Influence of heat-treatment on oxidation-resistance of phosphate-coating for C/C composite

Phosphate-coating was prepared for C/C composite using liquid-impregnation and different heat-treatment. The results show that the mass-loss rate of sample A with 1-2 ℃/min slow-cooling rate technology is 47%after oxidation at 700 ℃ for 20 h, while that of sample B with air-fast-cooling one is only 0.98%. SEM images reveal that the coating of sample A is full of micro-holes, micro-cracks and many piece-like crystal particles, while that of sample B is integrated and compacted in glassy state with a few of micro-cracks. The coating of sample A is almost exhausted only in 8 h oxidized-test at 700 ℃, while that of sample B remains integrated after 8 h test at 700 ℃ and becomes loose due to much small pores generated after 20 h test at 700 ℃.

Effect of Heat-Treatment Process on Properties of Rare Earth Mg-Based System Hydrogen Storage Alloys with AB_3-Type

The effect of heat-treatment process on the properties of Mm0.8Mg0.2(NiCoAlMn)3.5 hydrogen storage alloy was discussed . The electrochemical properties such as cycling stability, activation property, and the plateau voltage of the alloy which was heat-treated in various temperatures and times had different changes during the cycle process, the optimum heat-treatment conditions of this alloy were determined by this work.

Effects of Heat-treatment on Crystallization and Wear Property of Plasma Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings

The Fe-based amorphous coatings were produced by air plasma spraying. The as-sprayed coatings were heat-treated at the temperature of 573, 873, and 1 023 K, respectively. The crystallization and wear behavior of the heat-treated amorphous coatings were investigated. It was found that the amorphous- nanocrystalline transformation appeared when the as-sprayed coatings were treated at 853 K. The crystallization process had completed and a coating with microcrystallines was formed when the treatment temperature reached 1 023 K. The resultant amorphous and nanocrystalline composite coatings exhibited superior wear resistance compared to crystalline coating. It is attributed to fine grain strengthening of formed nanocrystallines.

Effects of Steam Heat-Treatment on Properties of Pinus massoniana Wood and Its Bonding Performance

Pinus massoniana wood was modified by steam heat-treatment at 160℃,180℃,200℃ and 220℃ respectively and effects of the changes of density,pH,surface wettability and apparent morphology of Pinus massoniana heat-treated wood on its bonding performance were studied in this paper.The results showed that Pinus massoniana wood underwent a series of physical and chemical changes during heat-treatment as the the following:(1)The degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose with low degree of polymerization,degradation and migration of the extract resulting in the decline of density and pH of heat-treated Pinus massoniana wood.(2)Brittle fracture occured on the cell wall surface,and the pit collapse,shrink and deformation,resulting in the formation of roughness and porosity on the wood surface.(3)The surface energy decreased with the improvement of temperature,the surface wettability of Pinus massoniana wood treated at 160℃–180℃ was good,while that at 200℃–220℃ showed hydrophobicity.(4)Changes of density,pH,surface roughness and porosity,and wettability resulted in a reduction in the bonding strength and reliability of heat-treated Pinus massoniana wood with MUF resin adhesive.(5)When the temperature was at 160℃–180℃,the better wettability of heat-treated Pinus massoniana wood could guarantee the better bonding performance.

Effect of Heat-treatment Temperature on HA-coated Titanium Materials

Homogeneous HA coating materials were prepared on porous titanium by the low-temperature combustion synthesis. It was found that the mechanical properties of the specimen depend on the coating process and the heat treatment, and the bending strength would be reduced during the coating process but could be improved by heat treatment. The effects of the temperature during heat- treatment on the phase composition and microstructure of the as-prepared coating, and the bending strength of the specimen were investigated by XRD and SEM. The experimental results show that in the coating process, slight oxidation of the substrate may give rise to a drop in bending strength ; however, it could be increased by the reaction of HA and TiO2 , and the sintering of the coating during heat treatment. The HA particles in the coating, with very fine sized particles. were pretty active and would decompose at 800℃.

EFFECT OF HEAT-TREATMENT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AIN/SICw(Y_2O_3+SiO_2)COMPOSITE

In the paper, the effect of heat-treatment on the strength and toughness of AIN-SiC whisker composites with Y2O3 + SiO2 additives have been studied. When the Sample confining 10wt% Y2O3+SiO2(.Y2O3/SiO2^l/0. 66) -was treated at 1330癈 in air for 140 hours ithe flexural strength of composites ivas raised from 481 MPa to 784 MPa the toughness ruas also enhanced slightly. The phase composi-tion infrastructure and grain boundary phase structure have been char-acterized by combining XDR, SEM, TEM/EDXA and HREM tech-niques, reinforcenent and toughening mechanism of the composites re-sults from the crystallization of glass phase in the grain boundary at the high temperature oxidizing atmosphere to form the crossing struc-ture of 2H?sialon fibrous phase and SiC whisker

STUDY ON HEAT-TREATMENT OF AIN/SiC_w COMPOSITES AND EFFECTS ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES

AlN-SiC whisker composites with Y2O3 and SiO2 additives were heat-treated at 1300 ℃ in air. The phase composition and microstrurture were analyzed using XRD, SEM and HREM techniques to study the effect of heat-treatment on the microstructure and properties of the composites. The results reveal that the mechanical properties and high temperature oxidation resistance of the composite of ivhich additives composition approaches the eutectic point of Y2O3-SiO2 can be improved through the heat-treatment. Glass phase in the grain boundary is observed to react with the surface composition of AlN forming fibrous 2Hδ Sialon, resulting a crossing structure produced by fibrous 2Hδ Sialon and SiC whiskers.

Effect of Seed Heat-Treatment on the Oxidative Stability of Canola Oil Body Emulsions

Enhancement of oxidative stability of canola oil extracted from seed subjected to prior heat-treatment has been attributed to heat-induced generation of antioxidants from phenolic precursors occurring in canola seed. Dispersion of aqueous extracts of intact seed oil bodies (OBs) in water is a novel and interesting way of producing natural and oxidatively stable food emulsions with minimal use of synthetic antioxidants and emulsifiers. As there is growing interest in natural food emulsions containing unsaturated oils, we investigated whether the oxidative stability of canola OB emulsions could be further improved by subjecting canola seed to heat-treatment prior to oil body extraction. Oil-in-water (5%, w/w) emulsions of OBs extracted from canola seed before and after heat-treatment were considerably more resistant to oxidation than emulsions prepared from refined canola oil and Tween? 40 emulsifier. However, only small amounts (0.9% - 4.5% by weight) of the phenolic compounds present in canola seed were transferred to the OBs after aqueous extraction, and consequently there was no discernible effect on oxidative stability as a result of prior heat-treatment of the seed. Thus, in contrast to oil, there is no oxidative stability benefit to be gained by subjecting canola seed to heat-treatment prior to extraction of OBs.

Synthesis and microwave absorption performance of heat-treated RF/SiO_(2)aerogels

The well-designed composite with satisfactory electromagnetic microwave absorption at high temperatures remains a serious challenge.Herein,we fabricated a resorcinol-formaldehyde/silica dioxide composite aerogel(RF/SiO_(2))with a three-dimensional network structure using sol-gel,atmospheric pressure drying technique as well as heat-treated processes to achieve enhanced microwave absorption capabilities in the low frequency range.The pristine RF/SiO_(2)aerogel presented a typical micropores structure with a surface area,porous volume,and density of 146.82 m^(2)/g,62.40%,and 0.28 cm^(3)/g,respectively.Remarkably,the RF/SiO_(2)aerogel showed an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.56 GHz and a minimum reflection loss value of-46.10 d B at 2.25 mm after being heat-treated at 1500°C,while the maximum effective absorption bandwidth was 3.60 GHz at 2.30 mm.The intricate three-dimensional networks possessed remarkable impedance matching,multiple attenuation mechanisms,interfacial polarization,and dielectric loss,which were attributed to the exceptional ability to absorb electromagnetic microwaves.It offered a fresh approach to creating adaptable and effective microwave absorption materials in military defense.

Heat-treated wood and its development in Europe

Efficient use of timber is a vital concern problem, especially in these regions where the forestry coverage ratio is decreasing. Studies on physical modification of wood have been taken more attention due to the increasing attentions on environmental protection. Thermal modification is emphasized and developed quickly in developing countries, especially in European countries. A large number of researches have been conducted and some industrial production plants have been built. This paper reviewed the history of heat treatment, exemplifies the industrial developments in several European countries, summarized the basic principle of heat treatment and describes the environmental characteristics. The properties of heat-treated wood and its usage are also summed up.

Effect of Ca addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-treated Mg-6.0Zn-1.2Y-0.7Zr alloy

In this study,the effects of Ca addition on the microstructure,thermal properties,and mechanical properties of a Mg-6.0Zn-1.2Y-0.7Zr(ZWK611)alloy at room temperature and 150℃ were investigated.With an increase in the Ca content,the ignition resistance of the ZWK611 alloy improved and the grains became finer.The as-cast ZWK611 alloy consisted mainly of the dendriticα-Mg matrix and I-phase(Mg_(3)Zn_(6)Y)at the grain boundaries.On the other hand,theτ-(Ca_(2)Mg_(6)Zn_(3))and I-phases were formed in the Ca-added ZWK611 alloy.The fraction of theτ-phase increased with an increase in the Ca content.After the solid-solution treatment,these phases remained partially at the grain boundaries of the Ca-added ZWK611 alloys and an additional W-phase(Mg_(3)Zn_(3)Y)was observed.The phases remaining at the grain boundaries restricted the grain growth through the grain boundary pinning effect.The aging treatment resulted in the formation of MgZn'precipitates in theα-Mg matrix of the alloys.These precipitates were more uniformly distributed in the Ca-added alloys than in the alloys without Ca.Thus,the heat treatment-induced precipitation improved the tensile and creep properties of the T6-treated alloys.The T6-treated ZWK611+0.7Ca alloy exhibited the best mechanical properties at room temperature and 150℃ among all the tested alloys.

Microstructure and cutting performance of Ti(C, N)-based cermets heat-treated in nitrogen

Ti（C, N）-based cermets were treated using hot isostatic pressing （HIP） at 1423 K in nitrogen. The microstructures compared with the as-sintered cermets were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and electron microprobe analysis. It was found that high nitrogen activity in the surface zone resulted in the formation of gradient structure. Approximately 20-1am-deep, nitrogen-rich and titanium-rich hard surface zone was introduced by the heat treatment. The nitrogen activity was the driving force that caused the transportation of the atoms through the binder, titanium towards the surface, and tungsten and molybdenum inwards. In the surface zone, the particle size became fine, the inner rim disappeared, and the volume fraction of the outer rim and the binder phase considerably reduced. Small grains of TiN, WC, Mo2C, and nitrogen-rich carbonitlide phases formed in the surface zone during the heat treatment, improving the tlibological property of the heat-treated cermet.

Study on Weathering Behavior of Jack Pine Heat-Treated under Different Conditions

It is of considerable importance to investigate the influence of weathering on the degradation processes of heat-treated wood. Kiln-dried （untreated）jack pine （Pinus banksiana） and jack pine heat-treated at three different temperatures （190 ℃, 200 ℃, and 210 ℃） were exposed to artificial weathering for different periods in order to understand the degradation processes due to weathering. Before and after exposure, their color and wettability by water were determined. Structural changes and chemical modifications at exposed surfaces were also investigated using SEM （scanning electron spectroscopy）, FTIR （Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy）, and XPS （X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy）. The results revealed that the photo-degradation of lignin and the presence of extractives play important roles in color change and wetting behavior of heat-treated wood surfaces during weathering. The structural changes also influence the wettability. The effects of weathering for woods heat-treated under different conditions were similar, but different from those for untreated wood.

Effectiveness of Bark Extracts and CeO2 Nano Particles as Coating Additives for the Protection of Heat-Treated Jack Pine

High temperature heat-treatment of wood, which is value-added green product, is one of the altematives to chemical treatment. It has better dimensional stability, thermal insulating properties and biological resistance compared to kiln dried wood. It also has dark brown color which is very important for decorative purposes. Unfortunately, this color changes during weathering. Developing a transparent and non-toxic coating for the protection of heat-treated wood against discoloration without changing its natural appearance is the main objective of this study. For this purpose, waterborne acrylic polyurethane base was chosen because of its durability against weathering and non-toxic nature. Natural antioxidants which are extracted from barks and CeO2 nano particles （alone or together with lignin stabilizer） were used as additives to develop different coatings. The protective characteristics of these coatings were compared with highly pigmented and toxic industrial coating under accelerated weathering conditions. The results showed that acrylic polyurethane coatings protected wood better compared to commercially available coating tested in this study. The chemical modifications during accelerated weathering of coated and heat-treated wood surfaces were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The morphological changes took place during weathering were studied by fluorescence microscope analysis.

Facile synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic H_2-evolution performance of NiS_2-modified g-C_3N_4 photocatalysts

NiS2 is a promising cocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 for the production of H2.However,the synthesis of the NiS2 cocatalyst usually requires harsh conditions,which risks destroying the microstructures of the g-C3N4 photocatalysts.In this study,a facile and low-temperature（80 ℃） impregnation method was developed to prepare NiS2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts.First,the g-C3N4 powders were processed by the hydrothermal method in order to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups（such as-OH and-C0NH-） to the surface of g-C3N4.Then,the Ni^2＋ ions could be adsorbed near the g-C3N4 via strong electrostatic interaction between g-C3N4 and Ni^2＋ ions upon the addition of Ni（NO3）2 solution.Finally,NiS2 nanoparticles were formed on the surface of g-C3N4 upon the addition of TAA.It was found that the NiS2 nanoparticles were solidly and homogeneously grafted on the surface of g-C3N4,resulting in greatly improved photocatalytic H2production.When the amount of NiS2 was 3 wt%,the resultant NiS2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst showed the highest H2 evolution rate（116.343 μmol h^-1 g^-1）,which is significantly higher than that of the pure g-C3N4（3 μmol h^-1 g^-1）.Moreover,the results of a recycling test for the NiS2/g-C3N4（3 wt%）sample showed that this sample could maintain a stable and effective photocatalytic H2-evolution performance under visible-light irradiation.Based on the above results,a possible mechanism of the improved photocatalytic performance was proposed for the presented NiS2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts,in which the photogenerated electrons of g-C3N4 can be rapidly transferred to the NiS2 nanoparticles via the close and continuous contact between them;then,the photogenerated electrons rapidly react with H2O adsorbed on the surface of NiS2,which has a surficial metallic character and high catalytic activity,to produce H2.Considering the mild and facile synthesis method,the presented low-cost and highly efficient NiS2-modified g-C3N4 photocatalysts would have great potential for practical use in photocatalytic H2 production.

High temperature oxidation behavior of Ti(Al,Si)_3 diffusion coating on γ-TiAl by cold spray

A Ti(Al,Si)3 diffusion coating was prepared on γ-TiAl alloy by cold sprayed Al?20Si alloy coating, followed by a heat-treatment. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were conducted at 900 °C for 1000 h and 120 cycles to check the oxidation resistance of the coating. The microstructure and phase transformation of the coating before and after the oxidation were studied by SEM, XRD and EPMA. The results indicate that the diffusion coating shows good oxidation resistance. The mass gain of the diffusion coating is only a quarter of that of bare alloy. After oxidation, the diffusion coating is degraded into three layers: an inner TiAl2 layer, a two-phase intermediate layer composed of a Ti(Al,Si)3 matrix and Si-rich precipitates, and a porous layer because of the inter-diffusion between the coating and substrate.

Significantly improved corrosion resistance of Mg-15Gd-2Zn-0.39Zr alloys: Effect of heat-treatment

The effects of heat-treatment on corrosion behavior of Mg-15Gd-2Zn-0.39Zr alloys were investigated through microstructure characterization, corrosion tests, and scanning Kelvin probe force microscope(SKPFM) analysis. In long-term corrosion experiments, the corrosion rates of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloys were mainly determined by the effects of micro-galvanic corrosion. During heat-treatment, the β-(Mg,Zn)3Gd eutectic phase in as-cast alloys transformed into a long-period stacking ordered(LPSO) phase, coupled with the precipitation of small precipitates. As heat-treatment proceeded, the local potential and the volume fraction of the LPSO phases reduced gradually compared with the eutectic phase, which resulted in a remarkable decrease of the micro-galvanic effect between the second phase and Mg matrix. As a result, the corrosion resistance of heat-treated alloys improved significantly.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Silica Aerogels Prepared via Ambient Drying

Silica aerogels were prepared at ambient drying by using ethanol/trimethylchlorosilane （TMCS）/heptane solution as pore water exchange and surface modification of the wet gel before drying. The obtained silica aerogels exhibit a sponge-like structure with uniform pore size distribution. The effects of heat-treatment on the hydrophobicity, specific surface area and other properties were investigated. The results indicated that the hydrophobicity of silica aerogels could be maintained up to 350℃. With increasing heating temperature, hydrophobicity decreased, and became completely hydrophilic after heat-treatment at 500℃. Brunaueremmitt-teller （BET） surface area results indicated that the specific surface area of silica aerogels increased with increasing heating temperature in the range of 150-500℃. The effects of heat-treatment on the morphology and chemical bonding state of silica aerogels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, differential temperature analysis （DTA） and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）.

Morphology and carbon content of WC-6%Co nanosized composite powders prepared using glucose as carbon source

Pure WC-6%Co nanosized composite powders were synthesized via a low-temperature method.The effects of carbon source on microstructure characteristic of composite powders were investigated,and the effects of heat-treatment parameter on carbon content of composite powders were also discussed.The results of SEM and XRD revealed that the carbon decomposing from glucose was more active than carbon black.Therefore,WC-Co nanosized composite powders could be synthesized at 900°C for 1 h under a hydrogen atmosphere.The individual WC grains were bonded together into a long strip under the action of cobalt.The results of carbon analysis revealed that the total carbon content decreased with the increase of the temperature in the range of 800-1000°C.Moreover,the total carbon content and the compounded carbon increased with the increase of the flow rate of H2 in the range of 1.1-1.9 m3/h.

Effect of post heat-treatment on the microstructure and high-temperature oxidation behavior of precipitation hardened IN738LC superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting

The present study investigated the effect of as-built and post heat-treated microstructures of IN738LC alloy fabricated via selective laser melting process on high temperature oxidation behavior.The as-built microstructure showed fine cell and columnar structure due to high cooling rate.Ti element segregation was observed in inter-cell/inter-columnar area.After post heat-treatment,the initially-observed cell structure disappeared,instead bimodal Ni_3(Al,Ti)particles formed.High temperature(1273 K and 1373 K)oxidation test results showed parabolic oxidation curves regardless of temperature and initial microstructure.The as-built IN738LC fabricated via the selective laser melting process displayed oxidation resistance similar to or slightly better than that of IN738LC fabricated via wrought or cast process.Heat-treated SLM IN738LC,although had similar oxidation weight-gain values to those of the SLM asbuilt material at 1273K,showed relatively better oxidation resistance at 1373 K.Bimodal Ni_3(Al,Ti)precipitate formed in the post heat treatment changed the local chemical composition,thereby led to changes in alumina former/chromia former location and fraction on the alloy surface.It was concluded that in heat-treated IN738LC increased alumina former fraction was found,and this resulted in excellent oxidation resistance and relatively low weight-gain.