The Impact of Privatization on Terminal Efficiency: A Case Study of Tema Port

Port and terminal efficiency are of utmost importance to the container shipping industry due to their significance in enhancing the competitive advantage of ports within a region. Consequently, there have always been notable variations of studies around it. This paper analyzes the impact of privatization on terminal efficiency using the Port of Tema as a Case Study. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the efficiency trends of the public and private terminals in the port over the years. To achieve this objective, DEA-CCR methodology was employed to calculate the annual technical efficiency trends of the private and public terminals using four input variables and three output variables. The main results of the paper indicated that the public and private terminals were efficient for multiple years. However, the efficiency scores over the years demonstrated inconsistency, exhibiting notable fluctuations. The findings of this study will aid policymakers across the region on policies relating to the efficiency and ownership structure of ports and terminals.

Security Risk Assessment in Container Terminals:Empirical Evidence from Greece

The most prominent risk assessment techniques are founded on the values of measuring and controlling the frequency and the consequences of risks in order to assure an“acceptable level”of“safeness”mainly in the lines of environmental,health and hygiene and port product issues.This paper examines security risk assessment approaches within the emerging role of ports.This paper contributes to the current literature by considering the ports of Greece as a case in point and by measuring the degree of its security risk orientation based on certain valid risk factors drawn from the current literature.Moreover,it presents a security risk assessment methodology into the domain of port container terminals.Their potential for ports were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed by discussing issues of security approaches within the maritime industry,in order to facilitate improvement strategies.A two-dimension empirical study was conducted,in a time range of ten years(2010-2020)in order to provide evidence regarding security risk assessment in the port container terminal of Thessaloniki,in Greece.The findings of this study have significant strategic policy implications and shed more light on the role of security risks in the overall risk orientation of container terminals in practice.Finally,further research directions in security risk in ports are proposed.

Modelling Dry Port Systems in the Framework of Inland Waterway Container Terminals

Overcoming the global sustainability challenges of logistics requires applying solutions that minimize the negative effects of logistics activities.The most efficient way of doing so is through intermodal transportation(IT).Current IT systems rely mostly on road,rail,and sea transport,not inland waterway transport.Developing dry port(DP)terminals has been proven as a sustainable means of promoting and utilizing IT in the hinterland of seaport container terminals.Conventional DP systems consolidate container flows from/to seaports and integrate road and rail transportation modes in the hinterland which improves the sustainability of the whole logistics system.In this article,to extend literature on the sustainable development of different categories of IT terminals,especially DPs,and their varying roles,we examine the possibility of developing DP terminals within the framework of inland waterway container terminals(IWCTs).Establishing combined road–rail–inland waterway transport for observed container flows is expected to make the IT systems sustainable.As such,this article is the first to address the modelling of such DP systems.After mathematically formulating the problem of modelling DP systems,which entailed determining the number and location of DP terminals for IWCTs,their capacity,and their allocation of container flows,we solved the problem with a hybrid metaheuristic model based on the Bee Colony Optimisation(BCO)algorithmand themeasurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution(i.e.,MARCOS)multi-criteria decision-making method.The results from our case study of the Danube region suggest that planning and developingDP terminals in the framework of IWCTs can indeed be sustainable,as well as contribute to the development of logistics networks,the regionalisation of river ports,and the geographic expansion of their hinterlands.Thus,the main contributions of this article are in proposing a novel DP concept variant,mathematically formulating the problems of its modelling,and developing an encompassing hybrid metaheuristic approach for treating the complex nature of the problem adequately.

An Analysis of Formal Risk Assessments for Safety and Security in Ports： Empirical Evidence from Container Terminals in Greece

Nowadays, the most prominent risk assessment techniques are founded on the values of measuring and controlling the frequency and the consequences of risks in order to assure an ＂acceptable level＂ of ＂safeness＂ mainly in the lines of environmental, health and hygiene and port product issues. This paper initially introduces risk assessment approaches within the emerging role of ports Thereafter, it qualitatively assesses their potential for ports by discussing issues challenging every safety and security approach within the maritime industry such as proactiveness, organization, transparency, cost-effectiveness and, when possible, calibration to specific experiences. Moreover, an empirical study was conducted in order to provide evidence for formal risk assessment for safety and security in the main Greek port container terminals of Piraeus and Thessaloniki. The empirical research is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with the administrations of container terminals. The results include important findings, regarding the likelihood of appearance of certain risks and their perceived severity in Greek container terminals. The collected answers and their analysis are also important for confirming the suggested theoretical formal risk assessment framework for ports.

A Risk Assessment Methodology in Container Terminals： The Case Study of the Port Container Terminal of Thessalonica, Greece

Amidst the ever increasing demand for the unhindered flow of freight throughout the world, seaport safety is emerging as a critical factor which increasingly dictates the need to establish a proactive approach towards addressing the associated risks rather than the traditional reactive response to port accidents. This paper proposes and presents a proactive methodology for port safety risk assessment （including the techno-economically effective prioritized control） which constitutes an adaptation of the FSA （Formal Safety Assessment） for ships. The ability of the proposed methodology to offer this standardized approach for PRA （Port Risk Assessment） is demonstrated through reference to the container terminal of the Greek Port of Thessalonica, for which an empirical study is contacted utilizing the historical record of encountered accidents with regard to their frequency of occurrence and their impact upon the human and environmental resources of the port.

Developing Large-Scale Dry Ports—The Case of Arriyadh

The purpose of this paper is to explore the development process of a large scale dry port and to analyse what measures and actions are needed in order to support the decision making process and ensure an effective and efficient dry port that serves the City and the region’s current and future needs. The purpose is explored in the context of Saudi Arabiaand the city ofArriyadh. Key issues identified related to the dry port development are long term planning and crosssector collaboration. The interconnection between the dry port and the overall transport system and aspects, such as location of business, city logistics, road and rail infrastructure, local, regional and national regulations, etc., is strong. This puts challenge on the coordination and alignment of the different organizations, their strategies and objectives. In a complex situation, such as developing a dry port with many stakeholders, it is crucial that the roles of all actors are clearly defined. This is essential for utilizing the dry port as a regional tool for planning. In that regard, it is appropriate that the site location decision is clearly connected with an overall city freight vision and strategy.

Rail-Road Hinterland Intermodal Terminal Location in West Africa Region—Case Study of Corridor Port of Abidjan to Ouagadougou-Bamako

Efficient and effective movement of goods is very critical in today’s competitive environment especially for developing countries suffering from crippling logistics costs which limit their competitive ability in the global economy. Putting in place an optimal logistics network design offers great potential for logistics cost reduction and service quality improvement [1]. Therefore, this paper presents a model for effective integration of inland intermodal terminal into logistics network. The model simultaneously determines the number and location of inland terminals in network that minimize the total cost of freight flow to hinterland. The model uses Abidjan port in Cote d’Ivoire as the case study for solving numeric examples. The problem will be formulated in the case of a rail-road network where post-routing is done by road and rail link between terminal. We present a linear optimization model which is implemented using LINGO Mathematical Modeling Language.

Analysis of the Competition of Ports in the Middle East Container Ports Using HHI

The market concentration of selected 24 container port/terminal in the Middle East region was evaluated. Data collected for 6 years （2009-2014）, HHI （Herfindahl-Hirschman index technique） was used to analyse the market behaviour and the movement of the market towards monopoly or to lead to PPC （pure and perfect competition）. Based on the above, by analyzing the defined market data, it was found to be a promising market and tends to competition. Of course, this serves the interest of the client, which is the efficiency and speed of cargo handling safely and at the lowest cost.

Preliminary Assessment of Operational Downtime of Sea Ports and Berthing Facilities through Numerical Modelling

Downtime due to adverse wave conditions for vessels at berth is an important commercial aspect in the planning and development of a sea port or a berthing terminal. This paper describes a practical technique for preliminary assessment of operational downtime at a proposed bulk terminal. Time-series wind and wave data at an offshore location was purchased. Numerical modelling was then carried out using the MIKE21 SW （spectral wave） model developed by DHI （Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut） to transform these offshore waves into inshore in order to derive wave conditions at the berth. Both wind-waves and swell-waves were considered. Waves affecting the head and beam of a vessel were considered separately for a wide range of vessel sizes with DT （displacement tonnage） ranging from 5,000 tons to 〉 200,000 tons. The limiting wave height H5% was used. Operational downtime was also calculated using significant wave height, Hs as a criterion with limits ofHs = 1.0 m for beam seas and Hs = 1.5 m for head seas. The methodology and lessons learnt from the study can be applied for the development of any sea port worldwide.

LIQUID PRODUCTS MARINE TERMINAL OP-V OF KARACHI PORT,PAKISTAN WAS COMMISSIONED

The Karachi Port of Pakistan is a deep natural sea port with a history of 150 years. The Port has an 11 km long approach channel decaracted with buoys for proriding safe navigation of 75,000 DWT tankers,modern container vessels,bulk Karachi Port is the premier port of Pakistan and handles over 85 percent of the whole dry gen-

干散货码头数字孪生综合管控平台架构与实践

为加快干散货智慧港口建设,探讨了数字孪生技术在干散货码头中的应用。分析干散货码头运营呈现出的自动化、信息化、智能化发展趋势,指出当前面临的数据爆炸性增长、数据采集不全面等挑战。在此基础上,对数字孪生在港口的应用领域进行分析梳理,围绕数字孪生模型内容,提出7大应用业务领域。通过干散货码头数字孪生的建设路线,提出以数据驱动和模型驱动为核心的数字孪生模型构建方法。结合干散货码头智能化建设现状,提出干散货码头数字孪生平台架构方案。选取典型门机设备和港区全局典型案例,分别从微观设备孪生构建和宏观全局孪生场景两个层面阐述应用实践经验,以期为智慧港口的发展与建设提供参考。

上海港集装箱码头利用率分析及通过能力评估

码头属于服务性基础设施,通常所说的“码头通过能力”属于非饱和能力,即设施利用率保持合理状态(集装箱码头50%~70%)下的能力。设计通过能力,即为按照设计条件计算确定额定通过能力,根据运营后设备配备、船型(单船装卸量)等情况的变化,通过能力需要定期进行重新评估。2022年,上海港全港完成集装箱吞吐量4730万TEU,远远高于原来码头的设计通过能力值。在《上海港总体规划(修订)》中需要重新评估集装箱码头的通过能力,从而实现对岸线资源的合理规划,保障港口的可持续发展。

广东省海上风电母港发展现状及规划布局建议

近10年,海上风电方兴未艾,广东省从近海逐步到深远海规模化开发海上风电,规划打造粤东、粤西1000万千瓦级海上风电基地,阳江、汕尾、揭阳、汕头先后启动海上风电相关物料码头、重大件设备码头以及运营维护码头建设,海上风电母港初见雏形。调研广东省海上风电母港建设和运营情况,对比分析国内外海上风电母港的发展现状,总结固定式风电机组和漂浮式风电机组发展对港口资源的使用需求,并结合广东省海上风电规划容量和沿海港口规划布局情况,基于集约、高效利用岸线和土地资源以及促进海上风电产业集群集聚发展的角度,提出海上风电母港规划布局建议,供海上风电母港选址建设和港口规划调整参考。

集装箱港口多码头泊位联合分配优化研究

多码头泊位联合分配是港口资源整合、提升服务水平的重要手段。针对集装箱港口多码头泊位计划,考虑不同码头泊位条件、岸桥能力等因素,构建多码头泊位-岸桥集成分配数学模型。设计改进灰狼算法(IGWO),利用离散化映射进行编码设计,基于优胜劣汰法实现种群动态进化。设计算例,将IGWO与果蝇算法和粒子群算法进行对比。结果显示:IGWO算法优化结果分别提升16.6%和21.1%;利用IGWO对不同船舶到港密度泊位算例进行求解,其中,多码头泊位分配可有效减少总时间成本及延误船舶数量,节省岸线资源约10%。结果表明:设计的模型及算法可有效解决多码头泊位联合分配问题。

港口码头工程智慧化工地建设的探讨与实践

为推动港口码头智慧化建设,解决港口码头工程建设中人员管理能力差、危险源监测不到位、信息传递不通畅等问题,以山东港口青岛港前湾港区自动化码头三期工程为背景,采用信息化技术、物联网技术、人工智能技术等智慧化管理平台建设关键技术,针对港口码头工程智慧化工地建设各环节中智慧化应用不足问题,从智能防疫应用、安全管理应用、进度管理应用、质量管理应用、环境管理应用五个方面重点研究智慧化工地建设应用。工程实践表明,港口码头智慧化管理平台建设,可以有效提高施工质量、降低施工成本、保障施工安全。港口码头工程进行智慧化建设试点探索,达到了高效建设港口码头的效果。

沿海港口LNG码头选址要素分析

沿海港口液化天然气(LNG)码头的选址受到综合因素的影响,由于筛选要素过多,且存在相互关联,评价过程中难免存在主观偏差的问题。针对沿海港口的LNG码头选址复杂以及其具独特性的问题,进行LNG码头选址要素分析研究。采用模糊层次分析法,结合提出的5大影响因素共计11项评价指标,构建沿海港口LNG码头选址的综合评价指标体系。结果表明,采用模糊层次分析法,通过多专家对指标因子进行赋值和评分,可以更客观且直观地评价LNG码头选址,为沿海地区LNG码头的选址提供更科学、合理的参考。

邮轮经济与国际消费中心城市建设互动研究

国际消费中心城市吸引聚集着庞大的创意和消费群体,且在金融商贸、文化创意、新兴科技、先进制造等要素和产业领域引领全球风尚。而邮轮经济必然会推动邮轮港区的更新改造,并培植旅游服务消费、总部经济、商办经济、创意经济等要素和产业领域的发展活力,推动港区“港产城”协同发展。通过发挥城市与港区在产业和要素方面的独特优势,可有力地促进邮轮经济与国际消费中心城市在金融、技术、管理、文旅及其他产业要素领域的港城融合与互促发展。

新型多端口直流潮流控制器及其控制策略研究

直流潮流控制器是实现多端直流电网稳态潮流调节的关键装备,针对现有直流潮流控制器的局限性,通过在环形支路中串入输出直流电压可调节的级联子模块的方式,设计了一种新型多端口直流潮流控制器。首先,对所提控制器的拓扑结构和工作原理进行了阐述;然后,介绍了其控制策略和参数选择方法;最后,通过一个具有八条直流线路的五端直流电网的电磁暂态仿真案例对直流潮流控制器的性能进行验证。结果表明:所提控制器能够同时调节同一直流母线所连接的多条直流线路上的潮流,具有模块化和易扩展的优势。

港区配电网对分布式电源承载力的评估方法

在零碳港口战略驱动下,加快分布式电源建设有利于实现港口清洁用能及环保转型。针对高比例分布式电源的接入会造成电压越限、反向潮流倒送过载等影响,提出一种港区配电网对分布式电源承载力的评估方法,用于评估分布式电源的最大接入容量,并以某港区配电网为例,验证该方法的可行性和实用性。

面向港区配电网承载力提升的分布式储能配置方法

高比例分布式电源的接入有利于促进港口实现清洁能源供能转型,但过高的分布式电源渗透率也会导致配电网主变或线路容量不足。以最大化分布式电源安装容量、最小化储能综合配置成本为目标,提出一种面向承载力提升的分布式储能配置方法,对分布式储能在提升承载力和延缓增容改造的效果上进行了量化分析,并以某码头典型场景为例,验证该方法的可行性和经济性。