For People's Right to Safety Of Lives and Health——On development of health-related human rights in China

Medical and health work constitutes the prerequisite to protection of the people's right to safety of lives and health. Over the past decades, the Chinese Government has spared no effort in this regard and, as a result, the Chinese people's health has significantly improved. In the nationwide fight against the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic in the first half of 2003, the Government placed the health of the Chinese people and the safety of their lives above everything else. With a huge input of human, financial and material resources, the country won a decisive victory over the epidemic. Following is the full text of an interview by Human Rights with Gao Qiang, executive vice-minister of the Ministry of Health, on China's medical and health work and how it is related to protection of human rights.

Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People's Living and Its Regional Disparity in the North of China

By employing the information-reshufflingmethod that integrates census data, precipitation dataand inquiry data of water consumption, this paperdiscusses 5 (water consumption coefficient of people’sliving) in allusion to different precipitation zones anddifferent periods of time. The study shows that 5-(water consumption coefficient of urban people’sliving), 5. (water consumption coefficient of ruralpeople’s living) and increase with time passing, andthe increasing extent of 5 is 1.84, 2.62, 2.84 and 2.68times respectively from the west to the east, whichresults from the total quantity of water resources andthe speed of urbanization. 5- and 5. of eachprecipitation zone increased with 5- increasing morequickly than 5., and the difference between the twoalso increased when time passed. In the past fifty years(1950-2000), the increasing extent of 5- was 1.71,2.96, 2.41 and 2.33 times respectively from the westto the east, in which 200-400mm precipitation zoneincreased more than others. Meanwhile the increasingextent of 5. is 1.55, 1.60, 1.53 and 1.64 timesrespectively from the west to the east with eachprecipitation zone increasing similarly. The change of5-is due to the speed of urbanization and the stabilityof water resources. This study provides basis forcalculating the water demand of people’s living andrevealing the impact of water demand of people’s livingon ecological drought in different zones.

Stigma and Discrimination against People Living with HIV and AIDS in Malawi

A study was conducted to explore stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV and AIDS who were on home based care in the Lilongwe district of Malawi. The study design was descriptive through sectional and utilized qualitative data collection and analysis method. Fifteen people living with HIV and AIDS, aged between 15 and 60 years were purposively sampled from three organizations, which were: Light House, National Association for people living with HIV and AIDS in Malawi and Lilongwe Diocese. Qualitative data were collected using an open ended interview guide during in-depth face to face interviews with the participants. The data were analysed using ATLAS. ti 5.0. Results show that all the participants were facing stigma and discrimination because they were living with HIV and AIDS. Distant relatives were the main source of stigma and discrimination followed by friends and church members. Most participants indicated that they felt they were discriminated because HIV infection is associated with bad behaviours such as prostitution or promiscuity. However some of them complained that they contracted the virus from their married partners and hence they did not deserve to be stigmatized or discriminated against. Results show that there is a need for creation of awareness among community members on the transmission of HIV and the need for home based care for the chronically ill people living with HIV and AIDS.

Determination of a Cut-Off Point of a Scale for Achievement Motive in Geriatrics That Predicts the Frequency of Undertaking Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Community-Dwelling Elderly People

Background: Among elderly people, rehabilitation is important for reducing the risk of falls and hospitalization and to maintain an independent life for longer. Motivation is a factor for elderly people to lead an active daily life and leave home more frequently. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to determine the optimal cut-off point in the Scale for Achievement Motive in Geriatrics (SAMG) that could identify individuals as inactive or active, based on the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI), and to compare characteristics between active and inactive groups classified by the cut-off point. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 285 community-dwelling elderly people measured SAMG and FAI and physical function. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) that was the optimal cut-off point for the SAMG total score, with the associated sensitivity and 1-specificity when compared with the FAI results. Demographic parameters and physical function were compared between two groups defined by cut-off point. Results: The AUC was 0.78, the optimal cut-off for SAMG total score for indicating inactivity was ≤48, the sensitivity was 77.98% and the 1-specificity was 75.00%. The group with SAMG score >48 was characterized by a significantly higher proportion of women, fewer people sharing a house, and participation in more hobbies. Discussion: A cut-off point of 48 in the SAMG could be a predictive index of motivation toward goals for individuals with inactive daily activities. The group with score higher than the cut-off was characterized by more women, fewer people living together, and more hobbies than the group with lower scores.

Recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a university hospital in Taiwan

BACKGROUND Little is known about the engagement in hepatitis C virus(HCV)care and completion of HCV treatment in people living with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)(PLWH)who have HCV coinfection in the Asia-Pacific region.Examining the HCV care cascade can identify barriers to the completion of HCV treatment and facilitate achievement of HCV micro-elimination in PLWH.AIM To investigate the care cascade of incident HCV infections among PLWH in Taiwan.METHODS PLWH with incident HCV infections,defined as HCV seroconversion,were retrospectively identified by sequential anti-HCV testing of all archived blood samples at National Taiwan University Hospital between 2011 and 2018.All PLWH with incident HCV infections were followed until December 31,2019.The care cascade of HCV examined included all incident HCV-infected patients,the percentages of anti-HCV antibodies detected by HIV-treating physicians in clinical care,plasma HCV RNA load tested,HCV RNA positivity diagnosed,referral to treatment assessment made,anti-HCV treatment initiated,and sustained virologic response achieved.Those who had HCV seroconversion during the interferon(IFN)era(2011–2016)and the direct-acting antiviral(DAA)era(2017–2018)were analyzed separately.The duration of HCV viremia—from the date of seroconversion to viral clearance by treatments or until the end of observation—and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)during the HCV viremic period were estimated.RESULTS During the study period,287 of 3495(8.2%)PLWH(92.3%being men who have sex with men)who were HCV-seronegative at baseline developed HCV seroconversion by retrospective testing of all archived blood samples.Of the 287 incident HCV infections,277(96.5%)had anti-HCV antibodies detected by HIV-treating physicians,270(94.1%)had plasma HCV RNA determined and 251(87.5%)tested positive for HCV RNA.Of those with HCV viremia,226(78.7%)were referred to treatment assessment,215(74.9%)initiated anti-HCV treatment,and 202(70.4%)achieved viral clearance.Compared with that in the IFN era,the median interval from HCV seroconversion by retrospective testing to detection of HCV seropositivity by HIV-treating physicians was significantly shorter in the DAA era{179 d[interquartile range(IQR)87-434]vs 92 d(IQR 57-173);P<0.001}.The incidence rate of STIs in the DAA vs the IFN era was 50.5 per 100 person-years of follow-up(PYFU)and 38.5 per 100 PYFU,respectively,with an incidence rate ratio of 1.31(95%confidence interval 0.96-1.77),while the duration of HCV viremia was 380 d(IQR 274-554)and 735 d(IQR 391-1447)(P<0.001),respectively.CONCLUSION While anti-HCV therapies are effective in achieving viral clearance,our study suggests more efforts are needed to expedite the linkage of PLWH diagnosed with incident HCV infections to HCV treatment.

Living Arrangement of Older People: A Study of Community Living Elderly from Nepal

Background: Aging has caused changes in the structure of families that raises reflections on the sustainability of the traditional models of family care for older adults. The aim of this article is to analyze the situation of living arrangements of Nepalese older people. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of structured interview data collected by the Central Department of Population Studies at Tribhuvan University (TU) via a cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling persons aged 60+ in the Pharping area of Kathmandu. For this study, there were 1326 valid responses. Results: Findings show over four-fifths of respondents (81.3%) were living with family members, far more than with a spouse only (11.6%), alone (6.2%), and others (0.9%). The proportion of Populace residing alone tends to increase with the increase in age of respondents;more widowers tend to live alone compared to those in marital unions;more elderly males without living children tend to live alone compared to those who have at least one living child. The sex of the respondents, marital status, ethnicity, income situation, and feeling of insecurity have significant differences in the living arrangement of older people in this study. Conclusion: Traditionally, Nepalese older adults are contented to live with their family members. The government of Nepal should promote the traditional living arrangements of older people through some incentives providing for family members taking care of their senior citizens.

1例藏族完全型Shone综合征患者的围术期护理

文章总结了1例藏族完全型Shone综合征患者的围术期护理经验。护理要点包括术前密切监测患者四肢血压,做好安全护理,预防晕厥、猝死等意外事件发生,术后加强肺康复护理,做好阶段性运动干预、疼痛护理、个体化饮食护理,同时全程做好多方位跨文化护理。经过精心治疗和护理,患者术后恢复良好,痊愈出院。

Mosuo People's Lives Continue Along the Lugu River

Water irrigation works built by the side of the Lugu River have enabled the Mosuo people to grow rice. Here they transplant rice shoots in the spring weather.

大连适老化居住空间的设计研究

本研究旨在探讨大连适老化居住空间设计的相关问题,分析了大连老年人居住现状和需求,为大连适老化居住空间设计提供了一定的理论和实践指导,并可为类似社区的建设和改造提供参考。

NAS联合TISS-28测量三甲医院综合ICU护理工作量

目的:测量ICU护理工作量,为科学配置ICU护理人力资源和合理排班提供依据。方法:选择2011年7-9月入住自贡市第一人民医院ICU的患者,应用治疗干预评分系统28版(TISS-28)和护理活动量表(NAS)联合测量护理工作量,记录每班护士人数。结果:周一至周日每天总的护理工作量比较及周一至周日每天人均护理工作量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同班次护士的人均护理工作量比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:ICU护理人力的配置应以实际工作量测算为基础。

民生视角下农村失智、失能老人公共照护服务研究——以沂蒙地区为例

随着老龄化程度不断加深,我国失智、失能老人数量呈持续增加的趋势,老人公共照护的需求不断增加。农村作为老年人口的主要分布区,失智、失能老人数量增长更快。通过实地走访沂蒙农村地区,发现该地区农村失智、失能老人公共照护服务的政策补贴已经做得很好,但农村失智、失能老人公共照护的机构设置仍存在供给不足、专业性不高、持效性差等问题。因此,该地区仍需采取相关措施实现公共照护服务的优化和升级,以便全面提高农村公共照护服务水平。

叠杯运动训练对老年轻度认知障碍患者的干预作用研究

目的探讨叠杯运动训练对老年轻度认知障碍患者的干预疗效。方法将48例老年轻度认知障碍患者随机分为对照组与观察组各24例。对照组采取常规门诊管理,观察组在此基础上进行为期6个月的叠杯运动训练干预。干预前、干预6个月后进行认知功能、日常生活能力、睡眠质量及抑郁评价,干预后对观察组患者进行访谈。结果对照组20例、观察组23例完成研究。干预前后观察组蒙特利尔认知评估量表、华山版听觉词语学习测验、日常生活能力评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05);访谈结果显示,患者均表示从叠杯运动训练中能获得一定的益处,90.48%患者希望能长期参加该项锻炼或参与类似训练。结论叠杯运动训练有助于改善老年轻度认知障碍患者的认知功能,提高其生活自理能力。

制度化环境中老年人生活空间评估量表的汉化及信效度检验

目的对制度化环境中老年人生活空间评估量表进行汉化,并对中文版量表进行信效度检验。方法在取得原作者的授权后,严格遵循Brislin翻译回译模型对量表进行翻译、回译,邀请6名专家对量表的内容进行效度评价,得到中文版量表。同时采用该量表对入驻医养结合型养老机构的210名老年人的生活空间水平进行评估,检验量表的信度及效度。结果中文版量表共15个条目,经探索性因子分析共提取3个公因子,累计方差贡献率为77.22%;量表总的Chronbach's α系数为0.876,重测信度为0.902(P<0.01),各维度的重测信度分别为0.841、0.809、0.695(P<0.01);量表平均内容效度为0.943,量表各条目内容效度指数为0.830~1.000。结论中文版制度化环境中老年人生活空间评估量表具有良好的信效度,适合对我国医养结合型养老机构入住老年人的生活空间水平进行评价。

运用Orem自理理论提高社区老年患者的生命质量

目的 :研究提高社区老年患者日常生活能力、心理功能及社会功能 ,进而提高其生命质量的方法。方法 :运用Orem自理理论对社区老年患者进行护理。结果 :6个月后 ,老年患者的日常生活能力、心理功能及社会功能明显改善 ,生活质量提高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :Orem自理理论应用在社区老年患者中 ,可有效改善患者的日常生活能力、心理功能及社会功能 。

中国老年人的照料需求评估及照料服务供给探讨

采用2014年中国老年社会追踪调查数据对中国老年人的照料需求进行多维度评估,并对照料服务的供给状况进行分析,结果发现:我国日常生活不能完全自理的老年人占8.54%,工具性日常生活不能完全自理老人占40.06%,约8%的老年人需要得到专业化的长期照护服务,其中2.19%的重度失能老人更是长期照护服务的重点人群;农村、女性、高龄老年人的认知与抑郁问题相对突出;94.96%的有照料需求的老年人首要照料者为家庭成员。应尽快建立由个人、家庭、社会、政府合理分担的长期照料护理体系,并加强对老年人照料需求的精准化、动态化评估。

解决老年照料问题的思路及对策

老年人照料问题日益严峻。本文在对老年照料问题的供给和需求进行分析的基础上,指出解决现阶段老年照料问题必须走政府、社会、家庭和个人相结合之路。

对HIV阳性患者提供医疗保健服务意愿调查

目的:了解某艾滋病高流行地区从事临床工作的医务人员对HIV感染者/AIDS患者提供服务的意愿及影响因素。方法:抽取该市2所市级综合性医院和4所乡镇中心卫生院750名医务人员进行自填式问卷调查。结果:大多数医务人员愿意为HIV阳性患者提供卫生保健服务,每年接触HIV阳性患者超过10个的医务人员选择"不愿意"的比例最高,对患者健康权认知程度高的医务人员愿意为HIV阳性者提供卫生服务的比例也较高。

中国特色社区建设与社会建设——一种社会学的分析

要正确把握社会建设和社区建设的关系。社区建设是中国社会建设的新起点,是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要举措。和谐社区是构建和谐社会的重要基石,微观的社区建设是宏观的和谐社会构建的切入点和抓手。社区建设与社会建设的结合,将有力推动中国社会发展。改善民生既是社会建设的重点,也是社区建设的重点。以改善民生为重点的社会建设的目标和任务,就是努力使全体人民学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居。社区服务、社区就业、社区保障、社区学院等充分体现了民生"五有"的内容。

社区独居老人健康和生活状况调查

目的 了解社区独居老人健康状况和生活需求 ,探讨社区老年保健服务的意义。方法 以访谈的形式对133名 6 0岁以上独居老人进行问卷调查。调查内容包括年龄、性别、文化程度、退休状况、身体状况、服务照顾需求、健康需求、特长爱好、精神文化需求、经济状况等。结果 男性老人的高学历组构成和经济收入均高于女性 ;79.70 %的独居老人患有慢性疾病 ,且有迫切的健康需求 ;6 9.17%的独居老人有一种或多种特长爱好。结论 独居老人有较好的体力和精力。社区应有针对性地提供老年保健服务和文化娱乐活动 。

南京市社区老年人日常生活照顾调查研究

本文以南京市社区老年人为对象,对他们的日常生活照顾状况进行研究。本次研究显示:家庭依然是老人日常生活照顾的一种主要资源;邻居作为一种照顾资源,正在有效协助老年人日常生活;社区服务对老人日常生活照顾的作用正在逐渐加强;日常照顾的社会性资源开始被老人接受。