Correlation between Waist Circumference and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Women from Shanghai, China

Objective To evaluate whether waist circumference （WC） 〉85 cm is related to asymptomatic preclinical atherosclerosis in women from Shanghai, China. Methods A total of 2365 females aged 〉20 years recruited from 4 communities underwent physical examination and carotid artery scanning. Their carotid intima-media thickness （C-iMT） was measured. Results The C-IMT was significantly higher in overweight or obese women with their BMI 〉25.0 kg/m2 {P〈O.01） and in those with their WC _〉85 cm than in those with their WC 〈85 cm （P〈O.01）. Spearman and partial correlation analysis showed that the C-IMT was significantly correlated with WC which was independent of menopausal status. The C-IMT significantly increased with the increasing WC and reached to a platform in about 85 cm. An increment tendency was found in the subgroup with its WC 〈 85 cm （P〈O.01） while no significant tendency was found in the subgroup with its WC_〉85 cm （P=0.07）. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the WC was an independent risk factor for C-IMT. In logistic regression model, the odd ratio of WC _〉80 cm, _〉80 cm and 〈85 cm and 〉85 cm for evaluating the risk of C-IMT elevation was 2.632, 2.501, and 1.878, respectively. Conclusion WC is significantly correlated with C-IMT in women from Shanghai, China, and WC_〉85 cm may be used in identifying the risk of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

Ultrasound Assessraent of Intima-media Thickness and Diameter of Carotid Arteries in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis or Renal Transplantation

Renal transplant （RT） recipients have a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of renal transplantation on the development of arteriosclerosis have been controversial. The carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） and diameter （CD） are important indicators of vascular remodeling and arteriosclerosis. In this study, 31 patients with hemodialysis （HD）, 31 RT recipients and 84 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled. Their CIMT and CD were measured by ultrasonic radiofrequency tracking, and the linear regression models and Z test were used to identify the progression of arteriosclerosis and the risk factors. Compared with HD group, RT group had significantly lower CIMT and CD. CIMT was found to be associated with age, body weight, resistance index and diastolic velocity, while CD was associated significantly with age, body weight, pulsatility index, end diastolic velocity and diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, respectively. The correlation curves between CIMT and age showed the slopes of curves were decreased successively in control, RT and HD groups, and the curves between CD and age showed the slopes were decreased in order of RT 〉 control 〉 HD groups. It was concluded that CIMT and CD were significantly correlated with age in RT and moderately with age in HD patients. RT could reduce the progress of arteriosclerosis in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Relationship between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Diabetes Clinical Risk Factors among Normotensive Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Native Black African Population

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with atherosclerosis with changes in the thickness of the intima-media of carotid arteries which causes increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. The carotid artery reflects the degree of atherosclerosis in the various vessels especially coronary arteries. Measurement of the carotid artery thickness with real time, relatively cheap and non-invasive ultrasonography method is used in monitoring atherosclerotic disease progression and response to treatment. This study is aimed at ultrasonographic evaluation of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in adult Type 2 Diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). And to also determine its association if any with selected clinical factors among a native Black African population. Methodology: This was a prospective case control study involving 54 adult type 2 diabetics and 54 adult non-diabetic controls. CIMT was measured at 3 segments of the extracranial carotid arteries by a 7.5 - 10 MHz linear transducer of a portable Mindray M5 ultrasound machine. Results: Among the native black African population studied, there was significant difference in CIMT of adult type 2 diabetics compared to healthy non-diabetics adults (p value = 0.012 and 0.001 on the right and left respectively). The mean carotid intima-media thickness in diabetics was 0.81 mm and 0.85 mm, while in non-diabetics it was 0.74 mm and 0.75 mm on the right and left respectively. The presence of diabetes showed independent positive correlation with CIMT (beta: 0.24, p value = 0.004). Age (beta: 0.30, p value = 0.001) and plasma cholesterol level (beta: 0.30, p value = 0.013) also had positive correlation with CIMT. Conclusion: There was statistically significant difference in carotid intima-media thickness between adult type 2 diabetics and age, sex matched non-diabetics. DM showed independent correlation with CIMT.

A REVIEW ON ARTERY WALL SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES AND INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS MEASUREMENT FOR CAROTID ULTRASOUND IMAGES

Stroke and heart attack,which could be led by a kind of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease named as atherosclerosis,would seriously cause human morbidity and mortality.It is important for the early stage diagnosis and monitoring medical intervention of the atherosclerosis.Carotid stenosis is a classical atherosclerotic lesion with vessel wall narrowing down and accumulating plaques burden.The carotid artery of intima-media thickness(IMT)is a key indicator to the disease.With the development of computer assisted diagnosis technology,the imaging techniques,segmentation algorithms,measurement methods,and evaluation tools have made considerable progress.Ultrasound imaging,being real-time,economic,reliable,and safe,now seems to become a standard in vascular assessment methodology especially for the measurement of IMT.This review firstly attempts to discuss the clinical relevance of measurements in clinical practice at first,and then followed by the challenges that one has to face when approaching the segmentation of ultrasound images.Secondly,the commonly used methods for the IMT segmentation and measurement are presented.Thirdly,discussion and evaluation of different segmentation techniques are performed.An overview of summary and future perspectives is given finally.

Relationship between peripheral arterial disease, carotid intima-media thickness and C-reactive protein in elderly diabetic patients

Purpose: To study the association between carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) level as markers for PAD in elderly patients with DM. Subjects: A case-control study on 90 participants aged 60 years and older divided into 60 cases (30 patients with DM alone and 30 patients with DM and comorbidities) and 30 healthy controls. All were assessed by measuring CIMT, ankle brachial index (AB), and markers for cardiovascular disease such as high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Results: hs-CRP levels showed statistically significant difference being highest among patients with DM and comorbidities and lowest among controls (P < 0.001). Also, symptoms of PAD were significantly higher among cases than controls. ABI was able to detect PAD in many asymptomatic patients. Color changes were present in only 43.30% (n = 26) of positive PAD cases while delayed wound healing, claudication pain, rest pain, cold extremities, and trophic changes were present in 23.30% (n = 14), 16.71% (n = 10), 16.71% (n = 10), 45.00% (n = 27), and 21.7% (n = 13). Using logistic regression analysis revealed that DM, CIMT, and hs-CRP were independent predictors for PAD (OR = 4.194, 7.236, 1.003;P value = 0.044, 0.25, 0.031) after adjustment of other coronary risk factors such as sex, smoking, hypertension, TC, and TG. Conclusion: Diabetic elderly have higher prevalence of asymptomatic PAD thannon-diabetics using solely ABI. DM, CIMT, and hs-CRP are independent predictors for the occurrence of PAD. Hs-CRP levels are highest among diabetics with comorbidities.

Relationship of plasma homocysteine, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, high mobility group box 1 protein with carotid intima-media thickness in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To explore the relationship of plasma homocysteine(Hcy),soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1)and high mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1)with carotid intima-media thickness(c-IMT)in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 100 elderly patients who were diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus in Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia from June 2017 to May 2020 were chosen as research objects.According to c-IMT,they were divided into the normal group(n=35),the mild to moderate group(n=41)and the severe group(n=24).The expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 were compared between groups respectively.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1,HMGB1 with c-IMT.Results:The comparison in plasma Hcy,sICAM-1,HMGB1 and c-IMT among the three groups of patients was of statistical significance(p<.05).The results of correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 were positively correlated with c-IMT in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(r=.627,.598,.614;p<.05).Conclusions:The expression levels of plasma Hcy,sICAM-1 and HMGB1 are abnormally increased in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and related to c-IMT,which can provide a strong evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment by detecting their levels in clinical practice.

Metformin effect on internal carotid artery blood flow assessed by area under the curve of carotid artery Doppler in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

BACKGROUND Insulin resistance(IR)was reported in most polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)cases.Metformin,a biguanide drug,successfully reduced IR.Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR(HOMA-IR)and Doppler parameters assessed metformin's effectiveness.AIM To verify whether the area under the curve of the internal carotid artery(AUC-ICA)Doppler wave can be a useful marker for assessing IR among PCOS cases who presented with menstrual irregularity and were treated with metformin over 6 mo.METHODS An observational,cross-sectional study recruited 54 eligible PCOS women;the anthropometrics were as follows:age,body mass index(BMI),menstrual cycle days,biochemical serum cholesterol,low and high-density lipoprotein,sex hormone-binding globulin,fasting blood glucose,and HOMA-IR,hormonal testosterone,luteinizing hormone over follicle-stimulating hormone ratio,and ultrasonic pulsatility index(PI)and resistance index(RI),carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)and(AUC-ICA)parameters were initially recorded and repeated 3 mo and 6 mo later with metformin tab 500 mg;three times/day for 6 mo.In addition,AUC-ICA was assessed by taking repeated systolic and diastolic wave height measurements.RESULTS Metformin caused a progressive reduction in BMI,menstrual cycle days,biochemical hormonal,and Doppler parameters(CIMT,PI,RI,and AUC-ICA).AUC-ICA correlated strongly to all PCOS parameters.AUC-ICA correlated inversely with treatment time(r=-0.98,P<0.001)and positively with HOMA-IR(r=0.98,P<0.0001).Via the best subset regression model,the AUC-ICA had the highest predictive value for HOMA-IR.CONCLUSION AUC-ICA preceded PI,RI,and CIMT with a strong,meaningful correlation to all PCOS parameters,making it a reliable marker for the assessment of IR,especially during metformin therapy.Further studies are recommended to promote the application in practice.

2型糖尿病颈动脉IMT与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的研究不同程度颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者稳态模型评估(HOMA)胰岛素抵抗指数的变化,探讨T2DM患者颈动脉粥样硬化与胰岛素抵抗相关性。方法选择T2DM患者60例(男33例,女27例),平均年龄(53.12±15.35)岁,经彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉IMT将其分为3组:IMT正常组(IMT<1.0mm)、IMT增厚组(1.0mm≤IMT≤1.2mm)、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成组(IMT>1.2mm)。同时选取20例性别、年龄匹配健康的志愿者作为正常对照组。受试者均晨起空腹,口服75g葡萄糖行葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1 c)、血脂等。计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗评估指数(HOMA-IR),分析T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗与颈动脉IMT之间的关系。结果T2DM患者的颈动脉IMT及HOMA-IR均值明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),即使IMT正常的T2DM患者的IMT及HOMA-IR值亦高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。相关分析显示,T2DM患者颈动脉IMT与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.593,P<0.01)。结论T2DM患者的血糖控制和胰岛素抵抗程度与颈动脉IMT值密切相关。

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Cross-sectional Study in Northern China

Objective Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)and carotid plaque as manifestations of carotid atherosclerosis have been used as markers of cardiovascular disease(CVD).The components of metabolic syndrome(Met S)are linked to CVD,but the association between Met S and CVD is controversial.Methods A total of 8,933 Chinese adults aged 40 years or older from 2010 to 2014 were selected from the Jidong and Kailuan communities.Met S was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria.CIMT and carotid plaque were measured using color Doppler ultrasound.Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of Met S with carotid plaque and CIMT.Results Met S was found among 3,461(3,461/8,933)participants.The odds ratio and 95%confidence internal(CI)for carotid plaques in participants with Met S was 1.16(1.03-1.30).The risk of carotid plaques increased with the number of Met S components.The average CIMT was higher in participants with Met S(β=0.020,95%CI,0.014-0.027)and in participants with more Met S components.Conclusion Individuals with Met S are at an increased risk for carotid atherosclerosis compared to those without MetS.

Effect of short term intensive multitherapy on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Controlling plasma glucose levels, blood pressure and lipid levels is proven to reduce the risk of vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This has prompted intensive multitherapy targeted at several macrovascular risk factors. Carotid intima-media thickness （cIMT） is a reliable measure of early atherosclerosis. We sought to determine whether a 6-month intensive mutiltherapy program resulted in better goal attainment than usual care and its effect on the development of cIMT among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The study randomly assigned 220 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus to intensive or traditional therapy groups. The clinical parameters, such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, body weight and insulin were assessed at the baseline and after the 6-month therapy, cIMT of the patients was also obtained. Results The average levels of fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin Alc, total cholesterol （TC） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） in the intensive group were significantly lower than those in the control group at the end of 6-month treatment. By 6 months, a higher proportion of patients in the intensive therapy group than in the control group attained goals for fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, TC, LDL-C and hemoglobin Alc. With intensive multherapy the level of carotid intima-media thickness in the intensive therapy group was lower than that in the control group （（0.88±0.26） mm vs （0.96±0.22） mm, P 〈0.01）. Conclusions The evidence from this clinical trial demonstrates that intensive glucose, lipid and blood pressure control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes is associated with diabetic macrovascular benefits. Intensive multitherapy allows more patients to achieve aims of control and may reduce macrovascular complications and delay disease progression.

Association between Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Glu504Lys Polymorphism in Chinese Han with Essential Hypertension

Background： Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 （ALDH2） is involved in the pathophysiological processes of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies showed that mutant ALDH2 could increase oxidative stress and is a susceptible factor for hypertension. In addition, wild-type ALDH2 could improve the endothelial functions, therefore reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the frequency of the Glu504Lys polymorphism of the ALDH2 gene and its relation to carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） in a group of patients with essential hypertension （EH） and to investigate the association between the Glu504Lys polymorphism and CIMT in Chinese Han patients with EH. Methods： In this study, 410 Chinese Han patients with EH who received physical examinations at the People＇s Hospital of Sichuan Province （China） were selected. DNA microarray chip was used for the genotyping of the Glu504Lys polymorphism of the ALDH2 gene. The differences in CIMT among patients with different Glu504Lys ALDH2 genotypes were analyzed. Results： The mean CIMT of the patients carrying AA/AG and GG genotypes was 1.02 ± 0.31 mm and 0.78 ±0.28 mm, respectively. One-way ANOVA showed that the CIMT of the patients carrying the AA/AG genotype was significantly higher than in the ones carrying the GG genotype （P 〈 0.001）. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the Glu504Lys AA/AG genotype of the ALDH2 gene was one of the major factors influencing the CIMT in patients with EH （odds ratio = 3.73 l, 95% confidence interval = 1.589-8.124, P = 0.001）. Conclusions： The Glu504Lys polymorphism of the ALDH2 gene is associated with the CIMT of Chinese Han patients with EH in Sichuan, China.

中青年心血管疾病风险评估与IMT监测的相关性分析

目的对中青年进行心血管疾病危险因素、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的监测,探讨Framingham心血管疾病风险评分(Framingham risk score)与IMT的相关性。方法选取2012年至2013年在济宁医学院附属济宁市第一人民医院体检的中青年个体1045例,采用Framingham risk score计算10年风险值;依据颈动脉超声结果,将IMT分为正常、增厚和斑块形成3种,分析两者相关性。结果 1045例中青年中Framingham心血管疾病10年风险≤10%占475例(45.5%);>10%的占570例(54.5%)。颈动脉超声无异常占593例(56.7%);超声显示IMT增厚或有斑块者占452例(43.4%),其中211例出现动脉粥样硬化的典型改变。颈动脉IMT与Framingham心血管疾病10年风险之间有相关性,有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论在中青年中颈动脉内膜中层厚度的监测可有助于预计心血管发生危险性,为心血管疾病的早期发现提供了证据。

Naïve hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk of carotid atherosclerosis:A prospective study

BACKGROUND There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus,but there is scarce data on hepatitis B virus infection.The hypothesis of this study is that hepatitis B virus infection increases the risk of carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)negative subjects.AIM To assess the rate of carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve HBeAg negative subjects in comparison with a cohort of healthy controls.METHODS Prospective case-control collaborative study conducted in two tertiary hospitals.Four hundred and two subjects prospectively recruited at the outpatient clinic were included from May 2016 to April 2017:201 naïve HBeAg-negative hepatitis B virus-infected[49 chronic hepatitis B(CHB)and 152 inactive carriers(ICs)]and 201 healthy controls.Anthropomorphic and metabolic measures,liver stiffness and carotid Doppler ultrasound were performed.Subclinical atherosclerosis was established on an intima-media thickness increase of≥1.2 mm and/or the presence of carotid plaques.Normally distributed quantitative variables were compared with the Student t test and those with a non-normal distribution with the Mann-Whitney U test.Categorical variables were compared between groups using theχ2 or Fisher exact test.RESULTS Carotid plaques were found more often in CHB(32.7%)than ICs(17.1%)or controls(18.4%)(P=0.048).Subclinical atherosclerosis was also increased in CHB(40.8%)vsICs(19.1%)or controls(19.4%)(P=0.003).No differences in the risk of atherosclerosis were observed between controls and ICs.The factors independently associated with the presence of carotid plaques were age[odds ratio(OR)1.43,P<0.001]and CHB(OR 1.18,P=0.004)and for subclinical atherosclerosis,age(OR 1.45,P<0.001),CHB(OR 1.23,P<0.001)and diabetes(OR 1.13,P=0.028).In the subset of young subjects(<50 years),carotid plaques(12.5%vs 1.1%,P=0.027)and subclinical atherosclerosis(12.5%vs 2.2%,P=0.058)were more frequent among CHB than ICs.CONCLUSION Untreated HBeAg-negative CHB is an independent risk factor for carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis,while ICs present a similar risk to controls.

他汀类药物对冠脉综合征患者血清hs-CRP与颈动脉IMT的影响

目的探讨他汀类药物对冠脉综合征患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的影响。方法选取2012年6月至2015年1月期间我院心血管内科确诊治疗的冠脉综合征患者150例,依据随机分配原则分为常规组和他汀组,每组75例,常规组患者给予抗血小板、抗凝、溶栓、抗缺血、抗心力衰竭及心律失常等常规治疗和10 mg阿托伐他汀口服治疗,他汀组患者在基础治疗上给予20 mg阿托伐他汀口服治疗,两组均持续治疗1个月,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清hs-CRP水平,随访1年,统计分析所有患者治疗前后颈动脉IMT、斑块大小、厚度、数量和治疗前、治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月的血清hs-CRP水平及左心射血分数(LVEF)、不良心脏事件发生情况。结果治疗前,常规组和他汀组患者颈动脉IMT[(1.74±0.46)mm vs(1.71±0.44 mm]、斑块大小[(23.58±5.84)mm2vs(24.02±5.91)mm2]、厚度[(2.82±0.82)mm vs(2.76±0.79)mm]、数量[(5.48±0.64)个vs(5.39±0.61)个]和血清hs-CRP[(27.46±7.31)mg/L vs(28.06±7.41)mg/L]水平基本相同,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,他汀组患者颈动脉IMT[(1.21±0.34)mm vs(1.52±0.38)mm]、斑块大小[(14.57±4.72)mm2vs(19.51±5.41)mm2]、厚度[(1.53±0.52)mm vs(1.89±0.61)mm]、数量[(2.94±0.33)个vs(3.52±0.38)个]和3个月[(18.32±7.02)mg/L vs(24.23±7.11)mg/L]、6个月[(12.36±6.13)mg/L vs(18.43±7.05)mg/L]、12个月[(7.63±3.21)mg/L vs(11.36±5.03)mg/L]的血清hs-CRP水平明显低于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);他汀组患者治疗后LVEF水平为(57.96±8.11%)%,明显高于常规组的(52.13±7.84)%,不良心脏事件发生率为4.00%,明显低于常规组的13.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论较大剂量他汀类药物可有效缓解冠脉综合征患者的颈部血管斑块及机体炎症状态,改善患者左心室功能,且可有效减少不良心脏事件的发生,值得临床推广应用。

Relationship between platelet-lymphocyte ratio and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To investigate the relationship between platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)and carotid atherosclerosis(CAS)in middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM.Methods:A total of 420 middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM who were hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of our hospital from September 2018 to September 2020 and were examined by ultrasound were selected as the subjects.The carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)was examined by color Doppler ultrasonography,including normal CIMT group(n=111),CIMT thickening group(n=103)and CAS plaque group(n=206).The differences of serum PLR levels among the three groups were compared.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between PLR and CAS plaque formation.The receiver operating curve(ROC)was used to evaluate the value of multivariate Logistic regression model(Logit P)in the diagnosis of CAS lesions.Results:The mean value of PLR in CAS plaque group(127.86±48.54)was significantly higher than that in CIMT normal group(109.15±48.35).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for other confounding factors,the increase of PLR was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of CAS plaque.ROC showed that the efficacy of multivariate Logit P model in the diagnosis of CAS plaque was(AUC=0.807,95%CI=0.759-0.858).Conclusions:PLR is one of the important risk factors for the occurrence of CAS lesions.At the same time,the multivariate Logistic regression model established in this study has clinical reference value in predicting CAS lesions in middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM.

Relationship of plasma level of Lp-PLA_2 and pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness

Background Increased plasma level of Lp-PLA2 is a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, whether Lp-PLA2 has effects on both vascular function and structure changes is still unclear. Method One hundred and eighty-six outpatient subjects without overt cardiovascular disease were enrolled and anthropomet- ric data, plasma level of Lp-PLA2 and other related laboratory parameters were collected. Measurements of pulse wave velocity （PWV） and carotid intima-media thickness （CIMT） were performed by an experienced investigator. According to plasma level of Lp-PLA2, all the subjects were divided into two groups as follows： 〈 200 ng/mL （n = 96） and ≥200 ng/mL （n = 90）. Result Body mass index, smoking, diabetic mellitus, systolic blood pressure, and LDL-C level were positive correlation with plasma level of Lp-PLA2, while use of statins was negatively correlative. Both PWV and CIMT positively correlated with smoking, systolic blood pressure, LDL-C level and plasma level of Lp-PLA2, while negatively correlated with HDL-C level and usage of statins. CIMT in the group with plasma level of Lp-PLA2 〈 200 ng/mL （0.9 ± 0.2 mm, n = 96） was sig- nificantly less than that with plasma level of Lp-PLA2≥200 ng/mL （1.2 ±0.4 mm, n = 90, P = 0.32）, and similar finding was also observed in PWV （9.1± 0.5 m/s vs 12.7 ± 0.4 m/s, P = 0.38）. Conclusion Our present study shows that in subjects without overt CVD, increased plasma level of Lp-PLA2 is associated with vascular function （PWV） and structure （CIMT） deterioration.

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉IMT与血清25(OH)D水平的相关性研究

目的探讨葡萄糖耐量减低和2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)与血清25OH总维生素D[25(OH)D]浓度的关系,为糖尿病及其大血管并发症的防治提供新的思路。方法选取2014年9月至2015年9月在我院就诊的葡萄糖耐量减低和2型糖尿病患者各28例,分别设为糖耐量减低组和2型糖尿病组,另选取同期在我院进行健康体检者28例,设为正常对照组。检测各组受检者的IMT和25(OH)D水平,应用Spearman统计分析IMT和25(OH)D水平的相关性。结果正常对照组、糖耐量减低组、2型糖尿病组患者IMT依次升高[(0.87±0.15)mm vs(0.96±0.18)mm vs(1.13±0.30)mm]、25(OH)D水平依次降低[(18.03±7.35)μg/L vs(15.34±6.84)μg/L vs(12.53±5.38)μg/L],组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);Spearman相关分析显示,IMT和25(OH)D水平呈负相关(r=-0.40,P<0.05)。结论葡萄糖耐量减低和2型糖尿病患者存在不同程度的颈动脉IMT增厚、血清25(OH)D水平降低,血清25(OH)D水平降低与颈动脉IMT增厚密切相关。

Detection of carotid artery fluid dynamics and serum inflammatory factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To explore the value of fluid dynamic parameters and inflammatory factors in the prediction of early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 126 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to our hospital from March 2015 to July 2016 were selected as study subjects and divided into non atherosclerotic group (61 cases) and atherosclerosis group (65 cases)according to carotid artery IMT. At the same time, 60 healthy persons were selected as the control group. The fluid dynamics indexes (PSV, EDV and MV) and serum inflammatory factors (MCP-1, TNF-α and hs-CRP) were detected in the three groups.Results: There were no significant differences in PSV, EDV and MV between left and right carotid arteries in non-atherosclerotic group and control group. PSV, EDV and MV of left and right carotid artery were significantly lower in atherosclerosis group than those in control group. The carotid artery PSV, EDV and MV of left and right in atherosclerosis group were also significantly lower than those of non-atherosclerosis group. The MCP-1, TNF-α and hs-CRP levels in the non-atherosclerosis group were respectively (417.10±78.54), (85.72±9.97) and (3.73±0.61), significantly higher than those in the control group. The MCP-1, TNF-αand hs-CRP levels in atherosclerosis group were respectively (532.95±97.48), (123.56±12.85) and (5.39±0.74) , significantly higher than those in the control group and non-atherosclerosis group.Conclusion:Hydrodynamic parameters and serum inflammatory factors can be used as diagnostic criteria for carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients, and provide guidance for the early diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

超声评价糖尿病肾病合并非酒精性脂肪肝及其与心脏瓣膜钙化的关系研究

目的:探讨超声诊断糖尿病肾病(DN)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)及其与心脏瓣膜钙化(HVC)的相关性。方法:选取医院收治的120例DN患者,根据有无NAFLD将其分为合并NAFLD组(56例)和未合并NAFLD组(64例)。两组患者均行肝脏超声及经胸超声心动图检查,并行血常规及血脂检测,比较两组血常规指标、血脂指标以及超声心动图指标,对DN合并NAFLD的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析。根据超声二维图像特征对NAFLD进行严重程度分级,统计HVC发生率,并对其钙化程度进行评分,分析NAFLD严重程度与HVC程度的相关性。结果:在两组120例DN患者中有56例(占46.67%)合并NAFLD。两组患者的血红蛋白、血小板计数、总胆固醇(TC)、舒张期末室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVDD)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室射血分数(LVEF)以及左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)指标比较差异无统计学意义;合并NAFLD组患者的甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、左心房内径(LAD)及颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)均高于未合并NAFLD组,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)低于未合并NAFLD组,差异有统计学意义(t=17.591,t=10.125,t=4.050,t=7.174,t=13.253;P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、LAD及IMT是DN合并NAFLD的独立影响因素;二维超声诊断结果显示,56例合并NAFLD组患者中,26例为轻度NAFLD,17例为中度NAFLD,13例为重度NAFLD;41例(占34.17%)出现HVC,其中19例为轻度HVC,13例为中度HVC,9例为重度HVC;DN合并NAFLD严重程度与HVC钙化程度呈正相关(r=0.724,P<0.05)。结论:DN合并NAFLD与血脂异常、LAD及IMT密切相关,且NAFLD严重程度与HVC钙化程度正相关,通过超声诊断能够预测HVC风险,故应给予高度重视。

Effect of intensive multifactorial treatment on the intima-media thickness of large arteries in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To quantify the changes in blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure, and the intima-media thickness (IMT) of large arteries in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus who received either intensive multifactorial treatment or conventional treatment. Methods: Two-hundred and ten patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to two groups: an intensive treatment group (n=110) and a conventional treatment group (n=100). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein C (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein C (HDL-C)], and IMTs of large arteries (carotid, iliac, and femoral arteries) were determined before and at one and two years after starting treatment. The patients in the conventional treatment group received routine diabetes management in our outpatient department. Targets were established for patients in the intensive treatment group. Their blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure levels were regularly monitored and therapeutic regimens were adjusted for those whose measurements did not meet the target values until all the parameters met the established targets. Within-group and between-group differences were evaluated. Results: A significantly greater percentage of patients in the intensive treatment group had LDL-C levels that reached the target value one year after starting treatment than those in the conventional treatment group (52.04% vs. 33.33%, P<0.05). No significant differences were found be- tween groups for FBG, HbA1c, blood pressure, TG, TC, or HDL-C. The percentages of patients with TG (51.02% vs. 34.48%), TC (52.04% vs. 33.33%), and LDL-C (61.22% vs. 43.67%) who met the respective target values in the in- tensive treatment group were all significantly higher than the corresponding percentages in the conventional treatment group two years after starting treatment (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the percentages of patients with FBG, HbA1c, and blood pressure values meeting the respective targets between the groups at the two-year follow- up. One year after starting treatment, the LDL-C level, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the IMTs of the femoral and iliac arteries of the intensive treatment group were significantly lower compared to those of the conventional treatment group (P<0.05), although there was no significant difference in other metabolic parameters. Two years after starting treatment, the TC, LDL-C, blood pressure [systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP], and the IMTs of the carotid and femoral arteries of the intensive treatment group were significantly lower than those of the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). No significant differences in other metabolic parameters existed between the two groups two years after starting treatment. Conclusions: Early comprehensive and intensive treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus can delay or even reverse the increase in IMT of large arteries. Lowering blood pressure and blood lipid regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have great significance in decreasing the risk of diabetes-related macrovascular lesions.