Effects of tree size and organ age on variations in carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus stoichiometry in Pinus koraiensis

Carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)are of fundamental importance for growth and nutrient dynamics within plant organs and deserve more attention at regional to global scales.However,our knowledge of how these nutrients vary with tree size,organ age,or root order at the individual level remains limited.We determined C,N,and P contents and their stoichiometric ratios(i.e.,nutrient traits)in needles,branches,and fine roots at different organ ages(0-3-year-old needles and branches)and root orders(1st-4th order roots)from 64 Pinus koraiensis of varying size(Diameter at breast height ranged from 0.3 to 100 cm)in northeast China.Soil factors were also measured.The results show that nutrient traits were regulated by tree size,organ age,or root order rather than soil factors.At a whole-plant level,nutrient traits decreased in needles and fine roots but increased in branches with tree size.At the organ level,age or root order had a negative effect on C,N,and P and a positive effect on stoichiometric ratios.Our results demonstrate that nutrient variations are closely related to organ-specific functions and ecophysiological processes at an individual level.It is suggested that the nutrient acquisition strategy by younger trees and organ fractions with higher nutrient content is for survival.Conversely,nutrient storage strategy in older trees and organ fractions are mainly for steady growth.Our results clarified the nutrient utilization strategies during tree and organ ontogeny and suggest that tree size and organ age or root order should be simultaneously considered to understand the complexities of nutrient variations.

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production.Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress.However,the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive.Therefore,a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e.,0,6,12and 18 Mg ha~(–1)) of straw returned as an interlayer.Compared with no straw interlayer (CK),straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively.The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration,which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm),which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield.Generally,compared with other treatments,the application of 12 Mg ha~(–1) straw had higher SOC,TN and C:N ratio,and lower soil stratification ratio in the2015–2017 period.The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years,and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.

Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, and C/N Ratio in Chinese Apple Orchards

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and sustainable land use management. At the same time, soil C/N ratio is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and for assessing the carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils. We studied the characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by investigating a large number of apple orchards in major apple production areas in China. High apple orchard soil organic carbon content was observed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, whereas low content was found in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi, with the values ranging between 6.44 and 7.76 g·kg-1. Similar to soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen content also exhibited obvious differences in the 12 major apple producing provinces. Shandong apple orchard soil had the highest total nitrogen content (1.26 g·kg-1), followed by Beijing (1.23 g·kg-1). No significant difference was noted between these two regions, but their total nitrogen content was significantly higher than the other nine provinces, excluding Yunnan. The soil total nitrogen content for Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, and Gansu was between 0.87 and 1.03 g·kg-1, which was significantly lower than that in Shandong and Beijing, but significantly higher than that in Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Six provinces exhibited apple orchard soil C/N ratio higher than 10, including Heilongjiang (15.42), Xinjiang (13.38), Ningxia (14.45), Liaoning (12.24), Yunnan (11.03), and Gansu (10.63). The soil C/N ratio was below 10 in the remaining six provinces, in which the highest was found in Shaanxi (9.47), followed by Beijing (8.98), Henan (7.99), and Shanxi (7.62), and the lowest was found in Hebei (6.80) and Shandong (6.05). Therefore, the improvement of soil organic carbon should be given more attention to increase the steady growth of soil C/N ratio.

Transformation of Carbon and Nitrogen by Earthworms in the Decomposition Processes of Broad-leaved Litters

Earthworms are the important constituents in the decayed food web and the main ecological conditioners in the process of decomposition and nutrient mineralization. The transformation of organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) in the broad-leaved litters ingested by earthworms was researched by means of a laboratory experiment. Experimental samples were collected from broad-leaved Korea Pine mixed forest in Liangshui National Natural Reserve (47°10′50″N, 128°53′20″E) in the northeastern Xiao Hinggan Mountains of Northeast China. The contents of organic C and total N in earthworms, leaf litters and earthworm faeces were analyzed. Results show that the organic C content was in the fol- lowing order: leaf litters>faeces>earthworms, while total N content was contrary to that of the organic C. The organic C contents in the different leaf litters were in the following order: Tilia amurensis>Betula costata>Acer mono, whereas the total N contents in the different leaf litters were: Betula costata>Tilia amurensis>Acer mono. The contents of organic C and total N in the faeces from the different leaf litters were almost consistent with the contents of the leaf litters. After the leaf litters were ingested by earthworms, the organic C, which was transformed to increase earthworms' weights, ac- counted for 3.90%-13.31% of the total ingestion by earthworms, while that in the earthworm faeces accounted for 6.14%-13.70%. The transformed organic C through the other metabolism (e.g., respiration) of earthworms accounted for 75.04%-89.92%. The ingested organic C by earthworms was mostly used for metabolic activities. The N ingested by earthworms was less than organic C. It is estimated that 37.08% of total N was transformed to increase the earthworm's weight, 19.97% into earthworm faeces and 47.86% for the consumption of the earthworm's activities. The earthworms not only increased the content of organic C and total N in the soil, but also decreased the values of C/N in the soil and leaf litters. Earthworms play a major role in the leaf litters' decomposition and transformation.

Evaluation on nitrogen isotopes analysis in high-C/N-ratio plants using elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry(EA/TRMS) has been widely applied to analyze the^(15)N/^(14)N isotope composition(δ^(15)N) of plants and soils,but the δ^(15)N results may be inaccurate due to incomplete combustion of the high-C/N-ratio plant samples by EA.Therefore,it is necessary to develop a method to solve the problem of imperfect combustion.In this study,we used two methods:1) adding copper oxide powder to the samples,and 2) increasing the O_2 flow(from 100 mL min^(-1) to 200 mL min^(-1)) for the auto sampler inlet purge line of the EA.The δ^(15)N values of the plant samples became more positive and tended to be stable after complete combustion.Also,the required blank samples for each plant sample decreased with increasing amount of the added CuO powder.However,at 200 mL min^(-1) of the oxygen flow in the EA,complete combustion could not be achieved without adding copper oxide,but this was done with decreased amount of CuO powder.Therefore,mixing cupric oxide into the high-C/N-ratio samples was an efficient,simple and convenient way to solve the problem of imperfect combustion in the EA.

Growing Cover Crops to Improve Biomass Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration: A Phytotron Study

Cover crop system has shown a potential approach to improving carbon sequestration and environmental quality. Six of each winter and summer cover crops were subsequently grown in two soils, Krome gravelly loam soil (KGL), and Quincy fine sandy soil (QFS), in phytotrons at 3 temperatures (10/20, 15/25, 25/30oC for winter/summer cover crops) to investigate their contributions for carbon (C) sequestration. Among winter cover crops, the highest and the lowest amounts of C accumulated were by bellbean (Vicia faba L.), 597 g/m2 and white clover (Trifolium repens), 149 g/m2, respectively, in the QFS soil. Among summer cover crops, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) accumulated the largest quantity of C (481 g/m2), while that by castorbean (Ricinus communis) was 102 g/m2 at 30oC in the KGL soil. The mean net C remained in the residues following the 127 d decomposition were 187 g/m2 of C (73% of the total) and 91 g/m2 (52% of the total) for the winter and summer cover crops, respectively. Following a whole cycle of winter and summer cover crops grown, the mean soil organic C (SOC) increased by 13.8 and 39.1% in the KGL and QFS soil, respectively, compared to the respective soils before. The results suggest that triticale, ryegrass, and bellbean are the promising winter cover crops in the QFS soil, while sunn hemp, velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens), and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ×S. bicolor) are recommended summer cover crops for both soils under favorable temperatures.

Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Apple Growth and Nitrogen Utilization,Residue and Loss

Soil C /N ratio is an important influencing factor in soil nitrogen cycling. Two-year old apple trees( Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji'/Malus hupehensis) were used to understand the effect of soil C/N ratio [6. 52( CK),10,15,20,25,30,35 and 40]on apple growth and nitrogen utilization and loss by using15N trace technique. The results showed that,with the increasing of soil C/N ratio,apple shoot length and fresh weight increased at first,and then decreased; the higher apple shoot length and fresh weight appeared in C/N = 15,20 and 25 treatments,and there were no significant differences among these three treatments,but significantly higher than the other treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference in nitrogen utilization rate between the different treatments,the highest N utilization rate was occurred in soil C/N = 25 treatment which value was 22. 87%,and there was no significant difference between soil C/N = 25 and C/N = 20 treatments,but both the two treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments; Soil C/N = 40 had the lowest N utilization rate which value was 15. 43%,and this value was less than CK( 16. 65%). The proportion of plant absorption nitrogen from fertilizer was much higher when the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25,but the percentage of plant absorption nitrogen from soil was much higher when the soil C/N ratio was too low( < 15) or high( < 25). Amount of residual nitrogen in soil increased gradually with the soil C/N ratio increasing,the amount of residual nitrogen in C/N = 40 treatment was 1. 32 times than that in CK. With the increasing of soil C/N ratio,fertilizer nitrogen loss decreased at first,and then increased,fertilizer nitrogen loss was the minimum in C/N = 25 treatments( 49. 87%) and the maximum were occurred in CK( 61. 54%). Therefore,regarding the apple growth and nitrogen balance situation,the value of soil C/N ratio in the range of 15- 25 would be favorable for apple growth and could increase effectively nitrogen fixed by soil,reduce nitrogen loss,and improve the nitrogen utilization ratio.

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷成分对抗热震性能的影响

制备了不同碳氮比Ti(C,N)固溶体和分别加入NbC、TaC、VC、Cr_(3)C_(2)的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,采用水淬冷热震方法研究了不同成分对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷抗热震性能的影响。结果表明:金属陶瓷在热冲击过程中,陶瓷相在热应力的作用下会发生开裂现象,在裂纹扩展路径上产生的微裂纹能促进裂纹扩展;在不同碳氮比的Ti(C_(x),N_(y))固溶体金属陶瓷中,碳氮比7/3的Ti(C_(0.7),N_(0.3))金属陶瓷的抗热震性能最好,本文研究中其热震临界温度为240℃;在添加的四种碳化物(NbC、TaC、VC和Cr_(3)C_(2))中,NbC和TaC能显著提升金属陶瓷的抗热震性,且TaC更优于NbC,而VC和Cr_(3)C_(2)的加入不利于改善金属陶瓷抗热冲击性能。

低C/N比污水脱氮除磷技术应用研究进展

人类的生存依赖水资源,工业的快速进步发展对水体产生负面影响,氮、磷过度排放使得水体持续恶化,随之而来的水污染成为不可小觑的重大环境问题,干扰人类正常生命活动,毁坏生态平衡,是国民经济绿色长远发展停滞的根源。现已通过多种技术对水环境进行改善修复,其中低C/N比污水脱氮除磷是解决环境问题的重要方法和研究热点。以传统工艺和新型工艺为切入点,以应用型和改进型为分类方法,对现今低C/N比污水脱氮除磷处理工艺进行总结,旨在为低C/N比污水脱氮除磷技术的发展提供新参考和新思路。

混合营养脱氮在低C/N工业废水处理中的研究进展

富氮工业废水中难降解的氮杂环化合物加剧了碳氮比失衡,抑制了生物脱氮工艺中硝化反硝化过程,因而探究新型处理工艺是高效处理低C/N工业废水的必由之路。混合营养脱氮技术结合异养脱氮和自养脱氮的代谢路径,优化低C/N工业废水脱氮性能,进而实现低C/N工业废水处理提质增效。本文综述了混合营养脱氮工艺中铁介导生物脱氮、硫介导生物脱氮和菌藻共生脱氮工艺的作用机理、研究进展与影响因素,阐述了三种工艺特点及不同类型低C/N工业废水的适用性,并就三种混合营养脱氮工艺中存在的问题并结合当前研究方向,从优化电子供受体和代谢路径的角度提出增大电子容量、提高电子转移速率,结合电化学体系与Fe-S耦合增强协同代谢从而提升污染物代谢性能的建议。

活性污泥-悬浮生物膜系统处理低C/N污水深度脱氮性能

通过农业废弃物玉米芯悬浮生长生物膜的载体,构建了活性污泥-悬浮生物膜混合系统,以SBR工艺运行方式对低浓度低C/N污水的深度脱氮性能进行了研究.探究了挂膜启动阶段系统脱氮效果;在工艺稳定运行后,考察了温度、HRT、DO、进水C/N、进水pH等参数对工艺脱氮性能的影响.经过24 d挂膜后,结合污染物去除情况及镜检显示生物膜挂膜成功.运行结果表明,以预处理后的生活污水作为模拟原水,控制反应温度为26—30℃,HRT=8 h,COD/TN为(4.0±0.1),DO=(2.2±0.1)mg·L^(-1),进水pH=(8.0±0.1)的条件下,系统达到最佳运行条件,COD、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN平均去除率分别为70.2%、94.8%和80.8%,平均出水COD、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN浓度分别为14.89 mg·L^(-1)、0.57 mg·L^(-1)和2.40 mg·L^(-1).好氧阶段DO浓度对TN去除率有一定的影响,当好氧阶段DO浓度为(2.2±0.1)mg·L^(-1)时,TN去除率达到峰值84.38%.结果表明,活性污泥-悬浮生物膜混合系统处理低浓度低C/N污水具有优良性能,为低浓度低C/N污水的深度脱氮及玉米芯的资源化利用提供新的思路.

双金属ZIF衍生的ZnxCoy/N-C催化剂及其高效电催化还原CO_(2)制CO的性能研究

电催化CO_(2)还原是实现CO_(2)资源化利用的重要方法,其关键在于高效催化剂的合成。以双金属有机骨架化合物(ZnxCoy-ZIF)为前驱体,经高温热解得到ZnxCoy/N-C催化剂,研究了前驱体中双金属的物质的量之比及热解过程对ZnxCoy/N-C催化剂的碳载体形成、N掺杂程度、Co电子结构变化及电催化还原CO_(2)制CO的反应性能的影响。结果表明,前驱体中Zn的存在有利于碳载体活性面积的提高,并且促进Co-Nx活性位点的形成,实现对Co位点电子结构的有效调节。900℃热解获得的ZnxCoy/N-C催化剂具有高活性及高导电性,在电还原CO_(2)制CO反应中,电流密度最高可达135 mA/cm2,且CO分电流密度为59 mA/cm2,CO法拉第效率达56.1%,在40 h的性能测试中,ZnxCoy/N-C催化剂的催化活性未出现下降,在电催化CO_(2)中具有工业化的潜力。

菘蓝碳氮代谢与基质C/N对氮处理的动态响应

为研究施氮后基质C/N和菘蓝(Isatis indigotica Fort.)碳氮代谢的动态变化,以河北居群的菘蓝为试验材料,播种后施用0、5、15、20 g·L^(-1)CO(NH_(2))_(2),分别记为CK、N1、N2、N3。利用重铬酸钾外加热法和碳氮分析仪测定基质及菘蓝碳、氮元素含量;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法测定菘蓝碳氮代谢酶基因的表达;超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法测定菘蓝指标成分含量。结果表明,菘蓝碳氮代谢对不同浓度氮营养的响应不同。随着处理时间延长,N1、N2、N3叶与根的可溶性糖含量先增加后减少,与磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)基因表达量变化趋势相反,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性变化趋势相似。菘蓝碳氮代谢产物与碳氮代谢关键酶的活性及基因表达量密切相关。N1靛蓝含量与硝酸还原酶(NR)基因表达量变化趋势相似,靛玉红含量与谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)基因表达量、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性变化趋势相似,与GOGAT基因表达量、GS活性变化趋势相反。N2靛蓝含量与NR活性变化趋势相反,与GOGAT基因表达量变化趋势相似,靛玉红含量与NR、GS基因表达量、GOGAT活性变化趋势相似。N3靛蓝、靛玉红含量与NR、GS基因表达量、GOGAT活性变化趋势相似。GS、GOGAT活性和其相应酶基因表达量的变化趋势相反。随着菘蓝的生长,基质中的碳元素含量逐渐增加,氮元素含量逐渐减少,C/N升高。菘蓝碳、氮元素含量的变化趋势与基质相反。施氮后,菘蓝叶、根中累积的氮素含量增多,基质中的氮素减少,碳元素含量的变化与氮相反。N2处理各种酶的活性及基因表达量较高,同时累积更高的活性成分。综上,15 g·L^(-1)CO(NH_(2))_(2)处理更有助于菘蓝指标成分的累积。本研究结果为菘蓝氮营养高效利用提供了理论参考。

Profile Distribution and Storage of Soil Organic Carbon in an Aquic BrownSoil as Affected by Land Use

Many attempts have been made to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different land uses, especiallyfrom the conversion of forest land or grassland into cultivated field, but limited reports were found on the estimation ofthis storage after cultivated field converted into woodland or grassland, especially in small scales. This study is aimed toinvestigate the dynamics of SOC concentration, its storage and carbon /nitrogen (C/N) ratio in an aquic brown soil at theShenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under four land use patterns over 14 years. Thefour land use patterns were paddy field (PF), maize field (MF), fallow field (FF) and woodland (WL). In each pedon at 0-150cm depth, soil samples were collected from ten layers. The results showed that the profile distribution of SOC was differentunder different land uses, indicating the effect of land use on SOC. Soil organic carbon was significantly related with soiltotal N, and the correlation was slightly closer in nature ecosystems (with R2=0.990 and P<0.001 in both WL and FF, n=30)than in agroecosystems (with R2=0.976 and P<0.001 in PF, and R2=0.980 and P<0.001 in MF, n=30). The C/N ratio in theprofiles decreased generally with depth under the four land use patterns, and was comparatively higher in WL and lowerin PF. The C/N ratio of the FF was closer to that in the same soil depths of MF than to that of PF. Within 100 cm depth, theannual sequestration of SOC was 4.25, 2.87, and 4.48 t ha-1 more in WL than in PF, MF and FF, the annual SOC increasingrate being 6.15, 3.26, and 5.09 % higher, respectively. As a result, the SOC storage was significantly greater in WL than inany of the other three land use patterns, P=0.001, 0.008, and 0.008 as compared with PF, MF, and FF, respectively, whilethere was no significant difference among the other three land uses. It is suggested that woodland has the potential tomake a significant contribution to C storage and environmental quality.

三聚氰胺衍生的高石墨氮中空管状Fe-N/C催化碱性氧还原反应

以煅烧三聚氰胺后形成的C3N4材料为氮源,柠檬酸为碳源,六水合三氯化铁为铁源,通过两步法合成FeN/C催化剂,并考察该催化剂对氧还原反应的电催化能力。采用XRD、SEM、Raman、XPS等表征手段对Fe-N/C催化剂的晶体结构和元素化学状态进行综合评价;以CV和LSV等电化学测试手段探究Fe-N/C催化剂的氧还原电催化能力。研究结果表明,Fe-N/C催化剂具有管状形貌、较高的石墨氮含量和较佳的氧还原电催化能力。通过对电化学性能关键参数进行分析发现,Fe-N/C催化剂的起始电位是1.071 V vs. RHE,半波电位是0.911 V vs. RHE,极限电流密度是5.943 mA/cm2。

Sedimentary record of climate change in a high latitude fjord—Kongsfjord

The sedimentary record of climate change in the Arctic region is useful for understanding global warming.Kongsfjord is located in the subpolar region of the Arctic and is a suitable site for studying climate change.Glacier retreat is occurring in this region due to climate change,leading to an increase in meltwater outflow with a high debris content.In August 2017,we collected a sediment Core Z3 from the central fjord near the Yellow River Station.Then,we used the widely used chronology method of 210Pb,^(137)Cs,and other parameters to reflect the climate change record in the sedimentary environment of Kongsfjord.The results showed that after the mid-late 1990s,the mass accumulation rate of this core increased from 0.10 g/(cm^(2)·a)to 0.34 g/(cm^(2)·a),while the flux of^(210)Pb_(ex)increased from 125 Bq/(m^(2)·a)to 316 Bq/(m^(2)·a).The higher sedimentary inventory of^(210)Pb_(ex)in Kongsfjord compared to global fallout might have been caused by sediment focusing,boundary scavenging,and riverine input.Similarities between the inventory of^(137)Cs and global fallout indicated that terrestrial particulate matter was the main source of^(137)Cs in fjord sediments.The sedimentation rate increased after 1997,possibly due to the increased influx of glacial meltwater containing debris.In addition,the^(137)Cs activity,percentage of organic carbon(OC),and OC/total nitrogen concentration ratio showed increasing trends toward the top of the core since 1997,corresponding to a decrease in the mass balance of glaciers in the region.The results ofδ^(13)C,δ^(15)N and OC/TN concentration ratio showed both terrestrial and marine sources contributed to the organic matter in Core Z3.The relative contribution of terrestrial organic matter which was calculated by a two-endmember model showed an increased trend since mid-1990s.All these data indicate that global climate change has a significant impact on Arctic glaciers.

Influence of Different C/N Ratios on Aerobic Denitrification Characteristics of the Strain

[ Objective] The research aimed to study influence of different C/N ratios on aerobic denitdfication characteristics of the strain. [ Method] 5 aerobic denitdfying bacteria were isolated from activated sludge at low temperature and low C/N ratio, and their denitdfication capabilities were verified. Influence of different C/N ratios on denitdfication capability of the strain was determined. [ Result] In the five isolated aerobic denitdf- ying bacteria, except HFX08 was G-, HFX00, HFX01, HFX12 and HFX13 were G ＋. HFX08 belonged to Pseudomonas, and other strains be- longed to Acinetobacter. As C/N ratio increased, denitdfication velocity increased, and the highest removal rate of nitrogen for the five strains could reach over 92%. [ Conclusion] The research could provide reference for design and operation of the sewage treatment process with low C/N ratio in winter in the north.

一锅法合成高性能N掺杂的Co(PO_(3))_(2)@C负极材料及其在超级电容器中的应用

以植酸(PA)、三聚氰胺(MA)、四水合乙酸钴(Co(OAc)_(2)·4H_(2)O)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜为原料,采用一锅法合成了偏磷酸钴和氮(N)掺杂碳(C)的复合材料(Co(PO_(3))2@C).其中,PA属于六齿配体,拥有6个磷酸基,每个磷酸基中的氧原子(O)都可作为配位原子和钴离子发生络合反应,形成化学性质稳定的络合物,可以作为绿色磷(P)源.MA含有丰富的N元素,PVDF中空纤维膜中含有氟(F)元素,同时还可以提供框架结构,N和F元素的掺杂可以使多孔碳材料具有更好的润湿性,有利于电解液中电子的传输,从而极大提高了材料的电化学电容性能.所制备的最佳活性负极材料在1 A·g^(-1)时的比电容为1 067.42 F·g^(-1).即使在10 A·g^(-1)的电流密度下,20 000次循环后,仍可以达到85.79%的保留率.

Optimization of C/N ratio preparation of protein-rich and multi-enzymes feed thallus through synergic fermentation of mixed distillers'grains

A new procedure of determining optimal C/N (the rate of carbon source to nitrogen source) of mixed distillers' grains for combined bacteria synergic fermentation is established. At the same time an improved method evaluating bacteria growth, called method of dry cell weighing by filtering is developed. For each combination of C and N, their initial and residual contents before and after fermentation respectively are determined. Then followed the calculation of utilization of C and N sources by the compound bacteria. The optimal C/N is finally located from among the utilization of C and N of several combinations and the weight of produced mass of oven dried thallus. The conditions of fermentation are: inoculum size 10%, temperature 30 0℃, rotational speed 170 r/min, shake culture time 48h. The best results obtained from orthogonal experiments are: maximum mass of oven dried thallus is 14 693g in a liter liquid medium, maximum utilization rate of carbon source is 98 13% and maximum utilization rate of nitrogen is 78 14%. Optimal C/N is 5 1.

不同C/N水平对草鱼池生物絮团的形成及其水质的影响

为了研究草鱼池生物絮团形成所需的适合C/N,实验分析不同C/N水平对水泥池中生物絮团的形成、水质及草鱼生长的影响。对照组投喂基础饲料(C/N为10.8∶1),实验组在基础饲料上添加葡萄糖,控制C/N分别为15∶1、20∶1和25∶1。结果显示,当C/N≥15时,形成的生物絮团可以有效的调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮水平;各组的生物絮团体积指数(FVI)随养殖时间逐步增加,在第14天趋于稳定;随着C/N增高,尽管实验组水体中形成的生物絮团粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但是草鱼生长却呈下降趋势。综合而言,生物絮团技术应用于草鱼养殖适宜的C/N为15,该比值能促进生物絮团的形成,并能有效降低水中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮水平。