Changes in Organic Carbon Index of Grey Desert Soil in Northwest China After Long-Term Fertilization

Soil organic carbon （SOC）, soil microbial biomass carbon （SMBC） and SMBC quotient （SMBC/SOC, qSMBC） are key indexes of soil biological fertility because of the relationship to soil nutrition supply capacity. Yet it remains unknown how these three indexes change, which limits our understanding about how soil respond to different fertilization practices. Based on a 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term fertilization experiment in northwest China, we investigated the dynamics of SMBC and qSMBC during the growing period of winter wheat, the relationships between the SMBC, qSMBC, soil organic carbon （SOC） concentrations, the carbon input and grain yield of wheat as well. Fertilization treatments were 1） nonfertilization （control）; 2） chemical nitrogen plus phosphate plus potassium （NPK）; 3） NPK plus animal manure （NPKM）; 4） double NPKM （hNPKM） and 5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that the SMBC and qSMBC were significantly different among returning, jointing, flowering and harvest stages of wheat under long-term fertilization. And the largest values were observed in the flowering stage. Values for SMBC and qSMBC ranged from 37.5 to 106.0 mg kg1 and 0.41 to 0.61%, respectively. The mean value rank of SMBC during the whole growing period of wheat was hNPKM〉NPK_M〉NPKS〉CK〉NPK. But there were no statistically significant differences between hNPKM and NPKM, or between CK and NPK. The order for qSMBC was NPKS〉NPKM〉CK〉hNPKM〉NPK. These results indicated that NPKS significantly increased the ratio of SMBC to SOC, i.e., qSMBC, compared with NPK fertilizer or other two NPKM fertilizations. Significant linear relationships were observed between the annual carbon input and SOC （P〈0.01） or SMBC （P〈0.05）, and between the relative grain yield of wheat and the SOC content as well （P〈0.05）. But the qSMBC was not correlated with the annual carbon input. It is thus obvious that the combination of manure, straw with mineral fertilizer may be benefit to increase SOC and improve soil quality than using only mineral fertilizer.

Development path of Chinese low-carbon cities based on index evaluation

这个工作作为研究对象从瓷器低碳的试验性项目拿 36 个城市并且使用人均的碳排放和人均的 GDP 把 36 个城市分成四种类型揭示他们的低碳的开发地位；这四种类型是领先的城市，开发城市，迟到者城市，和探索城市。根据一个索引系统，那份量上描述低碳的开发，这研究分析特征，发展趋势，和城市的四种类型的低碳的发展小径。根据国家排出物并且就在为城市的每种类型的发展阶段，挑战，和机会的差别而言的现在的状况和目的，这研究为低碳的路线图介绍建议并且中期、长期(在 2030 )在中国的区域的不同类型的排放趋势线路。

The Effects of Land Use and Landscape Position on Labile Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index in Red Soil Hilly Region,Southern China

Labile organic carbon(LOC) and carbon management index(CMI), which are sensitive factors to the changes of environment, can improve evaluating the effect of land management practices changes on soil quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of land use types and landscape positions on soil quality as a function of LOC and CMI. A field study in a small watershed in the red soil hilly region of southern China was conducted, and soil samples were collected from four typical lands(pine forest(PF) on slope land, barren hill(BH) on slope land, citrus orchard(CO) on terrace land and Cinnarnornum Camphora(CC) on terrace land) at a sampling depth of 20 cm. Soil nutrients, soil organic carbon(SOC), LOC and CMI were measured. Results showed that the LOC and CMI correlated to not only soil carbon but also soil nutrients, and the values of LOC and CMI in different land use types followed the order CC > PF > CO > BH at the upperslope, while CO > CC > BH > PF at mid-slope and down-slope. With respect to slope positions, the values of LOC and CMI in all the lands were followed the order: upper-slope > down-slope > midslope. As whole, the mean values of LOC and CMI in different lands followed the order CC > CO > PF > BH. High CMI and LOC content were found in the terrace lands with broadleaf vegetations. These results indicated that the terracing and appropriate vegetations can increase the carbon input and lability and decrease soil erosion. However, the carbon pools and CMI in these lands were significantly lower than that in reference site. This suggested that it may require a long time for the soil to return to a highquality. Consequently, it is an efficient way to adopt the measures of terracing and appropriate vegetations planting in improving the content of LOC and CMI and controlling water and soil loss in fragile ecosystems.

Metric of Carbon Equity:Carbon Gini Index Based on Historical Cumulative Emission per Capita

这份报纸与调整使用 Lorenz 曲线和 Gini 索引到人均的历史的累积排放构造碳 Gini 索引在气候变化区域测量不平等。在空气的 70% 碳空间被用于的分析表演无可比拟分发，它在世界上几乎与在有在富人和穷人之间的最大的差距的一个国家的收入的一样。碳公平应该在气候议程是紧急和优先级。在这份报纸建立的碳 Gini 索引能被用来在碳空间的分发测量不平等并且在不同建议之中为碳公平的测量提供确定的指示物。引证 Teng， F. ， J。他， X. 平底锅，等， 2011：碳公平公制：碳 Gini 索引基于历史的累积排放人均。副词。Clim。变化物件， 2 (3 ) ， doi：10.3724/SP .J.1248.2011.00134。

Review of Research on the Evaluation Index System of Low-carbon City in China

In order to promote the research on the evaluation index system of low-carbon city,this paper reviewed and summarized the current evaluation index systems in recent years and the concepts of lowcarbon city in China.The current evaluation index systems of low-carbon city in China could be divided into two types:two class index system and three class index system.The establishment of different index systems basically adheres to the scientific,systematic,operable and dynamic principles,and the target value and weight of evaluation index could be confirmed in multiple ways.This paper analyzed the existing problems in the evaluation index systems of low-carbon city,and came up with some suggestions and advice to promote relevant research.

Impacts of Rice Field Winter Planting on Soil Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index

To tackle with the problem of prevailing farmland abandonment in winter,5 treatments includes Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice(CRR),rape-double cropping rice(RRR),garlic-double cropping rice(GRR),winter crop multiple cropping rotation(ROT),winter fallow control(WRR)were set up.By measuring soil total organic carbon,active organic carbon and its components and calculating the soil carbon pool management index in 0~15 cm and 15~30 cm soil layers in the early and late rice ripening stage.The effects of different winter planting patterns on the changes of soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index were discussed.In order to provide theoretical basis for the optimization and adjustment of winter planting pattern of double cropping rice field in the middle reaches of Yangtze River.The results showed that soil total organic carbon,active organic carbon and its components in different winter cropping patterns were increased,and ROT and CRR treatments were more beneficial to the accumulation of soil total organic carbon,active organic carbon and its components as well as the improvement of soil carbon pool management index,which should be preferred in the adjustment of cropping patterns.

建筑业减污降碳动态效率研究:基于Malmquist-Luenberger指数模型

减污降碳是实现建筑业高质量可持续发展的关键。以中国30个省市为研究对象,利用Malmquist-Luenberger指数模型对建筑业减污降碳效率进行测度,分析中国四大经济区域及省域2010—2020年间建筑业减污降碳效率的时序演变特征。结果显示,研究期内各地区ML指数整体上呈现出波动上升的趋势,东部地区的技术进步指数对综合效率值的提升起到促进作用,技术水平趋于平稳发展;中部地区的技术进步指数对综合效率值贡献最大;西部地区的规模效率变化指数在研究期内出现下降趋势,纯技术效率指数是提高综合效率指数的关键;东北地区的纯技术效率变化指数和规模效率变化指数显著增加。

Study on Multi-effect Time Parameters of Ergonomic Validity Index in Low-carbon Residential Kitchen

In the study on functional low-carbon ergonomic validity in buildings,ergonomic validity is different from resource validity which is easy for quantitative analysis. To eliminate the complexity and uncertainty impacts of human factors on quantitative study,it proposes a method of building a parameter of ergonomic validity—multi-effect time by using cardiotachometer to record heart rate change,being used to evaluate the functional low-carbon ergonomic validity targeting at the ontological characteristics of kitchen. This method is used to determine the physical consumption intensity( multi-effect) through heart rate incremental relation based on the principles of physiology and ergonomics,and to confirm the ergonomic validity of environmental factors by the time to complete standard work as well as multi-effect quantitative analysis. The test results show that,under the kitchen operating conditions,the multi-effect( ME) can properly reflect the real-time status of the operator and is easily operated; the parameters obtained are not significantly related to the physiological status of the operator,and multi-effect time( MT) is sensitive to the physical consumption brought about to the operator due to kitchen environmental factors; thus,it can be taken as an objective index,which is simple and easy to operate in residential kitchen functional low-carbon evaluation.

面向碳中和目标的中国工业部门减排路径与战略选择

工业部门(包含电力工业)是中国碳排放量最多的国民经济部门.探寻工业部门合理有效的碳减排路径是中国碳达峰、碳中和目标顺利实现的关键.本文分解了中国2000年—2019年工业碳排放历史演变路径的驱动因素,预测了三种情景下2019年—2060年工业碳排放的潜在演变路径,估计了工业部门碳中和进程中所需的投资额,讨论了不同减排时点选择下投资需求的异质性.研究发现:1)规模效应和效率效应是历史演变路径中最关键的驱动因素,而化石能源清洁转化效应、化石能源内部结构效应和清洁能源替代效应的影响较小;2)非电力工业未来核心的碳减排技术路径为能源效率提升和清洁能源消费替代,电力工业未来核心的碳减排技术路径则为清洁能源发电替代;3)在当前的技术水平下,工业部门碳中和的进程中需要超过300万亿元的巨额投资,所需投资主要集中于高排放的非电力工业.本文最后提出了“以技术为核心,以市场为机制,以政策为引导”的中国工业部门实现碳中和的战略选择.

中国工业绿色低碳转型指数的时空演变分析

工业绿色低碳转型是实现“双碳”目标和经济高质量发展的重要支撑。文章基于2002-2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,利用超效率EBM模型和GML指数对工业绿色低碳转型指数进行测度并探究其时空演变特征。研究发现:从时序上看,全国工业绿色低碳转型指数变化有明显的阶段性特征,呈先上升、后下降、再上升的趋势;从空间上看,工业绿色低碳转型指数的空间集聚特征显著,地理相邻对工业绿色低碳转型有显著的正向影响。进一步,文章采用了空间β收敛模型对工业绿色低碳转型指数的收敛趋势进行评价,实证结果显示,中国工业绿色低碳转型指数空间绝对β收敛和空间条件β收敛显著。

低碳港口评价指标体系的创建和赋值研究

针对低碳港口评价标准缺失的现状,以绿色、节能、降碳、减污为基本出发点,基于P-S-R模型,运用层次分析法和德尔菲法创建低碳港口评价的指标体系,涵盖了碳排放指标、能源活动指标、水资源指标、绿色建筑指标、绿色用电指标、环境碳汇指标和管理体系指标7项一级指标和21项二级指标。指标体系采用定量和定性指标结合的方式,具有较好的系统性、科学性和港口特色,可操作性强,对港口降碳减排具有较好的协同性。同时提出低碳港口评价指标权重的赋值方法和判断标准,并依据规范标准、行业发展规划、管理条例和港口历年统计资料,提供了指标评价的基准值。研究成果为低碳港口创建提供了完整、科学的评价依据,具有较好的应用前景。

中国碳排放影响因素分解及峰值预测研究

随着我国对2030年前达到碳排放峰值意愿的逐渐增强,首先,利用对数平均迪氏分解(Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index, LMDI)模型对我国2011—2019年人均碳排放量变化的影响因素进行分解,以明确各影响因素的贡献量、贡献率,并得出2011—2019年我国人均碳排放累积增长约为1.09 t。其中,经济发展起主要促进作用,累积贡献值约为5.61 t;能源结构优化和能源强度降低起抑制作用,累积贡献值分别约为-0.66 t和-3.86 t。其次,依据相关政策公布的经济社会发展预定目标,设定3种模拟情景下的指标变动量,并预测2022—2030年的CO_(2)排放量。结果显示:基准情景下CO_(2)排放量在2027年达到峰值,约为110.87亿t,人均CO_(2)排放量为7.69 t;低减排情景下CO_(2)排放量在2029年达到峰值,约为112.04亿t,人均CO_(2)排放量为7.75 t;高减排情景下CO_(2)排放量峰值出现在2023年,约为110.00亿t,人均CO_(2)排放量为7.74 t。

Study on Carbon Emission Efficiency Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Chinese Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry

To measure the carbon emission efficiency of China’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, explore the factors affecting the carbon emission efficiency of China’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, and provide reference for improving the carbon emission efficiency of China’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and promoting the government to formulate macro policies. Based on the data of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in 30 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019, and based on the SBM model and ML (Malmquist-Luenberger) index model, the carbon emission efficiency of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry was calculated and its dynamic change was investigated, and the Tobit model was further used to explore the influencing factors of the carbon emission efficiency of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. The carbon emission efficiency of China’s inter-provincial pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has steadily improved. The carbon emission efficiency of the eastern region is higher than that of the western region, and that of the western region is higher than that of the central region. The eastern region is dominated by technological progress, and there is room for improvement in technological efficiency. The central and western regions are dominated by technological efficiency. Compared with technological efficiency, technological progress needs to be further improved. Environmental regulation, industrial agglomeration and technological innovation level positively affect carbon emission efficiency, while foreign investment level has no significant impact on carbon emission efficiency.

基于电成像的孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层连通性评价

碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强,孔隙结构复杂,相较于常规碎屑岩储层,其孔隙度、渗透率关系的规律及特征不明显。碳酸盐岩储层的连通性与孔洞特征具有强相关性,且连通性是影响储层渗透率的重要因素,因此,对碳酸盐岩孔洞连通性的评价是孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层评价的关键问题。以伊拉克东南部B油田FQ-1井M组MB21亚油组孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层为例,基于地层微电阻率扫描成像(FMI)测井的高分辨率动态图像,利用最大类间方差算法(OTSU)进行二次迭代分割,识别电成像图像孔洞;根据8连通域标记法标记连通孔洞;提取每个连通孔洞的特征孔径、内部最长通道距离、内部最长通道与水平方向夹角、平均通道宽度这4个几何参数,最终构建孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层连通指数。连通指数在伊拉克东南部B油田FQ-1井M组MB21亚油组孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层的应用表明,利用此方法建立的连通指数与FQ-1井碳酸盐岩储层岩心渗透率相关系数达0.8437,并且连通指数曲线的趋势符合岩心渗透率在储层不同深度的分布情况,证明了连通指数可以指示储层孔隙结构较好、溶蚀孔洞发育的深度段,并可以划分储层中连通性较好的深度区间,该参数对于寻找碳酸盐岩储层渗透层具有重要意义。

城市街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益优化研究

【目的】目前城市绿地已经进入存量发展阶段,如何在城市有限绿地空间条件下实现“碳中和”目标,合理布局低碳绿地空间格局,科学配置植物群落以增加生物多样性,成为目前城市绿地碳汇效益研究的重点和难点。【方法】以西安市碑林区和沣西新城的城市绿地空间格局为研究对象,对研究区域内街区单元的绿地空间格局进行分析并分类,探索街区单元绿地空间格局与碳汇量化关系,并从平面布局和垂直结构两方面提出城市街区单元绿地碳汇效益的优化方法,并选取碳储量最低的单核心辐射型街区单元的3个绿地样方进行碳汇效益优化设计。【结果】总结出4种西安市典型城市街区单元绿地空间格局模式,明晰了碳储量分布特征以及绿地空间格局对碳储量的影响机制,提出了城市街区单元绿地空间格局碳汇效益优化方法,发现碳储量与斑块类型面积(CA)、景观形状指数(LSI)呈极显著正相关关系,与聚集度(AI)呈极显著负相关关系。各类绿地空间格局碳储量大小为多核心辐射型>散点分布型或廊道穿越型>单核心辐射型,建议在单核心辐射型街区单元优化中增加植物群落层次结构,并增加高固碳植物种类及数量,提升样方内年固碳量。【结论】从中观尺度讨论街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益之间的关系,使城市中小尺度绿地发挥应有的生态系统服务功能,探索街区单元绿地空间格局的构成要素与设计方法,为低碳绿地设计提供参考,提升城市街区单元内社区生活圈的人居环境质量。

连铸机末端重压下对高建Z向钢铸坯质量的影响

针对铸坯内部中心偏析、板材探伤合格率(80%以下)低的问题,河钢集团唐山中厚板材有限公司在280 mm×1800 mm断面板坯连铸机10#、11#扇形段位置实施了重压下技术,总压下量达到24 mm,在生产高建Z向钢时,铸坯致密度提高,中心偏析明显改善,铸坯晶粒尺寸随着压下量的提高显著细化。利用低倍、金相组织分析,以及铸坯碳偏析指数、致密度和真密度等实验,分析了重压下对连铸坯内部质量的影响。结果表明:随着压下量的增加,铸坯中心偏析与疏松逐步改善,低倍C级品率由原来的85%提高至98%;连铸坯断面组织也发生晶粒的细化,有明显的细化晶粒效果;当铸坯中心偏析为C级1.0时,中心碳偏析指数均可有效控制在1.10以内;铸坯的真密度整体提升,重压下工艺下铸坯中心位置真密度提升0.17%;C级≤0.5级比例≥98%;铸坯中心偏析C级率(≤0.5级比例)综合比例达92.9%。重压下技术应用后,高建Z向钢铸坯晶粒尺寸随着压下量的提高显著细化,中心偏析得到明显改善。

海上油气平台不稳定电源与储能联合配置优化策略

针对海上油气平台集群接入不稳定电源与储能的联合配置问题,结合海上风电、光伏特点及已有的拓扑结构,提出了三阶段风机/光伏/储能阶段式联合配置策略,介绍嵌入潮流计算的阶段式粒子群算法。第一阶段通过LightGBM网络预测模型得到风机光伏的时序预测发电功率,再以投资建设经济性和潮流稳定性为目标优化每个节点的风机/光伏容量;第二阶段针对不稳定电源配置后的配电网,提出了基于电压和损耗灵敏度为指标的集群划分方法,将配电网集群划分为若干个子集群;第三阶段根据划分后的子集群,以储能容量、配电网损耗和节点电压波动为目标为每个子集群内配置储能。以渤海油田某10 kV实际油气平台配电网为例,设立燃气机出力功率自定义和经济性自定义两种方案来验证联合配置优化决策的合理性。结果表明,两种配置策略都可以有效地提升海上油气平台配电网的潮流稳定性,提高新能源的渗透率。本文研究验证了海上分散式风机/光伏发电工程的可行性,有利于实现未来海上油气平台的“零碳”建设。

基于PLUS和InVEST模型的合肥市生态系统碳储量时空演变特征

[目的]为寻求“双碳”目标导向下的合肥市城市发展新方案。[方法]依据合肥市2000-2020年5期土地利用数据,在合肥市国土空间规划指引下,运用PLUS模型模拟得到2035年合肥市土地利用时空演变规律,耦合InVEST模型探究多情景下合肥市碳储量时空变化特征,并进一步挖掘土地综合利用程度对碳储量的影响。[结果](1)2000-2020年合肥市土地利用变化特征主要表现为耕地、林地减少,其中耕地为建设用地扩增主要来源。自然发展和农田资源保护情景的土地变化规律大致相同,主要表现为耕地、林地、水体减少;绿色汇增城市发展情景下,林地相比其余2个情景面积由减少转为增加。(2)2000-2020年合肥市碳储量逐年递减,其中2005-2010年碳损失最为剧烈。到2035年,自然发展情景、农田资源保护情景、绿色汇增城市发展情景碳储量分别为138.96×10^(6),140.13×10^(6),139.81×10^(6) t。农田资源保护情景下,碳储量明显增加区域最低,建设用地扩张减缓;绿色汇增城市发展情景下,林地由碳损失转为碳固持,是最具固碳潜力的发展趋势。(3)绿色汇增城市发展情景土地利用率最高,可有效降低土地综合利用程度对碳储量流失的威胁。[结论]农田资源保护情景与绿色汇增城市发展情景均有助于城市固碳发展,实施生态保护与城市发展并行政策,调整土地综合利用模式有助于改善城市碳流失。

不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的影响

为探究不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥影响植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应,基于连续9年的田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF-1,当地常规推荐施肥)、80%化肥(CF-2)、80%化肥配施有机肥(OF-1)、60%化肥配施有机肥(OF-2)、70%化肥配施有机肥+生物有机肥(BOF)处理,对植烟土壤有机碳储量盈亏、固碳速率、有机碳组分含量、有机碳敏感指数、土壤碳库活度和土壤碳库管理指数进行对比,探讨不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应。与CF-1处理相比,连续不施肥(CK)处理植烟土壤有机碳组分、储量和土壤碳固存速率显著下降。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥的OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理,植烟土壤有机碳含量分别增加9.6%、20.9%和13.9%,土壤活性有机碳含量分别增加43.4%、68.0%和41.7%,土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别增加14.8%、19.1%和25.4%,土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加22.8%、37.2%和36.4%,土壤有机碳储量分别增加15.3%、30.2%和31.2%,年平均固碳速率分别提高191.3%、382.6%和391.3%,碳库管理指数分别提高100.8%、159.8%和79.6%。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥显著提升土壤活性有机碳敏感指数。与CF-1相比,OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理的烟叶产量分别提高10.3%、33.5%和35.3%,中上等烟叶比例分别提高14.6%、22.0%和18.0%。连续9年化肥减量配施有机肥显著提高植烟土壤有机碳组分含量和土壤有机碳固存速率,促进烟叶产质量提升,是烟叶绿色优质生产、农田土壤固碳增效的有效途径,以OF-2和BOF效应更好。

工业园区综合能源系统评价及碳排放核算研究综述

在能源短缺的背景下,大力发展综合能源系统、推广工业园区碳排放核算是园区节能减排、能源结构转型升级的重要途径,也符合绿色低碳发展的要求。文章概述了工业园区综合能源系统的发展历程、系统形式和特征,梳理了国内外对园区综合能源系统评价指标体系和评价方法的研究现状,分析了工业园区碳排放的特点,梳理了碳排放核算方法的研究现状,指出目前存在的问题并展望了下一步的研究。建立更综合、更全面的评价指标体系,以及运用组合评价方法对园区综合能源系统进行主、客观综合评价是今后的研究重点。建议运用全生命周期的思想制定工业园区混合式温室气体核算方法,解决核算体系现有的难题。