27%,and fuel consumption and carbon emissions increased from approximately 33%-38%.Another interesting result was that the vehicle's fuel consumption and carbon emissions are only affected by speed.The results of the study explore the effect of speed limits on carbon emissions and provide evidence for road managers to set reasonable speed limits.

碳排放限制的混杂最优闭环电网经济调度

针对电网经济调度效率低下等问题,提出了一种碳排放限制的混杂最优闭环电网调度算法。算法在考虑火力发电机组和多分布式发电聚合体组合调度的同时,以电网实际需求响应和碳排放限制作为约束条件,建立电网经济调度模型;并将经济调度问题转化为混杂系统的最优控制,从而建立电网经济调度与混杂系统最优控制序列的等价一致性;推导混杂系统获取满足贝尔曼方程的最优代价函数,借助神经网络逼近最优值获得最优闭环调度序列。仿真实验验证了本调度算法的闭环有效性,能在不同初始条件和外部扰动下依然获得最优调度序列,同时仿真结果证实降低碳排放限额或提高碳排放交易价格都有助于减少电网系统的总碳排放量。

蓬莱气区灯影组有效储层孔渗下限的主控因素及方法研究

以蓬莱气区灯影组碳酸盐岩储层为研究对象,利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、铸体薄片、高压压汞、核磁共振等分析测试手段,系统分析储层岩性、物性、孔隙结构特征,在此基础上对储层进行分类评价,明确储层物性下限,为蓬莱气区灯影组储层评价和储量规模确定提供技术支撑。

Investigation on the Shock Response of Vitreous Carbon

The dynamic response of vitreous carbon to uniaxial strain loading has been investigated by means of the plate impact experiments. The two x cut shorted quartz gauges assembled with impactor and target were used to obtain the wave speeds in material and the stress histories at the sample gauge interface. The wave speed and stress histories were analyzed to determine the peak state in the sample. For compressive stress up to 4 0 GPa, the wave profiles were observed to be simple and steady, the uniaxial strain response is essentially nonlinear elastic, and no inelastic deformation has been found. All the experiment results indicate that the Hugoniot curve of vitreous carbon is concave downward just like that of fused silicon. There is no shock wave but the compressed wave propagating in the impacted samples.

样点稀少条件下基于环境相似性的土壤有机碳空间分布预测

针对现有土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)空间分布预测模型难以适用于样点稀少条件下的问题,该研究依据成土环境越相似土壤属性越相似的假设,提出一种基于环境相似性的SOC空间分布预测方法(environmental similarity model,ESM),首先利用影响SOC空间分布的关键环境变量刻画研究区成土环境,然后比较采样点与待估测点处的环境相似度,最后依据环境相似度预测待估测点处的SOC含量。为验证ESM方法的有效性,以云南省作为案例研究区,并设置3个情景:1)从64个采样点中随机抽取10个点作为训练集,余下的采样点作为验证集,随机抽取20次;2)从64个采样点中随机抽取20个点作为训练集,余下的采样点作为验证集,随机抽取20次;3)从64个采样点中随机抽取30个点作为训练集,余下的采样点作为验证集,随机抽取20次。以平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)评估模型预测精度。方差分析结果表明,采样点分别为10、20和30这3个情景条件下ESM的MAE(12.7、11.7、11.1 g/kg)都显著(P<0.05)低于多重线性回归(72.6、23.0、16.7 g/kg)和人工神经网络(15.8、14.9、15.8 g/kg),表明ESM模型具有较高的预测精度及较强的鲁棒性,可为成土因素复杂区域SOC空间分布的预测提供借鉴和指导。

碳纤维复合材料纵梁承载与吸能特性研究

为验证某轨道交通车辆碳纤维复合材料纵梁的设计值是否满足实际工况要求,采用有限元分析,依据某轨道交通车辆纵梁运营工况的要求,设定了试件连接区域、加载工况及加载点,进行了100%和130%限制载荷试验以及两种工况下的极限载荷试验,并在130%限制载荷试验基础上继续做破坏试验。试验结果显示:在限制载荷试验中,试件未发出明显的响声,试验结束后试件没有发生破坏、纤维分层、开裂等损伤现象,同时加载连接处未发生破坏,表明该试件满足轨道交通车辆实际运营工况要求;破坏试验加载至300%限制载荷,试件整体结构完好,表面未出现明显损伤,加载至500%限制载荷时,夹具出现破坏,试件目测完好无损,整体结构完好,表面未出现明显的损伤,表明该结构的碳纤维复合材料纵梁设计安全裕度较大。

高碳铬轴承钢的旋转弯曲疲劳性能

采用简支梁旋转弯曲疲劳试验机对SUJ2S1高碳铬轴承钢进行旋转弯曲疲劳性能测试,绘制了材料的疲劳极限升降图、疲劳强度-疲劳寿命曲线和存活率-疲劳强度-疲劳寿命曲线。采用场发射电子显微镜对材料发生疲劳断裂的原因进行分析。结果表明:高碳铬轴承钢的疲劳极限为458 MPa,存活率为90%时的疲劳极限为300 MPa;试验钢表面存在机械加工缺陷和Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物,最终导致材料发生疲劳断裂现象。

6000t/d水泥熟料生产线烧成系统节能降耗技术改造

某水泥公司6 000t/d水泥熟料生产线存在电耗及标煤耗水平较高、分解炉炉容较小且利用率低、氨水使用量较大,冷却机热回收效率低等问题,各项运行指标均已接近设计水平。通过分解炉扩容、构建自脱硝系统、扩大各级旋风筒进口面积、更换新型撒料盒、将烟室升级为低阻低扬尘烟室、回转窑提速、采用步进式冷却机、更换大推力燃烧器等措施进行了节能降耗技术改造。改造后,熟料单位产品综合能耗降低4.9kgce/t.cl,每年可节约标煤1.2×10^(4)t,减少CO_(2)排放3×10^(4)t,节约氨水用量0.4×10^(4)t,实现了“能耗双控”下生产技术的全面升级。