Preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent LiCoO_(2)cathodes by medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting

Lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have attracted extensive attention due to the skyrocketing price of lithium.The medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting was proposed to preferential selective extraction of lithium from spent Li-CoO_(2)(LCO)cathodes to overcome the incomplete recovery and loss of lithium during the recycling process.The LCO layered structure was destroyed and lithium was completely converted into water-soluble Li2CO_(3)under a suitable temperature to control the reduced state of the cobalt oxide.The Co metal agglomerates generated during medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting were broken by wet grinding and ultrasonic crushing to release the entrained lithium.The results showed that 99.10%of the whole lithium could be recovered as Li2CO_(3)with a purity of 99.55%.This work provided a new perspective on the preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium batteries.

Urban Landscaping Design and Carbon Reduction Planning Countermeasures

As the most significant green ecological resource in densely populated and economically developed areas,urban landscaping plays a pivotal role in carbon sink value and multiple ecosystem service functions.It is a crucial element in the advancement of green and low-carbon initiatives in China’s major cities and the realization of a carbon-neutral vision.By analyzing the relationship between carbon emission reduction and urban landscaping,the paper sorts out and summarizes the basic principles of urban landscaping design,proposes the role of landscape design in urban landscaping,and plans countermeasures for carbon reduction in urban landscaping,with a view to optimizing the construction and management of urban landscaping.

Indirect Carbon Reduction Path from the Perspective of Urban Climate Adaptation Planning

Since the 21^(st)century,the problem of global warming has been prominent,and the problem of climate change has attracted worldwide attention.All countries have issued urban climate adaptation planning policy documents to address the current climate problem.At the same time,the proposal of the“double carbon”vision allows us to focus on the carbon emission reduction of cities and buildings.In addition to the implementation of the direct carbon reduction approach in the whole life cycle of construction,the functional role of indirect carbon reduction cannot be underestimated.By analyzing the domestic and foreign urban climate adaptation planning policy documents,summarizing the indirect carbon reduction approaches,and analyzing the feasibility of the indirect carbon reduction and emission reduction methods from the perspective of urban climate adaptation planning,the indirect carbon reduction adaptation strategy is proposed,which provides a reference for the implementation of urban climate adaptation planning and the target completion of reaching the carbon neutralization and peak on time.

Study on Behavior of Carbon Reduction of Monazite Concentrate

The behavior of monazite concentrate reduced by carbon, especially the decomposed procedure of rare earth phosphates, was investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron probe, TG method and chemical analysis. The results show that rare earth phosphates in monazite concentrate can be reduced to their oxides, among them the decomposition processes of cerium phosphate are not in step with lanthanum phosphate, neodymium phosphate and so on, and the phosphorus was volatilized into air in simple form.

Decomposition analysis of carbon reduction measures and carbon emission changes in five areas in China

Based on the analysis of primary energy consumption structure in five main provinces or municipalities in China,the factors that affect carbon emissions in the five study areas are analyzed quantitatively and comparatively with the decomposition analysis method.Empirical results demonstrate that the decomposition models of carbon emissions can be defined as ＂municipality model＂ and ＂provincial model＂,and the population factor of ＂municipal model＂ plays a significant role in carbon emissions than that of ＂provincial model＂.Either positive or negative effects of energy structure can be found in five different areas.However,there is a general trend that energy structure effort is becoming more and more important.Based on the characteristics and trends of carbon emissions in different areas,the carbon reduction measures are proposed as well.

Summary of Steam System Optimization and Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction Practice in Yanshan Petrochemical Company

This paper analyzes the main problems of Sinopec Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Co.,Ltd.,such as decentralized steam system layout,many types of fuels,obvious increase in fuel cost,low operation efficiency of turbine and boiler and high self consumption loss,and puts forward and implements optimization and improvement measures such as pressure raising transformation of natural gas system,adjustment of energy consumption structure,reduction of energy consumption cost,improvement of steam production quality and equipment efficiency.The results showed that compared with the fuel consumption in 2018,the consumption of coal coke was reduced by 550000 t,the consumption of natural gas was increased by 170000 t,and the total consumption of fuel gas and fuel oil was increased by 50000 t,equivalent to 246000 t of standard coal;the purchased electricity was increased by about 5×10^(8) kW·h.Green power trading and 14.76 MW distributed photovoltaic projects were carried out.According to the calculation of 1400-1600 h annual power generation in class II photovoltaic areas and the emission factor of North China regional power grid baseline,the annual emission reduction was about 55000 t CO_(2) in 2021.After the above transformation,the goal of zero-coking is achieved;the steam consumption of units is reduced by 21.5%,the steam production of boilers is reduced by 24.9%,and the annual emission reduction is about 760000 t CO_(2),which has achieved good results.

Research on Carbon Reduction Strategy of China’s Industrial Chain with the Goal of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality

In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.

Study on carbon emission calculation method and carbon reduction indexes of urban building stock

Carbon emissions associated with buildings are a major source of urban emissions. To put forward the methods and strategies to curb carbon emissions from urban building stock, it is not only necessary to establish a carbon emission calculation method for fine statistical analysis, but also to evaluate carbon emissions of urban planning schemes with applicable indexes. Currently,researches mainly focus on carbon emissions of individual buildings. When expanded to urban building stock, the calculation faces the lack of basic data, inadequate spatial analysis and unspecific carbon reduction indexes. Therefore, this study proposes a bottom-up calculation method for urban building stock, conducts spatial analysis based on carbon balance of urban grids, reveals the coupling mechanism between urban carbon reduction indexes and grid carbon emissions, and systematically establishes a carbon-reduction-oriented urban planning method that comprises calculation, analysis and evaluation, which is applied to Xi'an,China. This study provides a theoretical reference for cities to formulate carbon reduction targets and implement planning strategies by evaluating and predicting carbon emissions from urban building stock.

Industrial Carbon Reduction Potential Measurement and Scenario Prediction in Shaanxi Province

Promoting industrial carbon reduction is an inevitable step for achieving the Chinese carbon peak and neutrality targets.Based on the industrial energy consumption data of Shaanxi Province from 2011 to 2020,this study uses the IPCC calculation method to calculate the industrial carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province.The prediction model for industrial carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province was constructed based on the STIRPAT model from three aspects:population,economy,and technology.By setting three scenario models,the industrial carbon emissions from 2021 to 2035 and the time to achieve peak carbon neutrality were then predicted.The results show that the industry in Shaanxi Province cannot achieve a carbon peak under the baseline scenario,although it can achieve carbon peaking in 2030 under a low-carbon scenario or in 2025 under an enhanced low-carbon scenario.The predicted carbon peak values are 209.11 million t and 188.36 million t,respectively.Based on the results of this study,four policy recommendations are proposed:(1)strengthen publicity and education efforts to increase public participation in energy conservation and emission reduction;(2)promote the green transformation of industry and develop a green economy,including the active development of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies;(3)accelerate the implementation of industrial carbon reduction;and(4)promote the development and utilization of clean energy and increase efforts to adjust the energy structure.

The Policy of Energy Saving,Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction based on the Cause Analysis of“Power Restriction”Event

In recent years,the“power restriction”measures were taken in many localities,industrial electricity consumption was interrupted,mainly in the“two high”(high energy consumption and high pollutant emission)enterprises.Take the“power restriction”event in 2021 as an example,this event affected a wide range of regions and disrupted people’s livelihood.It not only refers to the power switch and rationing measures taken by individual regions,but also includes differentiated policies implemented by over 20 provinces to limit power supply and industrial production.This paper investigated in detail and summarized the different requirements of power restriction across the country,through the comparison of annual growth rates of power generation and industrial added value,the comparison results of energy intensity,electricity production,power consumption and the industrial growth rate in each province are analyzed.Industrial enterprises and related industrial chains were most heavily affected by the“power restriction”event,mainly in steel,cement,electrolytic aluminum,industrial silicon,textile printing and dyeing,chemical fiber,chemical and other enterprises with high energy consumption and high pollutants emission.The measures to limit electricity will affect the normal production of enterprises to a certain extent,leading to not only the decrease of production efficiency,but also the increase of energy consumption and pollutant emission per unit product.Energy management measures such as differentiated electricity price have limited effect on the output of“two high”industrial products,and the economic leverage of differentiated electricity price is gradually being diluted by the price rise of end products.This paper analyzed the reasons and explored several key problems that need special attention.then recommended certain countermeasures for its appropriate application in the future.

Central environmental protection inspection and carbon emission reduction: A tripartite evolutionary game model from the perspective of carbon neutrality

Since the carbon neutrality target was proposed,many countries have been facing severe challenges to carbon emission reduction sustainably.This study is conducted using a tripartite evolutionary game model to explore the impact of the central environmental protection inspection(CEPI)on driving carbon emission reduction,and to study what factors influence the strategic choices of each party and how they interact with each other.The research results suggest that local governments and manufacturing enterprises would choose strategies that are beneficial to carbon reduction when CEPI increases.When the initial willingness of all parties increases 20%,50%—80%,the time spent for the whole system to achieve stability decreases from 100%,60%—30%.The evolutionary result of“thorough inspection,regulation implementation,low-carbon management”is the best strategy for the tripartite evolutionary game.Moreover,the smaller the cost and the larger the benefit,the greater the likelihood of the three-party game stability strategy appears.This study has important guiding significance for other developing countries to promote carbon emission reduction by environmental policy.

Investigation into the Methodology and Implementation of Life Cycle Engineering under China’s Carbon Reduction Target in the Process Industry

The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China.In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets,China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and achieve carbon neutrality within its processing industries.An effective strategy to promote energy savings and carbon reduction throughout the life cycle of materials is by applying life cycle engineering technology.This strategy aims to attain an optimal solution for material performance,resource consumption,and environmental impact.In this study,five types of technologies were considered:raw material replacement,process reengineering,fuel replacement,energy recycling and reutilization,and material recycling and reutilization.The meaning,methodology,and development status of life cycle engineering technology abroad and domestically are discussed in detail.A multidimensional analysis of ecological design was conducted from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption,carbon emissions,product performance,and recycling of secondary resources in a manufacturing process.This coupled with an integrated method to analyze carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of a material process industry was applied to the nonferrous industry,as an example.The results provide effective ideas and solutions for achieving low or zero carbon emission production in the Chinese industry as recycled aluminum and primary aluminum based on advanced technologies had reduced resource consumption and emissions as compared to primary aluminum production.

Reduction effect of carbon emission and optimisation path of green finance

Under the background of"dual-carbon",green finance is an important way to promote carbon emission reduction and realize the development of a low-carbon economy.Using provincial panel data from 2000 to 2020,this paper constructs a basic regression model to study the"carbon reduction"effect,mechanism of action,and heterogeneity of green finance.The study finds that:the development of green finance significantly inhibits carbon emissions and has an obvious"carbon reduction"effect;green technology innovation has a mediating effect on the carbon emission reduction effect of green finance;in regions with a high level of economic development or a high degree of marketization,the"carbon reduction"effect of green finance is significant.

Calculation example of full cycle carbon emission of super deep foundation pit and carbon reduction measures

The determination of carbon emission from foundation pit engineering is a tough and complex project owing to its characteristics including large material consumption,short use time,difficult recycling and no operation stage.To overcome these limitations,the calculation boundary and calculation method for carbon emission of foundation pit project are defined in this paper,which is successfully applied in the carbon emission analysis of the actual engineering project,i.e.the construction of large-scale foundation pit of Kunming comprehensive transportation international hub.All the carbon emissions coresponding to four working stages including building materials production,building materials transportation,construction and demolition were calculated and anatomized.The results revealed that the content of CO_(2) released in the stage of building materials production accounts for 89.3%of the total carbon emission,which means the amount of building materials consumed in the engineering project is the crucial factor to control the carbon emission.Besides,two kinds of carbon reduction measures,i.e.optimization design of support scheme and recycling waste materials of internal support demolition,were explored by analyzing the proportion and average value of carbon emission from different sub project of the support structure.A pronounced effect of carbon reduction was achieved.Furthermore,both a fast calculation method of carbon emission factor of unit work volume and general carbon reduction measures are proposed in this paper,which could provide a reference and new viewpoint for the engineers and designers to calculate and analyze the carbon emission and to take effective carbon reduction measures.

Defect engineering of high-loading single-atom catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides an attractive approach to carbon capture and utilization for the production high-value-added products.However,CO_(2)RR still suffers from poor selectivity and low current density due to its sluggish kinetics and multitudinous reaction pathways.Single-atom catalysts(SACs)demonstrate outstanding activity,excellent selectivity,and remarkable atom utilization efficiency,which give impetus to the search for electrocatalytic processes aiming at high selectivity.There appears significant activity in the development of efficient SACs for CO_(2)RR,while the density of the atomic sites remains a considerable barrier to be overcome.To construct high-metal-loading SACs,aggregation must be prevented,and thus novel strategies are required.The key to creating high-density atomically dispersed sites is designing enough anchoring sites,normally defects,to stabilize the highly mobile separated metal atoms.In this review,we summarized the advances in developing high-loading SACs through defect engineering,with a focus on the synthesis strategies to achieve high atomic site loading.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges for CO_(2)RR in the area of high-loading single-atom electrocatalysts are also discussed.

Modulating Pd e_(g) orbital occupancy in Pd-Au metallic aerogels for efficient carbon dioxide reduction

The electronic structure of electrocatalysts plays a critical role in energy conversion,whereas for an efficient catalyst,it is challenging to modulate the orbitals.Herein,we present a new strategy to modulate the e_(g) orbital occupancy of Pd by constructing composition-controllable Pd-Au metallic aerogels(MAs),optimizing the d-band center of Pd to achieve excellent performance for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).Specifically,Pd_(1)Au_(2) MAs achieve almost 100% Faraday efficiency(FE) of CO in the range of-0.40 to-0.80 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),as well as the long-term stability,being one of the best Pd-based materials for CO_(2)RR.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) results and density functional theory(DFT) calculations demonstrate that the introduction of Au modulates the Pd e_(g) orbital occupancy,which significantly weakens *CO adsorption on Pd,reduces the CO_(2)RR energy barrier and consequently improves the electrocatalytic activity and stability for long-term applications.Our work highlights a new strategy for designing efficient electrocatalysts for CO_(2)RR and beyond.

Sub-2 nm mixed metal oxide for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Mixed metal oxide(MMO) represents a critical class of materials that can allow for obtaining a dynamic interface between its components:reduced metal and its metal oxide counterpart during an electrocatalytic reaction.Here,a synthetic method utilizing a MOF-derived micro/mesoporous carbon as a template to prepare sub-2 nm MMO catalysts for CO_(2) electro reduction is reported.Starting from the zeolite imidazolate framework(ZIF-8),the pyrolyzed derivatives were used to synthesize sub-2 nm Pd-Ni MMO with different compositions.The Ni-rich(Pd_(20)-Ni_(80)/ZC) catalyst exhibits unexpectedly superior performance for CO production with an improved Faradaic efficiency(FE) of 95.3% at the current density of 200 mA cm^(-2) at-0.56 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE) compared to other Pd-Ni compositions.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis confirms the presence of Ni^(2+) and Pd^(2+) in all compositions,demonstrating the presence of MMO.Density functional theory(DFT) calculation reveals that the lower CO binding energy on the surface of the Pd_(20)-Ni_(80) cluster eases CO desorption,thus increasing its production.This work provides a general synthetic strategy for MMO electrocatalysts and can pave a new way for screening multimetallic catalysts with a dynamic electrochemical interface.

Exploration on Key Technologies and Practical Paths for Carbon Emission Reduction in Food System

On the basis of existing research,carbon emission reduction technologies in production,processing,packaging,transportation and storage of the food system were summarized,and their application effects were analyzed.In view of the inherent inadequacy of carbon emission reduction technologies in Chinese food system,starting from carbon labeling technologies and ESG system of the food industry,the unsoundness of the carbon emission reduction evaluation system and the high cost of related technology promotion,countermeasures such as strengthening top-level design,encouraging and supporting the development of new carbon emission reduction technologies,and improving carbon emission reduction technology subsidies were proposed by drawing on domestic and international experiences.

Carbon emissions reduction potentiality for railroad transportation based on life cycle assessment

This study addresses the comparative carbon emissions of different transportation modes within a unified evaluation framework,focusing on their carbon footprints from inception to disposal.Specifically,the entire life cycle carbon emissions of High-Speed Rail(HSR),battery electric vehicles,conventional internal combustion engine vehicles,battery electric buses,and conventional internal combustion engine buses are analyzed.The life cycle is segmented into vehicle manufacturing,fuel or electricity production,operational,and dismantlingrecycling stages.This analysis is applied to the Beijing-Tianjin intercity transportation system to explore emission reduction strategies.Results indicate that HSR demonstrates significant carbon emission reduction,with an intensity of only 24%-32% compared to private vehicles and 47%-89% compared to buses.Notably,HSR travel for Beijing-Tianjin intercity emits only 24% of private vehicle emissions,demonstrating the emission reduction benefits of transportation structure optimization.Additionally,predictive modeling reveals the potential for carbon emission reduction through energy structure optimization,providing a guideline for the development of effective transportation management systems.

Porously Reduced 2-Dimensional Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3) Petals for Strain-Mediated Electrochemical CO_(2) Reduction to HCOOH

Here we introduce bismuth-based catalysts for the efficient electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to formic acid(HCOOH),which are composed of petal-shaped Bi_(2)O_(2)CO_(3)(BOC)that spontaneously formed from Bi thin film in aqueous carbonate solution at room temperature.During the electrochemical reduction process,the BOC petals transform to reduced BOC(R-BOC)consisting of individual BOC and Bi domains.Lattice mismatch between both domains induces biaxial strain at the interfaces.Density functional theory calculations suggest that the tensile strain on the Bi domain stabilizes the*OCHO intermediate,reducing the thermodynamic barrier toward CO_(2)conversion to HCOOH.Together with the thermodynamic benefit and the unique nanoporous petal-shaped morphology,R-BOC petals have a superior Faradaic efficiency of 95.9%at-0.8 V_(RHE)for the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2)to HCOOH.This work demonstrates that the spontaneously formed binary phases with desirable lattice strain can increase the activity of bismuth catalysts to the CO_(2)reduction reaction;such a strategy can be applicable in design of various electrocatalysts.