Supplementation of different fat sources affects growth performance and carcass composition of finishing pigs

Background: There are various fat sources with different energy values and fatty acid compositions that may affect growth performance and carcass composition of grow-finishing pigs. A higher net energy was recently reported in choice white grease compared with soybean oil. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine whether practical responses confirm that difference between choice white grease and soybean oil, and to extend the observations to other fat sources.Results: In Exp. 1, pigs fed fats had lower(P < 0.05) average daily feed intake in phase II and overall period,greater(P < 0.05) gain:feed in phase I, phase II, and overall period than pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed fats tended(P = 0.057) to have thicker backfat depth at the last rib than those fed control. Pigs fed 6% fats had greater(P < 0.01) gain:feed in phase II and overall period than pigs fed 3% fats. During phase I, pigs fed choice white grease grew faster(P < 0.05) than pigs fed soybean oil. In Exp. 2, pigs fed dietary fats(soybean oil, choice white grease, animal-vegetable blend, palm oil, or tallow) had greater(P < 0.01) gain:feed in each phase and overall period, greater(P < 0.01) average daily gain in phase I, but lower(P < 0.01) average daily feed intake in phase II an overall than pigs fed the control diets. The choice white grease also increased(P < 0.05) average daily gain during phase I compared with soybean oil. Pigs fed palm oil had thicker(P < 0.05) backfat depth at the 10 thrib than those fed soybean oil, animal-vegetable blend, or tallow.Conclusions: Inclusion of 6% dietary fat improved feed efficiency of finishing pigs, while different fats produced different practical results that may be consistent with their different energy values. Results from the early stage indicate that dietary fats with relatively more saturated fatty acids may provide greater energy than those with relatively more unsaturated fatty acids for growing pigs.

Effects of the Sheep Polyclonal Antibodies Against the Porcine Adipocyte Plasma Membrane Proteins on Porcine Carcass Composition and Meat Quality

To detect the effects of the polyclonal antibodies raised in sheep against porcine adipocyte plasma membranes on the porcine carcass composition and meat quality, 30 pigs assigned into 6 treatment groups were given intraperitoneal injections of sheep antipig adipocyte plasma membrane immunoglobulin （ASIg） or sheep nonimmune serum immunoglobulin （NSIg）. At the end of the experiment, the pigs were slaughtered at 90 kg body weight, and carcasses and meat quality were evaluated. The results showed that when pigs intraperitoneally immunized with 20 or 30 mg ASIg at 15 kg body weight, 20 mg purified ASIg twice at 15 and 60 kg body weight, or 20 mg purified ASIg at 60 kg body weight, respectively, their lean meat percentage, fat meat percentage, backfat thickness, loin eye area leaf fat weight, caul fat weight, heart weight, liver weight, and kidney weight were significantly affected. However, the kidney weight, lurrg weight, dressing percentage, and spleen weight did not remarkably change. Our results indicated that pigs intraperitoneally immunized with 20 or 30 mg ASIg at 15 kg body weight, and 20 mg ASIg twice at 15 and 60 kg body weight, have significantly different drip loss rate, cooked meat ratio, tenderness, storage loss rate, muscle fiber diameter, moisture content, dry matter content, crude protein content, and crude fat content from the control group that received 20 mg NSIg at 15 kg body weight. However, meat pH, meat color value, meat marbling score, inosinate, and myohemoglobin were not significantly affected. Our results indicated ASIg could not significantly affect the content of most muscular amino acids and intramuscular fatty acids.

Carcass Characteristics and Environmental Parameters Effects on Carcass Composition of Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep

In this study, data of body weight at slaughter （SW; n = 465）, hot carcass weight （HCW; n = 465）, cold carcass weight （CCW; n = 401）, carcass lean weight （CLW; n = 314）, carcass bone weight （CBW; n = 401）, carcass total fat weight （CTFW; n = 314） and fat-tail weight （FTW; n = 401） in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep were measured to determine their possible use in breeding programmers aimed at improving ability to carcass quality in this breed. Lambs were slaughtered at 195 ＋ 27 days of age. The method of slaughtering and cultting was Iranian cutting approach. SAS procedures were used for the statistical analysis. Means and their respective standard deviations for SW, HCW, CCW, CLW, CBW, CTFW and FTW were 45.41 ± 6.86, 22.81 ± 4.32, 22.53 ± 4.18, 11.14 ± 1.71, 3.47 ± 0.43, 7.19 ± 2.42 and 3.65 ± 1.37 kg, respectively. The coefficients of variation for CTFW and FTW were 33.62 percent and 38.01 percent, respectively. Environmental effects of kind of rearing after weaning and type of birth on HCW, CCW, CLW, CTFW and FTW traits were significant. Consequently, considerable variation exists for carcass composition traits, especially for carcass fat and fat-tail.

Effect of N-methyl-aspartate and Betaine on Growth Perfor-mance and Correlation Between Growth Hormone,Growth Performance and Carcass Composition in Finishing Pigs

Ninety finishing pigs were selected to study the effect of N-methyl-aspartate and betaine on the internal growth hormone level in the serum and the correlation between the growth hormone level, growth performance and carcass characteristic of finishing pig. The study showed that the two matters could improve pig growth and carcass composition significantly. The correlation analyses indicated that the growth hormone and IGF-I have a positive correlation with the growth rate. Carcass lean ratio, longissimus dorsi area, serum free fatty acid and lipase activity have a negative correlation with the feed conversion ratio, carcass fat ratio and urine nitrogen. But the growth hormone is more effective than IGF-I (P<0.01). The results implicated that both the two matters may act through growth hormone axis (growth hormone - IGF-I) to manipulate pig growth.

Effect of High Digestible Essential Amino Acids on Weight Gains and Carcass Compositions of Laying Hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high digestible essential amino acids （DEAA） on weight gains and carcass compositions of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty lsa Brown hens in five replications per treatment （12 birds/replicate） were used. Six experimental diets which contained of treatment 1 （negative control） as the conventional layer diet are recommended by NRC （1994） while another dietary treatments; treatments 2 （positive control）, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were formulated to meet 100%, 110%, 120%, 130% and 140% of Standard Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels （SIDLL） without crude protein minimum, while methionine （Met）, threonine （Thre） and tryptophan （Tryp） as related by Ideal Protein Concept （IPC） which suggested by NRC （1994） and INRA （2004）. However, metabolizable energy （ME）, calcium and available phosphorus （Avai P） levels of all experimental diets were meet requirement as recommended by NRC （1994）. The experiment was assigned in CRD and laying hens fed dietary treatments from 28 to 44 weeks of age and cage was the experimental unit （3 hens/cage）. The result shown that percentages of thigh （TP）, feet （FP）, drumstick （DP）, heart （HP）, liver （LP） and gizzard （GP） were not affected by dietary treatment. However, weight gains （WG） and percentage of dressed weight （DWP）, eviscerate weight （EWP） and breast （BP） were increased （P 〈 0.05） and abdominal fat was reduced （P 〈 0.05） when birds fad diets containing 130% of SIDLL as compared with control group and another dietary treatments, when increasing the DEAA levels upper to 130% of SIDLL. The result indicated that diets formulated without crude protein minimum and increased DEAA resulted in increasing the efficiency of converting metabolizable energy （ME） to net energy （NE） for increasing weight gain and improved meat products while fat deposition in carcass composition was reduced.

The Effect of High Temperature and Clenb- uterol on Performance and Carcass Composition of Broilers

AA female broilers were used to examine the effect of high temperature and β-agonist Clenbuterol (CL) on performance, carcass composition, efficiency of the deposition of energy and protein in diet, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The trial was 2×2 factorial design with four replicates. Experimental period was last for 24 days from 29 to 52 days after birth. There were four groups in the trial: normal temperature with no CL, nomal temperature with CL, high temperature with no CL and high temperature with CL. The normal terperature was 22±1℃, high temperature was 32±1℃. The lever of CL was administred at 3mg·kg -1 feed. There were three days withdrawal of CL before the end of the trial. The results showed that: (1) High temperature had a significantly negative influence on performance. Where feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly reduced so that daily feed intake and daily weight gain reduced by 12.6% (P<0.01) and 14.4% (P<0.01), respectively. Feed/gain ratio increased by 1.9% (P<0.05). (2) At high temperature, body protein and water content decreased by 9.4% (P<0.05) and by 2.0% (P<0.05), respectively. Body fat content increased 12.4% (P<0.01). (3) Abdorminal fat significantly increased (P<0.01) at high temperature, compared with that at the normal temperature, where carcass fat ratio and abdominal fat ratio increase 5.8% and 26.4%, respectively. (4) In this trial, CL reduced feed intake significantly (P<0.01) by 6.6% and 5.1% at the normal and high temperature during the whole test period, respectively. CL had no significant influence on daily weight gain (P>0.05), but reduced feed/gain ratio by 5.0% and 5.3% at normal and high temperature, respectively. (5) Carcass analysis indicated that the CL-fed birds had a significantly higher carcass protein content (P<0.01) and lower carcass fat content (P<0.01), where body protein content increased 4.4% and 12.7% and body fat content reduced 16.0% and 17.1% for the normal and high temperature, respectively. (6) Carcass characteristics indicated that CL reduced skin fat ratio by 7.6% (P<0.01) and abdominal fat ratio 8.5% (P<0.01) at the normal temperature; at high temperature, reduced by 14% and 24%, respectively. CL increased breast musle ratio by 14.1% and 3.2%, and increased leg muscle ratio 5.2% and 3.2% at the normal and high temperature, respectively. (7) CL had no negative influence on meat quality. (8) High temperature did not change the function of CL to increase protein deposition and reduce fat deposition.