Exploring photogenerated charge carrier transfer in semiconductor/metal junctions using Kelvin probe force microscopy

Semiconductor/metal junctions are widely discussed in photocatalysis.However,there is a notable scarcity of systematic studies focusing on photogenerated charge carrier transfer in such junctions.Herein,CdS/Pt,CdS/Au,and CdS/Ag are synthesized to serve as model systems for investigating the charge carrier transfer in semiconductor/metal junctions.Kelvin probe force microscopy is employed to visualize the transfer of photogenerated carriers in these materials.The results show that the electron transfer behavior under illumination is related to the conduction band position of CdS and the Fermi level position of the metal.Moreover,Schottky junctions hinder the transfer of photogenerated electrons from CdS to Pt and Au,whereas ohmic contacts facilitate the transfer of photogenerated electrons from CdS to Ag.This work provides novel insights into the mechanisms governing the transfer of photogenerated carriers in semiconductor/metal junctions.

Dual transfer channels of photo-carriers in 2D/2D/2D sandwich-like ZnIn2S4/g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene S-scheme/Schottky heterojunction for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution

Construction of multi-channels of photo-carrier migration in photocatalysts is favor to boost conversion efficiency of solar energy by promoting the charge separation and transfer.Herein,a ternary ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene hybrid composed of S-scheme junction integrated Schottky-junction was fabricated using a simple hydrothermal approach.All the components(g-C_(3)N_(4),ZnIn_(2)S_(4) and Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene)demonstrated two-dimensional(2D)nanosheets structure,leading to the formation of a 2D/2D/2D sandwich-like structure with intimate large interface for carrier migration.Furthermore,the photogenerated carriers on the g-C_(3)N_(4) possessed dual transfer channels,including one route in S-scheme transfer mode between the g-C_(3)N_(4) and ZnIn_(2)S_(4) and the other route in Schottky-junction between g-C_(3)N_(4) and Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene.Consequently,a highly efficient carrier separation and transport was realized in the ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene heterojunction.This ternary sample exhibited wide light response from 200 to 1400 nm and excellent photocatalytic H_(2) evolution of 2452.1μmol∙g^(–1)∙h^(–1),which was 200,3,1.5 and 1.6 times of g-C_(3)N_(4),ZnIn_(2)S_(4),ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene and g-C_(3)N_(4)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) binary composites.This work offers a paradigm for the rational construction of multi-electron pathways to regulate the charge separation and migration via the introduction of dual-junctions in catalytic system.

Lateral quantum confinement regulates charge carrier transfer and biexciton interaction in CdSe/CdSeS core/crown nanoplatelets

Charge carrier dynamics essentially determines the performance of various optoelectronic applications of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals.Among them,two-dimensional nanoplatelets provide new adjustment freedom for their unique core/crown heterostructures.Herein,we demonstrate that by fine-tuning the core size and the lateral quantum confinement,the charge carrier transfer rate from the crown to the core can be varied by one order of magnitude in CdSe/CdSeS core/alloy-crown nanoplatelets.In addition,the transfer can be affected by a carrier blocking mechanism,i.e.,the filled carriers hinder further possible transfer.Furthermore,we found that the biexciton interaction is oppositely affected by quantum confinement and electron delocalization,resulting in a non-monotonic variation of the biexciton binding energy with the emission wavelength.This work provides new observations and insights into the charge carrier transfer dynamics and exciton interactions in colloidal nanoplatelets and will promote their further applications in lasing,display,sensing,etc.

High-Performance Blue Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Balanced Carrier Confinement and Transfer

Extensive investigation of the passivating agents has been performed to suppress the perovskite defects.However,very few attentions have been paid to rationally design the passivating agents for the balance of the carrier confinement and transfer in quasi-2D perovskites,which is essential to achieve high-performance perovskite LEDs(PeLEDs).In this work,tributylphosphine oxide(TBPO)with moderate carbon chain length is demonstrated as a decent passivator for the quasi-2D perovskites by strengthening the carrier confinement for massive radiative recombination within the perovskites,and more importantly providing efficient carrier transfer in the quasi-2D perovskites.Benefiting from these interesting optoelectronic properties of TBPO-incorporated perovskites,we achieve high-efficient blue PeLEDs with an external quantum efficiency up to 11.5%and operational stability as long as 41.1 min without any shift of the electroluminescence spectra.Consequently,this work contributes an effective approach to promote the carrier confinement and transfer for high-performance and stable blue PeLEDs.

Rapid transfer alignment for SINS of carrier craft

In order to improve the survival ability and rapid response ability of the carrier craft,a new rapid transfer alignment method of the strapdown inertial navigation system（SINS） on a rocking base is put forward.In the method,the aircraft carrier does not need any form of movement.Meantime,interfering motions such as rolling,pitching,and yawing motions caused by sea waves are effectively used.Firstly,the deck flexure deformation model is made.Secondly,the state space model of transfer alignment is presented.Finally,the feasibility of this method is validated by the simulation.Simulation results show that the misalignment angle error can be estimated and reach an anticipated precision-0.2 mrad in 5 s,while the deck deformation angle error can be estimated and reach a better precision- 0.1 mrad in 20 s.

Coupling biomass pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and direct biomass-to-electricity conversion with molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids as anode electron transfer carriers

Owing to their acidity,oxidizing ability and redox reversibility,molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids(H_(n+3)PMo_(12-n)VnO40,abbreviated as PMo_(12-n)Vn) were employed as electron transfer carriers for coupling biomass pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and direct biomass-to-electricity conversion.In this novel coupled process,PMo_(12-n)Vn pretreatment that causes deconstruction of cell wall structure with PMo_(12-n)Vn being simultaneously reduced can be considered as the "charging" process.The reduced PMo_(12-n)Vn are further re-oxidized with release of electrons in a liquid flow fuel cell(LFFC) to generate electricity is the "discharging" process.Several Keggin-type PMo_(12-n)Vn with different degree of vanadium substitution(DSV, namely n) were prepared.Compared to Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid(PMo_(12)),PMo_(12-n)Vn(n=1-6) showed higher oxidizing ability but poorer redox reversibility.The cellulose enzymatic digestibility of PMo_(12-n)Vn pretreated wheat straw generally decreased with increase in DSV, but xylan enzymatic digestibility generally increased with DSV.PMo_(12) pretreatment of wheat straw at 120℃ obtained the highest enzymatic glucan conversion(EGC) reaching 95%,followed by PMo11V1 pretreatment(85%).Discharging of the reduced heteropolyacids in LFFC showed that vanadium substitution could improve the maximum output power density(Pmax).The highest Pmax was obtained by PMo9 V3(44.7 mW/cm^(2)) when FeCl_(3) was used as a cathode electron carrier,while PMo_(12) achieved the lowest Pmax(27.4 mW/cm^(2)).All the heteropolyacids showed good electrode Faraday efficiency(>95%) and cell discharging efficiency(>93%).The energy efficiency of the coupled process based on the heat values of the products and generated electric energy was in the range of 18%-25% depending on DSV.PMo_(12) and PMo11V1 seem to be the most suitable heteropolyacids to mediate the coupled process.

NFT数字作品交易行为的“发行属性”与适用规则

NFT数字作品交易方兴未艾,但侵权问题频现,亟需合理的规制路径。NFT技术促进数字作品交易客体特定化并产生准物权变动的效果,使NFT数字作品区别于一般数字作品与传统作品,为发行权扩张提供了技术性支撑。但发行权的扩张尚面临诸多困境,包括“有形载体”要件的阻碍、“所有权转移要件”标准不明、发行权与信息网络传播权在数字环境中存在重叠等。基于此,应当厘清数字环境中发行权与信息网络传播权的关系;细化NFT数字作品交易领域的发行权适用标准,完成从“有形载体”到“作品与载体相对应”的转变,明确“出售”及“所有权转移”的认定;以“转让+删除”技术及征收版权转售费作为辅助手段,完成发行权在NFT数字作品交易中的嬗变与适用。

Ultrafast carrier dynamics in purified and as-grown single-walled carbon nanotube films

Ultrafast time-resolved optical transmissions in purified and as-grown single-walled carbon nanotube films are measured at a temperature of 200K. The signal of the purified sample shows a crossover from photobleaching to photoabsorption. The former and the latter are interpreted as the state filling and the red shift of the π-plasmon, respectively. The signal of the as-grown sample can be perfectly fitted by a single-exponential with a time constant of 232fs. The disappearance of the negative component in the as-grown sample is attributed to the charge transfer between the semiconducting nanotubes and the impurities.

串联补偿无线电能传输变换器载波通信研究

无线电能传输(WPT)负载电压、电流等状态信息需送到原边进行闭环控制和监控处理,副边到原边的通信至关重要。首先介绍了电容调制的WPT系统拓扑和工作原理,电容调制与否使得系统拓扑发生变化,未调制时原、副边拓扑为串/串(S/S)结构;调制时原、副边拓扑为串/串并(S/SP)结构。调制电容的投切形成两种状态来传递通信信息,且该状态变化可以反映到原边电流上。其次采用幅移键控(ASK)解调电路对原边电流处理即可还原通信信号,为提高解调精度和抗干扰能力,对ASK解调电路进行改进。最后通过仿真和实验验证了方案的有效性,实验结果表明,该系统在100 W的运行功率、2~5 kHz的通信频率下,可以精准完成副边到原边的通信。

Hydrodynamics and oxygen transfer in a novel extra-loop fluidized bed bioreactor

In this paper, the characteristics of fluid mixing time in a novel extra-loop fluidized bed were studied. The results showed that the mixing time was shortened with the increase of fluid velocity. All the discrete numbers of the reactor were above 0.2. The serial number n was 2.5 -3.0. It was judged accordingly that the reactor fluid state was continous stirred tank reactor （CSTR） mainly. When the inspiratory capacity increased the mixing time of the reactor was shortened. Thus the air input was beneficial for the fluid mixing. During the three phases mixing process, the mixing time of the reactor could be decreased by the n increase of carrier and air loading together, but the change was not significant. The parameters affecting the reactor fluid state were fluid velocity, inspiratory capacity and carrier. KLa could be increased with the air loading increase, and at the same gas/liquid ratio when the pressure drop was high, KL~ value was increased. The amount of carrier complex influence on KLa. As the carrier loading continued to increase, its value had been dropped but the changes was not significant, and optimization condition was found at above 800 1 000 g carrier loading （pouzzolane） or 600 g PVC. Under gas/liquid ratio of 0.8% -5.2%, KLa was （0.62-1.37）×10^-2· s^-1.

有机液体储氢技术催化脱氢过程强化研究进展

氢能是实现化石能源清洁高效利用和支撑可再生能源大规模发展的理想互联媒介,然而氢的储运是制约氢能规模化应用的关键技术瓶颈。有机氢化物(LOHC)储氢技术具有成本低、储氢密度大、安全稳定等优势,可匹配现有化石能源输运架构,有望在大规模、长距离和分布式的氢储运场景中发挥重要作用。但是,在LOHC储氢循环中,相对于发展较为成熟的加氢技术,LOHC脱氢过程效率低、稳定性差,是制约该技术发展的关键。基于此,本文综述了LOHC储氢技术催化脱氢过程强化的研究进展和发展趋势,概述了LOHC储氢基本概念和催化脱氢反应基本原理,从催化过程强化、产物分离强化、能量效率强化等方面总结了脱氢过程强化策略,通过对比不同技术手段的特点,分析了LOHC储氢技术催化脱氢过程目前亟需解决的难题,即开发高效的脱氢催化剂、提高催化脱氢过程的传热传质效率以及降低脱氢过程能耗,这对LOHC储氢技术的实际应用具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。

晃荡条件下LNG船液舱蒸发相变分析

天然气以其绿色清洁的优点,市场需求与日俱增。为了保证液化天然气(LNG)运输船安全运行,分析计算不同工况下的舱室日蒸发率尤为重要。通过Fluent软件研究LNG船液货舱在晃荡状态下的相变蒸发状态,并在LNG舱室蒸发计算中引入了晃荡变量因素。计算结果表明:内壁面过热度与液舱装载率均能大幅影响LNG的蒸发状态,LNG能快速转入稳定蒸发阶段,且蒸发质量流率趋于稳定。研究结果可为相关船舶研发提供参考。

北斗实时百皮秒级单差时频同步方法

高精度时频传递与时间同步服务已成为全球导航卫星系统应用领域的研究热点,国内外学者围绕GNSS高精度时频同步模型算法及相关应用等方面开展了诸多研究。本文提出基于载波相位的差分高精度时间传递模型,实现基于北斗卫星导航系统的实时百皮秒级单差时频同步。以中国计量科学研究院的光纤链路为参考,北斗时间同步精度优于时频同步系统的实时秒脉冲时间同步精度优于100 ps;在7 d的测试时段内,链路的时间稳定度优于70 ps;链路频率万秒稳定度可达10-15量级,频率长期稳定度可达10-16量级。利用BDS进行单差时频同步的频率稳定度与GPS相当,对开展BDS在时频领域的下一步推广应用提供重要的参考意义。

固体热载体热解中传热行为的Fluent模拟和实验

固体热载体热解(SHC)和外热式普通热解(CP)由于传热方式和热解挥发物经历温度场的不同,其传热行为和热解行为存在较大差异。采用小型密闭固定床反应器,以核桃壳(WS)为原料、石英砂(QS)为固体热载体,在石英砂预热温度800℃、QS与WS质量比9∶1条件下研究了传热行为和热解规律。采用实验和Fluent模拟两种方式研究了固体热载体热解过程的传热行为,并将温度场解耦为热解温度(T_(WS))和挥发物温度(T_(QS-h))。研究结果表明:相比于模拟所得的T_(WS)和T_(QS-h)最大值(490和612℃),实验数据(460和508℃)更小,实验过程存在散热现象。T_(WS)平均值(T_(WS))和T_(QS-h)平均值(T_(QS-h))的温差的实验值和模拟值分别为39和72℃,说明低温挥发物在逸出过程中经过高温石英砂层时发生剧烈的二次反应。相比于CP,SHC热解方式下的焦炭得率和气体得率更高,分别为67.42%和12.51%;油得率和水得率更低,分别为8.69%和11.38%。同时,SHC热解方式下的油中极轻馏分(VLO)、轻馏分(LO)和重馏分(HO)含量显著增多,残留分(CR)含量显著减小,油的品质得到提高。

138000m^3薄膜式LNG运输船温度场及其热应力分析

对一艘138 000m3薄膜式LNG运输船的液货舱热维护系统进行了稳态传热分析,计算获得了在8种工况下船体各部分的温度分布,在此基础上对船体结构进行了热应力分析。通过分析比较满载航行工况下的结构应力和温度应力,得出了一些有指导意义的结论。

激光打印技术中传输材料的研究状况

总结了前人对有机电荷传输材料的研究所取得的进展，讨论了影响载流子传输的因素，分析了这类材料研究工作的发展趋势。

ICPT系统电能信号共享通道实时同步传输方法研究

针对利用感应耦合电能传输(inductively coupled power transfer,ICPT)系统电能传输通道实现数字信号实时、双向传输问题,提出一种基于载波方式实现信号传输的新方法。电能传输耦合机构作为电能与信号传输的共享通道,可以传输电能与信号这两种不同频率的波。信号加载和检波电路直接并联在电能传输耦合机构上,并在电能传输谐振电容与耦合机构间串联阻波电路,数字信号经调制后加载到传输通道,然后直接经过电能传输耦合机构传输,避免通过电能传输谐振电容而被削弱。通过分析电能传输及信号传输通道的衰减增益,以及电能传输对信号传输的干扰,确定所提方法的可行性,最后搭建实验平台验证所提方法的正确性。

移动床生物膜反应器中两种填料氧传质性能的比较

在移动床生物膜反应器中,填料是废水处理工艺的核心,也是加强传质的基本手段。笔者选用Mutag BiochipTM填料1,WD-F10-4型BioMTM聚乙烯填料2对比研究两种填料的氧传质性能。在相同操作工艺条件下,5%填料1和30%填料2的填充率可保证二者总比表面积相同,COD去除率相当;对比分析移动床生物膜反应器中两种填料在有无附着生物膜体系的氧传质性能受进水COD浓度变化的影响,结果显示,填料1体系的氧传质性能稳定并优于填料2体系。

载体转移工艺制备TiO_2包覆的LiMn_2O_4

采用载体转移工艺制备TiO2包覆的LiMn2O4。通过XRD、SEM和电化学性能测试,研究载体转移工艺对产物的影响。TiO2与载体C的质量比为3∶7、在500℃下焙烧6 h所制备的包覆材料电化学性能较好,以50 mA/g的电流在3.5～4.3 V充放电,首次放电比容量为111.5 mAh/g,高于纯LiMn2O4的103.8 mAh/g,第50次循环时仍有103.2 mAh/g。TiO2包覆的LiMn2O4为立方尖晶石结构,颗粒表面变得粗糙;包覆的TiO2可抑制LiMn2O4在循环过程中电化学阻抗的增加。

高效白色磷光有机电致发光器件

采用真空热蒸镀方法以4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl(CBP)为主体材料、以bis[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzothiazolato-N,C2′]iridium(acetylacetonate)[(t-bt)2Ir(acac)]磷光染料为掺杂剂构成黄色发光层,制备了高效白光的有机电致发光器件(OLEDs).OLEDs的器件结构为indium tin oxide(ITO)/N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-biphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine(NPB)/CBP:(t-bt)2Ir(acac)/NPB/2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(BCP)/8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum(Alq3)/Mg∶Ag,从ITO阳极开始的第一层NPB为空穴传输层,第二层超薄的NPB为蓝色发光层,BCP为空穴阻挡层和激子阻挡层,Alq3为电子传输层.结果表明,器件电压在3V启亮,在16.5V时,器件的最高亮度达到15460cd·m-2;在4V时,器件达到最大流明效率为7.5lm·W-1,器件启亮后所发出的白光光谱在低电压时随电压变化有稍微的移动,但是都在白光范围内变化.在电压达到8V后Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage(国际照明委员会)(CIE)色坐标为(0.33,0.32),并且光谱及色坐标稳定,不随电压变化而改变,与最佳的白光坐标(0.33,0.33)几乎重合.同时,从机理上解释了光谱移动和效率衰减的原因,并探讨了载流子陷阱和能量传递的关系.