Effect of Carbon Price Floor on Levelised Cost of Gas-Fired Generation Technology in the UK

The UK government implements carbon price floor to provide long-term incentive to invest in low-carbon technology, thus, fossil-fuel power plants have to face increasing carbon price. This report addresses the effect of carbon price floor on levelised cost of gas-fired generation technology through the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) ap-proach with the estimation of carbon price floor. Finally, the comparison of levelised cost of electricity for all generation technology in the UK will be shown and discussed.

Carbon price impacts on sector cost:based on an input-output model of Beijing

Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China,the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction,as well as a hotspot of research among scholars and policy makers.In this paper,the effects of carbon prices on Beijing's economy are analyzed using input-output tables.The carbon price costs are levied in accordance with the products'embodied carbon emission.By calculation,given the carbon price rate of 10 RMB/t-CO_2,the total carbon costs of Beijing account for approximately 0.22-0.40%of its gross revenue the same year.Among all industries,construction bears the largest carbon cost Among export sectors,the coal mining and washing industry has much higher export carbon price intensity than other industries.Apart from traditional energy-intensive industries,tertiary industry,which accounts for more than 70%of Beijing's economy,also bears a major carbon cost because of its large economic size.However,from 2007 to 2010,adjustment of the investment structure has reduced the emission intensity in investment sectors,contributing to the reduction of overall emissions and carbon price intensity.

Analysis of technology pathway of China's liquid fuel production with consideration of energy supply security and carbon price

Efforts to provide alternative resources and technologies for producing liquid fuel have recently been intensified.Different levels of dependence on oil imports and carbon prices have a significant impact on the composition of the cost-minimizing portfolio of technologies.Considering such factors,how should China plan its future liquid fuel industry?The model for supporting the technology portfolio and capacity configuration that minimizes the total system cost until 2045 is described in this study.The results obtained for different carbon prices and levels of dependence on oil import indicate that the oil-to-liquid fuel(OTL)will remain dominant in China's liquid fuel industry over the next three decades.If the carbon price is low,the coal-to-liquid fuel(CTL)process is competitive.For a high carbon price,the biomass-to-liquid fuel(BTL)technology expands more rapidly.The results also reveal that developing the BTL and CTL can effectively reduce the oil-import dependency;moreover,a high carbon price can lead to the CTL being replaced with the low-carbon technology(e.g.,BTL).Improvement in energy raw material conversion and application of CO_(2) removal technologies are also effective methods to control carbon emissions for achieving the carbon emission goals and ultimately emission reduction targets.

Optimal reduction and equilibrium carbon allowance price for the thermal power industry under China’s peak carbon emissions target

As the largest source of carbon emissions in China,the thermal power industry is the only emission-controlled industry in the first national carbon market compliance cycle.Its conversion to clean-energy generation technologies is also an important means of reducing CO_(2)emissions and achieving the carbon peak and carbon neutral commitments.This study used fractional Brownian motion to describe the energy-switching cost and constructed a stochastic optimization model on carbon allowance(CA)trading volume and emission-reduction strategy during compliance period with the Hurst exponent and volatility coefficient in the model estimated.We defined the optimal compliance cost of thermal power enterprises as the form of the unique solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation by combining the dynamic optimization principle and the fractional It?’s formula.In this manner,we obtained the models for optimal emission reduction and equilibrium CA price.Our numerical analysis revealed that,within a compliance period of 2021–2030,the optimal reductions and desired equilibrium prices of CAs changed concurrently,with an increasing trend annually in different peak-year scenarios.Furthermore,sensitivity analysis revealed that the energy price indirectly affected the equilibrium CA price by influencing the Hurst exponent,the depreciation rate positively impacted the CA price,and increasing the initial CA reduced the optimal reduction and the CA price.Our findings can be used to develop optimal emission-reduction strategies for thermal power enterprises and carbon pricing in the carbon market.

Daily rolling estimation of carbon emission cost of coal-fired units considering long-cycle interactive operation simulation of carbon-electricity market

The high overlap of participants in the carbon emissions trading and electricity markets couples the operations of the two markets.The carbon emission cost(CEC)of coal-fired units becomes part of the power generation cost through market coupling.The accuracy of CEC calculation affects the clearing capacity of coal-fired units in the electric power market.Study of carbon–electricity market interaction and CEC calculations is still in its initial stages.This study analyzes the impact of carbon emissions trading and compliance on the operation of the electric power market and defines the cost transmission mode between the carbon emissions trading and electric power markets.A long-period interactive operation simulation mechanism for the carbon–electricity market is established,and operation and trading models of the carbon emissions trading market and electric power market are established.A daily rolling estimation method for the CEC of coal-fired units is proposed,along with the CEC per unit electric quantity of the coal-fired units.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through an example simulation,and the factors influencing the CEC are analyzed.

Low Carbon Beijing:Research on the Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission Trading Price

The international community has taken extensive actions to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable development with the intensification of global warming and climate change.China has also carried out a long-term layout,setting the goal of achieving a carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060.In 2021,with the official launch of a unified national carbon emissions trading market,China’s nationwide carbon emissions trading kicked off.Carbon emission trading is an important policy tool for China’s carbon peak and carbon-neutral action and an essential part of the country’s promotion of a comprehensive green transformation of the economy and society.This study uses a VAR(Vector Autoregressive)model to analyze the influencing factors of the Beijing carbon emissions trading price from January 2014 to December 2019.The study found that coal prices have the most significant impact on Beijing’s carbon emissions trading prices.Oil prices,industrial development indexes,and AQI(Air Quality Index)impacted Beijing’s carbon emissions trading prices.In contrast,natural gas prices and economic indexes have the most negligible impact.These findings will help decision-makers determine a reasonable price for carbon emissions trading and contribute to the market’s healthy development.

基于季节性碳交易机制的园区综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为有效提高碳排放配额分配的合理性,并且避免年度结算时碳排放量超标导致环境污染加剧问题,提出基于奖惩因子的季节性碳交易机制,以园区综合能源系统(park integrated energy system,PIES)为对象进行低碳经济调度。首先,构建包含能量层–碳流层–管理层的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)运行框架,建立电气热多能流供需动态一致性模型;其次,分析系统内“日–季节–年度”碳排放特性,打破传统应用指标法的配额分配方法,采用灰色关联分析法建立碳排放配额分配模型,并基于奖惩阶梯碳价制定季节性碳交易机制;最后,以系统内全寿命周期运行成本及碳交易成本最小为目标,对执行季节性碳交易机制的PIES进行低碳经济调度,分析长时间尺度下季节性储能参与调度的减碳量。搭建IEEE 33节点电网5节点气网7节点热网的PIES,并基于多场景进行算例分析,验证此调度方法能够实现零碳经济运行,保证系统供能可靠性,为建立零碳园区奠定理论基础。

融合新闻影响力衰减的碳价格多元分解集成预测

新闻数据涵盖了与碳价格密切相关的政策、经济和能源等信息,对碳价格的影响具有时效性。为量化新闻影响力的衰减程度,基于词频统计和指数衰减对新闻数据提取特征,提出了1种新闻影响力衰减时间序列的计算方法,新闻的衰减效应更准确地反映新闻对碳价格的影响程度。为提高预测精度,构建了融合新闻影响力衰减的碳价格多元分解集成预测模型,运用噪声辅助多元经验模态分解方法对碳价格和新闻数据进行多元分解,基于样本熵重构分量,使用机器学习方法对分量进行预测,加和集成得到预测结果。以湖北省碳价格为例进行实证分析。结果表明:新闻影响力指数衰减方法能有效刻画新闻与碳价格的相关性,多元分解集成模型表现出优异且稳定的预测性能。

基于CEEMDAN-GRU组合模型的碳排放交易价格预测研究

准确的碳价格预测有助于监管部门观测碳交易市场运行状况及投资者进行科学决策,对实现碳达峰和碳中和具有重要作用。但碳价序列具有非线性、非平稳性和高噪声的特性,很难对其进行准确预测。将完全自适应噪声集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)方法与门控循环单元(GRU)相结合,构建一个碳排放交易价格预测模型。该模型基于分解、集成思想,利用CEEMDAN将原始碳价序列分解,获得不同频率的本征模函数(IMF)和残差序列,使用GRU神经网络分别为各子序列建立预测模型,最后集成预测结果得到碳价预测值。以湖北省碳交易市场的日度成交价为例进行实证分析,结果表明:相较于其他5种基准模型,CEEMDAN-GRU模型具有更小的预测误差和更高的拟合优度,在碳价格预测上具有一定的优势。

论全球碳定价的碎片化发展及其管控路径

碳定价是气候变化治理的一种市场化手段。当前关于碳定价的研究大多聚焦于某个具体的碳定价机制,较少从宏观上考察碳定价的发展态势。在宏观层面,全球碳定价总体上呈现多层次、无中心、少协调、弱连接的碎片化发展特征。从生成机理上看,这种碎片化发展状态是碳定价机制差异化发展的结果,若不加以有效管控,可能会减损全球减排效率、破坏全球贸易体系。当前,管控全球碳定价的碎片化发展有四条可能路径:碳定价机制连接、碳市场单边延伸、“气候俱乐部”和多边主义路径。国际社会应坚持以《联合国气候变化框架公约》治理进程为内核的多边治理理念,运用自下而上与自上而下相结合的治理思路,采取标本兼治的治理方法,进一步完善多边主义治理路径。

中国碳排放权交易市场发展现状与展望

碳排放权交易机制作为全球各国控制温室气体排放的重要手段之一,由于其良好的政策兼容性、金融衍生性,在全球发展势头强劲。从政策制度的完善、全国性及区域性碳市场交易现状、自愿减排市场现状三方面对中国碳市场发展现状进行分析,并综合考虑国际成熟碳市场发展经验、国家政策动向等因素,对中国碳市场未来发展趋势进行展望:中国碳市场扩容是必然趋势,电解铝、水泥和钢铁将依次纳入碳市场;配额总量将不断下降,拍卖比例预计将达到5%;预期碳价“十四五”升至80~100元/吨左右,“十五五”升至130~200元/吨;电力市场与碳市场协同统筹发展是必然选择;碳市场和碳税联合使用将是未来政府控排管理的主要方式。从宏观和微观两个层面提出适时稳步扩大碳市场覆盖范围、不断提高配额拍卖比例、系统构建企业内部碳核查与信息披露机制以强化碳管理效能与透明度等发展建议。

中国碳市场建设成效与展望(2024)

碳交易通过显性碳定价原则,将排放的负外部效应内部成本化,为处理经济发展与减排关系提供了一种解决方案。截至2023年,全球共28个碳交易体系投入运行,覆盖的温室气体排放量超过全球排放总量的17%,实施区域从发达国家逐步拓展至发展中国家,从欧洲、北美等地逐步拓展至拉美、东亚等地,更多的区域选择将碳市场减排目标与宏观减排目标绑定,并通过不断优化制度提高市场有效性,碳市场影响力逐步提高。2023年中国全国碳市场核算、核查、配额分配、数据管理、自愿减排等制度方法取得重要突破,全年配额成交2.12亿吨,是2022年的4.2倍,成交均价68.15元/吨,较2022年上涨23.24%,较第一个履约周期上涨59.04%。经过两个履约周期的建设,全国碳市场已形成要素完整的全流程制度框架,责任主体分工明确,支撑平台安全运转,碳排放数据质量大幅提高,碳价格发现机制初步形成,碳减排激励约束效果初显,推动碳市场成为中国实现“双碳”战略目标的重要政策工具。下一步全国碳市场将扩大行业覆盖范围,梯次纳入水泥、民航、电解铝、钢铁等行业;优化配额分配方法,适时引入有偿分配机制;调整履约机制,明确结余配额结转规定;出台多项中国核证自愿减排方法学,完善强制减排与自愿减排市场的衔接;加快推进与国际碳市场的连接,促进技术、方法、标准、数据互认互通,协助积极应对欧盟碳边境调节机制。

国际碳税政策实践发展与经验借鉴

碳税是应对全球气候危机的有效碳减排政策工具之一。尽管国际上碳税的发展取得了一定的减排成效,但是各国碳税实施路径与政策调整逻辑却有显著差异,仍存在参与碳定价机制不成熟、发展缓慢和国际争议调整机制缺失等问题。借鉴当前国际碳税制度的具体税收制度、政策设计和税收关系的实践经验,我国碳税的开征应循序渐进,与碳交易协同互补,采取“逐步拓宽”的税制设计,利用税收优惠平衡税收负担,充分参与国际碳税协调,致力于推动绿色经济的发展和促进碳达峰、碳中和目标的达成。

中国煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格的传导路径研究

碳市场作为新兴市场易受能源价格因素干扰,在“双碳”目标下研究煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格(以下简称为碳价)的传导路径,有利于碳市场的健康运行并助力其发挥减排作用。在梳理煤炭价格与碳价传导机理的基础上,利用DCC-GARCH模型揭示煤炭指数与碳价的动态关系,并运用VAR模型实证检验煤炭价格与碳价的传导路径及能源消费结构、能源效率与动态相关系数的因果关系。实证结果表明:煤炭价格与碳价存在显著动态相关性,并呈现复杂性和多变性;碳市场尚未充分发挥其创新激励效应,相较于能源利用效率,煤炭价格与碳价通过能源消费结构路径实现的传导更加显著;能源消费结构调整是动态相关系数变化的格兰杰原因,而能源利用效率改变则不是。

欧美碳关税对我国的挑战及对策探究——基于“碳边境调节机制”与“清洁竞争法案”的比较

简要阐述了欧盟“碳边境调节机制”与美国“清洁竞争法案”的发展历程及现状,并对两者进行了比较。欧美碳关税的实施将对我国的贸易体系产生一定的冲击。在“双碳”目标的指引下,我国政府和企业应该积极应对:主动开展国际交流合作、坚决抵制单边贸易保护,发展低碳技术、大力降低碳含量,增加碳排放成本、提升碳减排效率,加强碳足迹管理、构建产品碳排放核算体系,锚定“双碳”目标,坚定不移走绿色低碳的高质量发展道路。

基建投资、工业土地价格与城投债发行利率

以2011-2019年中国155个城市为样本,采用面板数据模型、中介效应模型和GMM方法探讨了基建投资、工业土地价格对城投债发行利率的影响。研究结果表明:基础设施建设投资规模和工业土地出让价格对城投债发行利率分别具有正向和负向影响,且低碳试点城市和非试点城市存在显著的区域异质性;基建投资的总体效益与技术效益的提高有助于融资平台以较低的利率发行城投债。

考虑动态定价和碳交易的多园区综合能源服务商低碳合作优化策略

为解决多园区综合能源服务商参与综合能源市场和碳交易市场带来的利益分配和动态定价问题,该文提出一种新的多园区服务商合作交易框架。首先,设计阶梯式碳交易下多园区综合能源服务商合作运行交易机制,针对区域零售市场制定动态价格,以指导各园区服务商购能行为;其次,在新型电力系统的逐步构建下,根据新能源占比变化,完善碳配额与碳排放模型,并通过市场下阶梯式碳交易机制约束各园区的碳排放;最后,建立多园区服务商纳什议价模型,将所建模型分解为联盟成本最小化与电热交易支付谈判子问题,通过算例验证所提模型和方法能提高各园区参与联盟主动性,并有效降低各园区碳排放和总运行成本。

展厅效应下双渠道供应链的减排投资与协调策略研究

低碳经济的发展改变了双渠道供应链的决策环境,同时也改变了一些消费者的低碳偏好。在考虑展厅效应和消费者低碳偏好的基础上,构建碳交易机制下双渠道供应链的减排和服务运营决策模型,利用主从博弈分别求解集中决策和分散决策情形下的最优运营策略,分析制造商的最优减排率、零售商的最佳服务水平及渠道价格之间的作用机制。进一步设计服务成本分担契约解决碳交易政策下分散式双渠道供应链的双重边际效应问题,探究展厅效应、低碳偏好及成本分摊对供应链的影响。研究表明,单位碳交易价格会影响展厅效应与减排率的作用关系,通过调节渠道价格比可以提高减排率和零售商销售价格,服务成本分担契约能够使双渠道供应链实现帕累托改进。

考虑需求响应及不确定性的综合能源优化调度

如何在区域综合能源系统中建立有效的需求侧模型,对于需求响应政策的实施至关重要。为提高用户参与需求响应积极性,引入实时定价机制,同时考虑系统的经济低碳性和电气热用户的用能满意度,构建兼顾系统和用户利益的综合需求响应主从博弈模型。针对用户参与需求响应的不确定性,引入贝叶斯方法更新负荷曲线。算例分析表明,所提博弈模型及贝叶斯方法能够有效平衡系统和用户之间的利益,提高了综合需求响应的可靠性。

2023年国内外油气行业发展及2024年展望

2023年,全球能源格局深刻调整,绿色低碳转型稳步推进;国际油价波动下跌,天然气价高位回落;油气勘探开发投资保持增长,油气产量继续双增;炼油乙烯产能继续增长,毛利总体下滑;大石油公司重新强化油气上游,降碳和盈利并重;碳减排共识进一步凝聚,碳市场影响力不断增强。中国油气行业立足安全清洁发展,能源行业政策体系加快完善;新型能源体系建设有序推进;成品油和天然气消费恢复向好,“全国一张网”加速完善;油气产储量保持增长,“两深一非”成增储上产新阵地;炼油能力继续小幅增长;大宗石化产品产能呈扩张态势;碳市场建设步伐加快。2024年,预计国际石油市场基本面由紧平衡转为供应过剩,天然气市场延续脆弱平衡,地缘政治紧张局势及外溢影响等将继续推动油气价格大幅波动;能源转型更加理性务实,基于安全效益发展建设能源韧性体系渐成共识。国内经济景气度回升势头向好,将进一步带动能源行业回暖;深化能源体制机制改革、加快建设新型能源体系、保障能源供应安全稳定仍是能源行业的重要使命任务。