An Analysis of Ophelia in Hamlet from the Perspective of Feminist Care Ethic

Through the ages, Ophelia in Hamlet has long been regarded as a childish maid. This thesis will give an analysis of Ophelia's growth from the perspective of feminist care ethic developmental stages theory, trying to illustrate that in the play Ophelia has experienced ethical development and has arrived at ethical maturity in the end.

Examination of a Benchmark for Ethical Care Competence in Basic Nursing Education

Objectives: With rapid advancements in medical care, nurses are confronted with ethical issues on a daily basis. If new nurses are introduced to the clinical setting without having acquired sufficient ethical judgment skills in basic nursing education, they are unable to respond to the ethical dilemmas they face. This results in learned helplessness, which can lead to burnout and turnover. Therefore, it is imperative to develop educational programs where there is a natural progression from basic to continuing nursing. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a nationwide survey using the Nursing Student Care Ethical Competence Scale to present a benchmark for the assessment of this skill and facilitate continuity in nursing education. Methods: From February to March 2019, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 4930 final-year nursing students enrolled in nursing colleges, junior colleges, and technical schools nationwide. The survey consisted of 29 items on ethical behavior, 26 items on ethics knowledge, and seven items on personal attributes. For the analysis, we calculated percentiles for the five standards of nursing students’ ethical care competence: safe care provision, respecting self-determination, protecting personal information, providing the best care, and upholding patients’ dignity. Results: Responses were obtained from 1505 nursing students (collection rate 30.5%, valid response rate 30.5%). The 80th percentile (minimum value-maximum value) was 128 (38 - 145) points for the ethical competence of nursing students, 37 (11 - 40) points for safe care provision, 28 (4 - 31) points for respect for self-determination, 23 (5 - 25) points for protection of personal information, 23 (5 - 25) points for best care provision, and 13 (3 - 15) points for respect for personal dignity. Discussion: The 80th percentile was established as the benchmark for ethical care competence. Conclusion: Based on these criteria, nursing students can objectively assess their ethical behavior, allowing them to understand their strengths and weaknesses, articulate their challenges, and learn autonomously.

Post Mid-Staffordshire Inquiries Reaction, in and about the National Health Service (NHS), England. The Missing Pieces: Organizational, Care and Virtue Ethics Perspectives

The release of the Mid Staffordshire hospital report otherwise called the Francis report once again ignited the debate about the issue of abuse of especially vulnerable patients, while navigating the care pathway as inpatients in hospitals;within the National health service (NHS), England. Once more the official reaction from the NHS directorate is more “standards” to monitor failed standards in patient care. Of interest in the official responses so far, are the unheard voices addressing the issue of healthcare and organizational ethics concerns that need revisiting. This article seeks to revisit practice, systems and care issues leading to incidents of the type of the Staffordshire abuses, and the important but yet unheralded place of organizational and care ethics in helping to curb such abuses from re-occurring.

The Impact of Health Care Reform Initiatives on Ethical Conflict and Opportunities for Nurses to Improve Quality of Care While Enhancing Their Work Environments

Background: After more than a decade of the nursing profession contending that healthcare reform based almost exclusively on cost cutting was creating an array of serious ethical issues for nurses, healthcare organizations and other providers are now facing increasing demands primarily from payers to demonstrate improvement in both quality of care and patient experience along with continued cost reduction. Research Question: Have efforts by healthcare organizations to comply with these recently imposed requirements influenced the ethical environment faced by nurses and nurse leaders and if so, how? Materials and Methods: Data for assessing the current ethical environment was gathered with a close-ended survey mailed in October 2012 to a random sample of 3000 members of the American Organization of Nurse Executives. Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis of the data and comparison with the findings of a similar study conducted in 2000 indicated that along with five highly rated issues in the earlier study attributed largely to economic constraints imposed by healthcare organizations, the top-10 key ethical issues today included five issues primarily attributable to interprofessional conflict. Conclusion: Given the success of many ongoing efforts aimed at weakening these key sources of ethical conflict that have blocked many proposals to improve the quality of care, opportunities should arise for the nursing profession to more fully achieve its goals of improving the quality of care, safety and patient satisfaction and enhancing nurses’ work environments essential to that effort.

The effects of ethical dilemmas regarding the use of physical restraints in eldercare on female nurses who care for their relatives in Japan

Purpose: This study sought to clarify the relationship between a nurse’s exposure to elderly relatives and their perspective in using restraints on the elderly in health care situations. Methods: We approached nursing staff supervisors at 17 general hospital wards and explained the objectives of the study. Supervisors at 14 hospitals agreed to participate, giving us a sampling pool of 1929 nurses. We used a chi square test to compare nurses who had spent time with elderly relatives and those who had not on several variables related to using restraints on elderly patients. Results and Conclusion: This study found that nurses who live with elderly family members were significantly more likely to believe that restraints cause diseases (including chronic diseases) based on a chi square test (p < 0.05). Therefore it would be important that essential was the experiences of individuals with elderly family members when making programs of decreasing nurse’s dilemma to restraining the elderly.

Considerations in Dealing with Ethical Conflict Encountered in Healthcare Reform: Perceptions of Nurse Leaders

With the nursing profession continuing to face an array of ethical issues, the article reports the findings of a survey of members of the American Organization of Nurse Executives conducted in 2012 to determine the extent to which nurse leaders at different organization levels perceive various factors in their personal, professional and organizational environments to be helpful in resolving ethical dilemmas. After their personal values, nurse leaders perceive factors related to their organization to be more helpful than those related to their profession, including, among others, the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics. The two highest rated business-related factors deal with the absence of pressure to compromise one’s own ethical standards which suggests that one way healthcare organizations can assist nurses and their leaders is by neither explicitly nor implicitly pressuring them to go against their own ethical values. Other key factors related to the organization include formal organizational factors such as the existence of an ethics committee or a person to whom unethical activity can be reported as well as more informal factors related to organizational climate such as the actions and responsiveness of one’s immediate boss, the ability to go beyond one’s boss if necessary, the organizational culture, management philosophy, and management’s communication of appropriate ethical behavior. Comparison of the findings of the 2012 survey with those of a similar study conducted in 2000 indicated the four factors perceived as most helpful in both studies were identical with the same rank order and the top-10 factors were identical with some differences in ranking. Further analysis indicated the relative degree of helpfulness of the 17 help factors common to both studies was perceived by responding nurse leaders as quite similar overall. The authors also discuss the implications for the profession and the healthcare industry today and in the future.

Revolutionizing Healthcare—The Integration of Virtual Worlds, AR, and Metaverse Technology

This paper explores the transformative impact of virtual worlds, augmented reality (AR), and the metaverse in the healthcare sector. It delves into the ways these technologies are reshaping patient care, medical education, and research, while also addressing the challenges and opportunities they present. The paper highlights the potential benefits of these technologies and emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines to ensure responsible integration. Finally it outlines their transformative impact and discusses the challenges and opportunities they present for the future of healthcare provision.

吉利根性别伦理视角下《布鲁斯特街的女人们》中的女性关怀与成长

格洛丽亚·内勒(Gloria Naylor,1950~2016)是美国当代杰出的黑人女作家,其首部作品《布鲁斯特街的女人们》(The Women of Brewster Place,1982)展现了美国黑人社区中多位女性的生存状态。本文结合吉利根(Carol Gilligan)的性别伦理,聚焦作品中处于三种道德发展阶段不同女性角色的道德判断与选择,探讨了性别与种族双重压迫下黑人女性群体的自我成长与相互关怀,从性别差异角度考察了女性道德的自主性,倡导女性关怀他人与关怀自我多元发展。

人工智能养老的伦理困境反思

人工智能养老是人工智能与养老服务相互融合而形成的新兴领域。中国社会正值人口老龄化、高龄化的加速期与上升期,人工智能为满足老年人的健康需求提供前所未有的契机,也面临着严峻的伦理难题和挑战。面向老年人的人工智能伦理治理,应坚持以人为本的价值立场,以增进老年人福祉为价值目标。理念赋能,维护老年人的权利与尊严;关系赋能,倡导多方协作共担责任的伦理治理;技术赋能,弥合老年数字鸿沟;心理赋能,提升老年人内在自我效能。

For a Pedagogy of Care

Today, philosophy as well as other sciences identifies care as a primary concept to reflect upon, and if we contemplate our own experience, the ontological and existential primacy of caring becomes apparent. Starting from these premises, it is fundamental to reinterpret education from the perspective of the concept of care. To contribute to the development of this pedagogical debate, the aim of this paper is to identify the ways of behaving which qualify the competence of an educator as capable of providing care. This is a central pedagogical question; indeed, since the practice of care occurs in relationships where the educator is the subject responsible for ensuring that the relationship is permeated by care. As such, a core task of pedagogical reflection is identifying the relational postures which shape good care.

Care and Estrangement in Mother-Child Relationship in Sula

Motherhood is one of the unavoidable themes of Toni Morrison’s Sula.However,motherhood manifests itself more as split and disconnection than affection and comfort in this novel.From the perspective of the ethic of care,we will find that motherhood is rather complicated and fraught with conflicts.The onus of parenthood care has traditionally fallen on the mother.The reality is that mother care is not as guaranteed and unconditional as readers used to believe.The performance of mother care is actually subject to many hindrances even though the mother may entertain a profound love towards her child.In this story,we may find that racial oppression,financial hardship,emotional burden,children’s depressing response,etc.,all exemplify these hindrances.Lack of care,thus,can lead to the disconnection and estrangement between mother and child.This novel dispels the myth of unconditional maternal love and presents to us the complicatedness of motherhood.

长期护理保险居家护理项目的伦理基础与制度保障

长期护理保险居家护理项目包括家庭照护类和上门护理类,以孝道文化和尊老敬老文化为伦理基础。各地试点政策均对居家护理项目进行了规定。但家庭照护类项目中参保人家属在确定非正式护理人员和维系家庭照护质量中承受着伦理压力,上门护理类项目中上门护理员在维系护理质量和上门护理市场中承受着伦理压力。制度解决相关伦理问题,应允许参保老年人自由选择现金或服务支付,推进家政行业建设,对家庭照护质量维系提供支持,并建立统一的居家上门护理质量标准和考核制度,建立针对养老服务机构上门护理的惩罚和退出制度。

Studying the Reinforcement Effect of a Seminar on Ethical Practices among Pediatric Nurses

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of a seminar to continuously reinforce ethical nursing practices among pediatric nurses. Methods: This seminar was based on a 24-point pediatric nursing care model (PNCM) that provided specific examples of basic ethical nursing practices for children undergoing medical procedures and their families. Participants’ knowledge level and application frequencies, regarding these practices, were assessed face-to-face in the first session and via email 2 and 5 months later, using the PNCM checklist and qualitative data about ethical practices. Results: Results revealed that 8 PNCM items about frequency remained the same as the first session after 5 months;however, 16 items reported increased application. The qualitative data collected 2 months later suggested that the nurses could have adapted better to implement ethical pediatric nursing;however, the one collected 5 months later confirmed the effect of the seminar on ethical nursing practices with children and their families. The continuous effect of the seminar became more evident from the responses received 5 months later than those received 2 months later. Conclusions: The findings confirmed a reinforced effect on ethical pediatric nursing practice with child patients and their parents after 5 months.

Preliminary Study of the Organizational Ethical Climate and its Enhance-ment Methods for Taiwan and Shanghai

This paper investigates the types of the organizationalethical climate for both Taiwan and Shanghai,and thedifference between their enhancement methods in orderto provide both parties with a reference for effectivelyforming an ethical climate,and thus help establish busi-ness ethics.This survey was based on an empiricalstudy,utilizing questionnaires which were a combinationof past literatures with ready-made questionnaires con-ducted on eight hundred and seventeen valid samplesfrom both parties.The results showed that"law andcode"and"caring"are main ethical climate types forboth parties,which also indicates the norms of"caring"and"law and code"on enhancement methods of an ethi-cal climate.Both parties emphasize"changing organiza-tional culture"to enhance ethical climate,yet Shanghaiexclusively places stresses on"executives’supervisingsubordinates’behaviors",revealing its organizations’strong tendency to avoiding transgression.It was alsofound that diverse organizations represent different ethi-cal

家庭医生服务制度的健康伦理、现实挑战与机制完善

人文关怀、契约精神与资源分配是家庭医生服务制度健康伦理的核心指向,该制度在实践运作中存在诸多健康伦理的现实挑战。人文关怀理念的培养,必须强化全科医学人文教育的规范化与家庭医生执业中人文教育的制度化;签约服务信任关系的养成,应力求实现家庭医生服务制度的规范化且应充分考虑不同人群的特殊需要,加强家庭医生服务平台的信息化建设;签约服务首诊秩序的形成,除了人文关怀理念与签约服务信任的相关制度完善外,还应采取诱导性的制度设计,合理调整与配置医疗卫生资源,引导居民逐步养成科学的健康理念与有序的就医习惯。

缓和医疗中的伦理学问题

随着医疗理念的更新,缓和医疗已成为生命终末期患者照护的重要组成部分,与此同时,其所涉及的伦理学问题日益凸显。本文通过综述国内外缓和医疗伦理学相关研究,旨在梳理缓和医疗中5个关键的伦理学问题,包括讲真话、预立照护计划、维生干预的使用、缓和镇静、安乐死和协助死亡与缓和医疗的关系,为缓和医疗实践提供了伦理学视角,以期帮助从事缓和医疗的专业人员加深认知,更好地为患者及其家属提供高质量照护,同时为相关法律法规和政策的制定提供参考。

An Ethical Practice Intervention Program for Pediatric Nurses with Varied Nursing Experience

Aim: This study aimed to elucidate experience-related differences in the impact of an intervention program promoting ethical nursing practices among pediatric nurses with 0 - 5 years’ experience in varying settings. Methods: The pediatric nursing care model, defining 24 elements of pediatric nursing practice, was developed to educate nurses with pediatric nursing experience only, as well as those with experience in other settings, on ethical nursing practices toward pediatric patients and their families. Participants’ level of knowledge and frequency of application of these practices were assessed before, directly after and two months after the intervention, with a final follow-up three months post-intervention. Results: Results showed that among those who have experience in nursing areas other than pediatrics, the frequency of practicing items related to children’s rights and dignity significantly increased (p Conclusions: Participants showed an increased awareness of issues related to ethical pediatric nursing practice for patients’ and their parents.

关怀伦理学视野下的人与非人动物关系探析

当代关怀伦理学注重利用关系进路来研究人和动物之间的关系,而唐纳森和金里卡则进一步把公民资格理论运用到这一研究,通过区分不同类别的人和非人动物关系,来讨论人对它们的责任和义务。但该理论因无法有效回应非人动物是否可以公民化等一系列问题而遭到反驳。如果同样从关系进路展开,依托移情理论而非公民资格理论,把人类不同程度的移情运用到对家人、朋友和陌生人之上,进而用这三类关系类比家养动物、边缘动物和野生动物,并指出不同程度的移情关怀对应不同程度的责任和义务,就能够克服公民资格理论的缺陷,对关系进路下人与非人动物的关系研究提供了一种新的方法。

聊城地区医护人员安宁疗护认知及态度调查分析

目的调查聊城地区医护人员对安宁疗护的认知及态度现状,并分析相关影响因素,为进一步开展安宁疗护服务提供参考。方法采取便利抽样方法,于2022年1—6月选取404名聊城地区各级医院的医护人员为研究对象,进行安宁疗护知识及态度问卷调查,利用统计学方法进行相关影响因素分析。结果聊城地区医护人员安宁疗护的知识得分为(13.02±4.10)分,平均得分率为65.10%,态度得分为(38.67±5.64)分,平均得分率为64.50%。年龄(41~50)岁、接受过教育培训、医治或护理过中晚期患者、了解伦理道德和文化习俗与知识得分成正相关(P<0.05)。年龄(>50岁)、职称(副高级职称)、岗位(医疗)、医治或护理过中晚期患者会对态度得分产生显著的正向影响关系(P<0.05)。结论聊城地区医护人员对安宁疗护的认知和态度处于中等水平,加强建设规范的安宁疗护体系有助于提高医护人员的安宁疗护认知及态度水平。

中国基本养老服务制度的伦理向度

基本养老服务制度关乎伦理,蕴含遵循以人民为中心的核心价值、彰显共建共享的顶层设计、聚焦正义和效率的协调统一、秉持公共善和个体善相辅相成的伦理属性;在制度的执行和贯彻中存在保基本与需求多样性的差距、传统代际养老责任意识与普惠性相背离、资源配置的均衡性不足等方面的实然伦理困境;只有聚焦基本养老服务责任的顺序性和协同性相结合、传统孝老爱亲文化的创造性转化和创新性发展、基本养老服务分配形式公平和实质公平相统一等应然伦理路径,基本养老服务制度建设才能在“善”的应然方向彰显更大效能。