Contribution of NTFPs to cash income of the War Khasi community of southern Meghalaya,North-East India

Ever since their emergence on this planet, human beings have depended on forest resources for their requirements, ranging from food, fuel to shelter. Sustainable extraction of forest resources has been promoted by conservationists and development agencies as a feasible strategy for forest dwellers, which does not diminish the resource base. Yet surveys of actual resource use suggest that for poorer resource-dependent communities without access to markets, non-timber forest products （NTFPs） can only act as a safety- net and a supplementary income source. In southern Meghalaya of India, NTFPs and medicinal and aromatic plants （MAPs） have become an important source of cash and subsistence income for poor people living in or near forests. People in this region have tradi- tionally been collecting different forest products from private forests as well as community conserved forests, The study reveals that NTFPs contribute significantly towards the annual cash income of the local population. The contribution of NTFPs to their income was highest in the case of poor families （9.89%）, followed by middle income families （3.34%） and the least for the higher income families （1.34%）. Our household survey revealed that 100% of the population is directly or indirectly dependent on NTFPs. House- hold response indicates diversity in both the types and uses of products collected.

Factors affecting consumer acceptance of electronic cash in China:an empirical study

This paper proposes and validates a comprehensive model of consumer acceptance in the context of offline e-cash payment.It modifies the unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology model(UTAUT)with constructs of perceived security,cost of use,and government policy.Data collected from 4428 questionnaires about users’attitudes toward e-cash is used to apply a structural equation model which,in turn,assesses the predictive model.The empirical results indicate that perceived security and cost of use are beneficial extensions to the traditional UTAUT model,and intention is a key antecedent to users’actual utilization of e-cash.In addition,the demographic moderators are found to have significant effects on the relations among the variables.These results are useful to e-cash development and significant to the issue of Digital Currency Electronic Payment.

Does Cash Incentive Effect TB Case Notification by Public Private Mix-General Practitioners Model in Pakistan?

Setting: Private healthcare providers including solo practitioners and laboratories enrolled with Public Private Mix General Practitioners model in Pakistan who were enrolled with the program and maintained participation during 2014 to 2016. Objective: To assess the change in case notification by private healthcare providers as well as effect on sputum smear positivity rate at private laboratories after introduction of incentives. Design: A comparative cross-sectional study based on routinely maintained National TB Control Program data collected before and after the introduction of incentives (2014 and 2016). Results: In 2016, TB case notification increased by 71% after cash incentives was introduced. Among the 618 private healthcare providers who enrolled and maintained participation in the Public Private Mix program, only 1% of the GPs contributed to 19% increase in case notification, whereas 27% GPs had reported a reduced number of cases compared to the pre-intervention period. After incentives, slide positivity rate for diagnostic declined by 1.9% and follow-up increased by 0.6%. Number of slides for diagnostic and follow-up testing increased by 82% and 72% respectively. Conclusion: Engaging the private healthcare sector, by providing cash incentives to private health care Provider’s is an effective strategy for providing a substantial increase in National TB case notification.

CASH课程理念下“中国传统文化”课程网络教学空间的构建

在“双高”建设背景下,对高职院校“中国传统文化”课程,需要构建以CASH课程理念为基础、思政元素为内容、信息技术为支撑、学习者为中心的网络教学空间,并从教材开发、应用模式、课堂载体、质量评价四个方面进行实践探索。

Impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions:Evidence from low-income regions in China

This study examines the impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions,using survey data collected from low-income regions in China.Given farmers decide themselves whether to cultivate cash crops,an endogenous treatment regression model that accounts for potential selection bias issue is used to analyze the data.The empirical results show that cash crop cultivation exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on household income,but it does not affect household migration decisions significantly.The disaggregated analyses reveal that cash crop cultivation significantly increases farm income but decreases off-farm income.

Cash holdings,corporate governance,and acquirer returns

Background:The wealth effect of limiting shareholder rights via anti-takeover provisions(ATPs)is a contentious issue.By taking the differential effect hypothesis perspective,our study aims to provide additional evidence about the relation between ATPs and acquisition performance.Methods:We examine the interaction of antitakeover provisions(ATPs)with firm characteristics and governance environment in explaining the cross-section of bidder announcement returns.Using a sample of 3,340 completed acquisitions by 1,217 firms during 1996–2006,we test the association between ATPs,firm characteristics,and governance environments with bidder returns.Results:We find that ATPs hurt acquisition performance only when acquirers hold a high level of excess cash.Similarly,ATPs are associated with lower bidder returns only when industry competition is weak and public pension fund ownership is low as well.By contrast,when industry competition is intense and/or public pension fund ownership is high,ATPs do not hurt bidder returns.Conclusions:The complementarity among ATPs,excess cash,industry competition,and public pension fund ownership suggests that ATPs per se do not necessarily result in value-destroying acquisitions for all firms.We address the endogeneity issue of unknown variables by using a proxy for firm prestige and draw the same conclusions.

Interplanting Patterns of Cash Crops under Forest

At the same time of tending forests,it is necessary to explore the under-forest economic development mode,bring into play production function of economic plants,establish cultivation mode of edible fungus,wild vegetables and medicinal plants under forest,to obtain certain economic benefit in short period. This paper made a preliminary study on significance and existing problems of the under-forest economy,and came up with several interplanting patterns,in the hope of providing a comprehensive operation and cultivation approach for developing the under-forest economy.

Alternative measure of financial development and investment-cash flow sensitivity:evidence from an emerging economy

This study examines the impact of financial development on corporate investment in terms of their influence on financing constraints.This study also tries to find the effect of financial development on the investment-cash flow sensitivity across the size,degree of financial constraints and group affiliation of the firm.This study employs dynamic panel data model or more specifically system generalized method of moments(GMM)estimation technique.The estimation results reveal that cash flow affects the investment decision of the company positively,which implies that Indian firms are financially constrained.Also,we observe that financial development reduces the investment-cash flow sensitivity and the effect of financial development is more prominent for small size and standalone firms.The results are robust across the period and,for both financially constrained and unconstrained firms.This study contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the impact of financial development on the role of cash flow in determining investments undertaken by the Indian firms,which is an unexplored issue from an emerging market perspective.

Financial reporting of cash flow： Arbitrary items and management preferences

The international financial reporting standard for cash flow statement （IAS 7） provides options for the classification of certain cash flow items （arbitrary items）. Therefore, business firms may classify the arbitrary items using the option that would maximize their own interest. This reduces the comparability of financial statements amongst business firms. This study aims to investigate the factors explaining management preferences in the selection of financial reporting practices on the arbitrary cash flow items. It concludes that managers tend to magnify the CFO reported in order to maximize the shareholders＇ wealth, which in turn would maximize their compensation. Managers of business firms with a relatively smaller size of CFO tend to classify interest paid and dividends paid as non-CFO in order to magnify their CFO. They also tend to classify interest received as CFO in order to inflate their relatively smaller size of CFO up to expectation. Similarly, managers of business firms with a relative larger size of dividends paid would classify the dividends paid outside CFO.

Determining Bookkeeping Cash Maximum of Serbian Army Units by Using Multicriteria Optimization

Normal practice of financial management in the defense system is crucial for the performance of assigned tasks. Payment transactions in cash, in addition to non-cash payment system are very important if we take into account the specificity of the defense system. With limited financial resources optimization level of bookkeeping cash limit should provide continuous funding of units and institutions of the defense system. The aim of this paper is to show that using the method of analytic hierarchy process （AHP） we can help optimize the allocation of cash financial funds within the defense system.

Upshot of ohmically dissipated Darcy-Forchheimer slip flow of magnetohydrodynamic Sutterby fluid over radiating linearly stretched surface in view of Cash and Carp method

The present work concerns the momentum and heat transmission of the electro-magnetohydrodynamic (E-MHD) boundary layer Darcy-Forchheimer flow of a Sutterby fluid over a linear stretching sheet with slip. The nonlinear equations for the proposed model are analyzed numerically. Suitable techniques are used to transform the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) conforming to the forced balance law, energy, and concentration equations into a nonlinear coupled system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Numerical solutions of the transformed nonlinear system are obtained using a shooting method, improved by the Cash and Carp coefficients. The influence of important physical variables on the velocity, the temperature, the heat flux coefficient, and the skin-friction coefficient is verified and analyzed through graphs and tables. From the comprehensive analysis of the present work, it is concluded that by intensifying the magnitude of the Hartmann number, the momentum distribution decays, whereas the thermal profile of fluid increases. Furthermore, it is also shown that by aug- menting the values of the momentum slip parameter, the velocity profile diminishes. It is found that the Sutterby fluid model shows shear thickening and shear thinning behaviors. The momentum profile shows that the magnitude of velocity for the shear thickening case is dominant as compared with the shear thinning case. It is also demonstrated that the Sutterby fluid model reduces to a Newtonian model by fixing the fluid parameter to zero. In view of the limiting case, it is established that the surface drag in the case of the Sutterby model shows a trifling pattern as compared with the classical case.

Commercial cash crop production and households'economic welfare:Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate.This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming.It then examined how households'commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare.We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model.The endogenous treatment regression(ETR)method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare.The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices,agricultural technology services,farmers'access to loans,and government subsidies promoted smallholders'commercial pulse farming;production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders'commercial pulse production.Overall,commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income.Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households'cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.

Cash gifts,perception of social sphere and distribution of water resources for rural farmers in a typical oasis area in Northwest China

Face-to-face interviews(n=860) were conducted to determine cash-gift behavior, cognition and complexity of social relations, and family water consumption for agricultural production in a typical oasis area in Northwest China. The survey results revealed cash gifts to be the second-largest expenditure(1,330 Yuan) for rural households, far beyond the average spending on health(854.1 Yuan) or education(890.8 Yuan). The amount of cash-gift expenditures indirectly reflects a family's social relations level, and our developed Social Relations Extent Coefficient—based on cash-gift and food expenditures—can directly reflect the extent or level of these relationships. Different types of farmers or farming families have different coefficients. The coefficient also shows how social station affects a family's water resource utilization, and how water is distributed among different types of farmers. Despite the current inequities, however, promotion of better agricultural techniques and large-scale cultivation in this area could help distribute water resources more equitably and effectively.

A Fair Off-Line E-Cash System with Group Signature

This paper describes the research results and development of fair off-line e-cash systems so far, and points out that in these systems, the bank can compute the double-spender’s account secret key, thus the bank can impersonate the double-spender to withdraw from the double-spender’s account. This article utilizes anonymity control and group signature to address this shortcoming. Key words electronic cash - anonymity control - group signature CLC number TP 309 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China (90204015)Biography: SU Yun-xue (1975-), male, Ph. D. research direction: the software and theory of computer and information security.

Determination of Optimal Cash Position of Mutual Fund

Cash position, held by mutual fund with purpose to satisfy investors′ redemption, will inevitably generate certain amount of cost. In this paper, the total cost caused by cash position is divided into opportunity cost and shortage cost, and a model is constructed to describe the relationship between total cost and cash position along with investors′ purchase and redemption, from which the formula of optimal cash position is deduced. Finally, the adjustment of optimal cash position in different market situations is discussed.

Impact of Equity Pledge Behavior on Cash Holdings

Since the promulgation of the Guarantee Law of the People's Republic of China,the pledge of equity in China's capital market is becoming more and more frequent. This paper attempts to study the relationship between equity pledge,the individual behavior of shareholders and cash holding level of enterprises. Based on the data of Shanghai-Shenzhen A-share listed companies in 2009-2016,multiple regression model was established to study the impact of equity pledge behavior on corporate cash holdings. It is found that equity pledge and pledge ratio are significantly negatively correlated with cash holding level. This can effectively alleviate the financial constraints of listed companies in China.

Banana as a Cash Crop and Its Food Security and Socioeconomic Contribution: The Case of Southern Ethiopia, Arba Minch

Food security is a challenge in many developing countries. Nations are still struggling to make use of available resources so as to combat hunger. Drought, land degradation, marketing constraints, improper post-harvest handling and anthropogenic factors are minimizing the production and productivity of agricultural land resources. Making use of improved technologies, adaptable crops and high yielding cash crops, however, are also helping many to cope up with food insecurity. Banana production is significantly contributing for food security as well as livelihood opportunities in Southern Ethiopia. But, technical works on the value chain of the crop are still minimal;it would have resulted a tangible impact on the national income in terms of export earnings and food security too. The Southern Ethiopia, Gamo Gofa Zone is the leading banana producer in the country. This article assesses the potential contribution of banana production to food and income security in the area. The paper also explored the major banana production maximization bottlenecks. 63 farmers of Arba Minch Zuriya District were interviewed to extract primary information. Discussions were held with Government officials. Different reports and related literatures were also reviewed. The result showed that, banana production was having a significant role for the wellbeing of the community explained in terms of food security, income source and serving as source of feed for livestock. Problems associated with marketing and post-harvest handling are also identified being production problems. The fact that, the production of banana is mainly dominated by men has also let the men to sell the crop and have an independent control over the cash. Therefore, community awareness development, improving production systems and developing the culture of saving could help to have a sustained impact of banana production in the region.