A Cast Copper Rotor Induction Motor for Small Commercial EV Traction: Electromagnetic Design, Analysis, and Experimental Tests

According to the demands of the small commercial electric vehicle(EV)traction driving system,an 18kW inverter-driven induction motor(IM)with a die-casting copper squirrel cage rotor for traction drive was designed and evaluated.The 2D finite element model of the designed IM was built by considering the nonlinearity of core materials,and the geometric parameters of the motor were optimized.The operational performance of torque versus speed characteristics and the efficiency over the speed range under the rated(continuous)and overload condition were investigated.Finally,the designed inverter-driven IM was developed and the performance of the IM operating in three typical modes were tested respectively.The experimental results of the designed motor operating in various driven mode were compared with that of 2D FEM.All the results proved that the designed inverter-driven IM could meet the target specification of the small commercial EV.

Investigation of Cast Copper Structure

In this paper,the results of exploration macrostructure and microstructure of continuous cast copper bars are shown. Quantitative parameters of copper cast bars depending on the speed of continuous casting are rated. It is fixed that independent of speed of casting the macrocrystalline columnar structure consisting of four zones is formed. By means of raster electron microscopy,the microstructure of cast copper is studied. It is determined that the accumulations of eutectic Cu-Cu2O in the form of lines and gas pores by size from 2 to 35 microns at the boundaries grain are observed. With the use of the transmission electron microscope,specific dislocation configuration on cast copper sub-boundary grains is determined. It indicates to high-temperature strain of cupper in the course of cast bar solidification. The important finding can be used for the design technology of copper continuous casting and plastic working of cast bars.

A Dual Closed-Loop Digital Twin Construction Method for Optimizing the Copper Disc Casting Process

The copper disc casting machine is core equipment for producing copper anode plates in the copper metallurgy industry.The copper disc casting machine casting package motion curve(CPMC) is significant for precise casting and efficient production.However,the lack of exact casting modeling and real-time simulation information severely restricts dynamic CPMC optimization.To this end,a liquid copper droplet model describes the casting package copper flow pattern in the casting process.Furthermore,a CPMC optimization model is proposed for the first time.On top of this,a digital twin dual closed-loop self-optimization application framework(DT-DCS) is constructed for optimizing the copper disc casting process to achieve self-optimization of the CPMC and closed-loop feedback of manufacturing information during the casting process.Finally,a case study is carried out based on the proposed methods in the industrial field.

A DEVELOPMENT STUDY OF CAST COPPER ALLOYWITH HIGH STRENGTH AND HEAT－RESISTANCE

By means of Precipitation hardening, a cast copper alloy with high strength and heatresistance named Cu-6Ti-Cr-Al has been developed. This alloy has good castability. After water quenching at 860℃ for 1 h and aging at 450℃ for 4 h, the tensile strength, σ_b, is greater than 890MPa and the compressive strength, σ_(bc), reaches 1300MPa, while the ratio of compression, ε_c, is maintained at 20%. When the environmental temperature is raised to 450℃, the mechanical properties do not show any appreciable loss. These copper alloy castings have been used on the roll sleeves of rubber formers and the journal bearings of sheet mills. The results have shown that the service life of these parts is much longer than that of aluminium bronze and 904alloy castings. In the present work, the microstructure, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism were investigated.

Effect of cooling structure on thermal behavior of copper plates of slab continuous casting mold

A three-dimensional finite-element model of slab continuous casting mold was conducted to clarify the effect of cooling structure on thermal behavior of copper plates. The results show that temperature distribution of hot surface is mainly governed by cooling structure and heat-transfer conditions. For hot surface centricity, maximum surface temperature promotions are 30℃ and 15℃ with thickness increments of copper plates of 5 mm and nickel layers of 1 mm, respectively. The surface temperature without nickel layers is depressed by 10℃ when the depth increment of water slots is 2 mm and that with nickel layers adjacent to and away from mold outlet is depressed by 7℃ and 5℃, respectively. The specific trend of temperature distribution of transverse sections of copper plates is nearly free of cooling structure, but temperature is changed and its law is similar to the corresponding surface temperature.

Microstructure of aluminum/copper clad composite fabricated by casting-cold extrusion forming

An aluminum/copper clad composite was fabricated by the casting-cold extrusion forming technology and the microstructures of the products were observed and analyzed.It is found that aluminum grains at the interface are refined in the radial profiles of cone-shaped deformation zone,but the grains in the center maintain the original state and the grain size is non-uniform.A clear boundary presents between the refined area and center area.In contrast,the copper grains in the radial profiles have been significantly refined.In the center area of the copper,the grains are bigger than those at the boundary.On the surface of the deformable body,the grain size is the smallest,but with irregular grain morphology.After the product is entirely extruded,all the copper and aluminum grains are refined with small and uniform morphology.In the center area,the average diameter of aluminum grains is smaller than 5 μm,and the copper grain on the surface is about 10 μm.At the interface,the grain size is very small,with a good combination of copper and aluminum.The thickness of interface is in the range of 10-15 μm.Energy spectrum analysis shows that CuAl3 phase presents at the interface.

Numerical simulation of temperature field in horizontal core-filling continuous casting for copper cladding aluminum rods

The steady-state temperature field of horizontal core-filling continuous casting （HCFC） for producing copper cladding aluminum rods was simulated by finite element method to investigate the effects of key processing parameters on the positions of solid-liquid interfaces （SLIs） of copper and aluminum. It is found that mandrel tube length and mean withdrawing speed have significant effects on the SLI positions of both copper and aluminum. Aluminum casting temperature （TAI） （1003-1123 K） and secondary cooling water flux （600-900 L.h-1） have little effect on the SLI of copper but cause the SLI of aluminum to move 2-4 mm. When TA1 is in a range of 1043-1123 K, the liquid aluminum can fill continuously into the pre-solidified copper tube. Based on the numerical simulation, reasonable processing parameters were determined.

Relationships between the surface quality of a single crystal copper ingot and the process parameters of a heated mould continuous casting method

The relationships between the surface quality of a single crystal copper ingot and the process parameters of heated mould continuous casting method were studied experimentally using our own design of horizontal heated mould continuous casting apparatus, and the mechanism by which process parameters affect the surface quality of a single crystal copper ingot is analyzed in the present paper. The results show that the process parameters affect the surface quality of a pure copper ingot by affecting the position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould. The position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould must be controlled carefully within an appropriate range, which is determined through a series of experiments, in order to gain a single crystal copper ingot with good surface quality.

CONTINUOUS CASTING TECHNOLOGY OF SINGLE CRYSTAL COPPER ROD

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Research on horizontal electromagnetic continuous casting of copper tube blanks

The effect of commercial frequency electromagnetic field on the solidification structure and mechanical propertiesof copper hollow blanks prepared by horizontal continuous casting method was investigated. The results show thatwhen the electromagnetic field is imposed, columnar grains are evidently refined and fine equiaxed grains areobtained in the inner side of the cross-section. Moreover, with the increase of input current, the equiaxed grain regionwidens and the grains distribute more uniformly in the circumferential direction. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties areremarkably improved by the application of electromagnetic field. When the input current is 140 A, the tensile strengthincreases 15% and the elongation increases 10%. However, the electromagnetic field has no effect on the distribution ofmicroelements.

Effect of vacuum on porosity and mechanical properties of high-pressure die-cast pure copper

Pure copper tensile bars were produced by conventional die casting(HPDC) and vacuum-assist die casting(VADC) processes. Porosity and mechanical properties were investigated by using optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and tensile tester. Results show that porosities including gas porosity and shrinkage porosity could be observed in copper castings. Since the application of vacuum could reduce filling related gas entrapment and facilitate solidification due to the increased heat transfer between metal and die, both number and size of the entrapped gases, as well as shrinkage porosities were significantly reduced in vacuum-assist die castings of pure copper. The porosity fraction decreased from 2.243% to 0.875% compared with that of the conventional die casting. Besides, mechanical properties were improved significantly, i.e., by 15% for ultimate tensile strength and three times for elongation.

Orthogonal tests of copper-clad aluminum bimetal continuous casting by nitrogen pressure core-illing

To provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for preparing composite rods by direct continuous casting, copper-clad aluminum composite rods of external copper layer diameter 12 mm and inner aluminum core diameter 8 mm were manufactured. Orthogonal tests consisted of three factors and three levels were carried out to research the effects of melting copper temperature, continuous casting speed and nitrogen pressure on the performance of composite rods. Results showed that nitrogen pressure is the most important factor in influencing the surface quality; continuous casting speed is the most important factor in influencing copper & aluminum inter diffusion amount. Nitrogen pressure can noticeably improve the surface quality and make the rods easily be drawn out, but the surface quality does not show visible improvement when the nitrogen pressure is above 0.05 MPa. Measured by tests, the compound layer can be divided into three types according to its cladding layer degree: deficient cladding, normal cladding and excess cladding. The diameter of normal copper-clad aluminum composite rods can be successfully drawn less than 0.6 mm without annealing.

Process Parameters of Manufacturing Single Crystal Copper by Heated Mold Continuous Casting

The effect of process parameters on the surface quality of single crystal copper ingot was studied through experiment with a self-designed horizontal heated mould continuous casting apparatus,and the mechanism was analyzed.The results show that the process parameters affect the surface quality of pure copper ingot by affecting the position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould.The position of the liquid-solid interface in the mould must be controlled carefully in an appropriate range determined through experiments in order to gain a single crystal copper ingot with a high surface quality.

Influences of copper on solidification structure and hardening behavior of high chromium cast irons

The influences of copper on microstructure and the hardening behavior of high chromium cast irons subjected to sub-critical treatment were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast high chromium cast irons consists of retained austenite, martensite and M7C3 type eutectic carbide. When copper is added into high chromium cast irons, austenite and carbide contents are increased. The increased addition of copper content from 0% to 1.84% leads to the increase of austenite and carbide from 15.9% and 20.0% to 61.0% and 35.5%, respectively. In the process of sub-critical treatment, the retained austenite in the matrix can be precipitated into secondary carbides and then transforms into martensite in cooling process, which causes the secondary hardening of the alloy under sub-critical treatment. High chromium cast irons containing copper in sub-critical treatment appear the second hardening curve peak due to the precipitation of copper from supersaturated matrix.

Effect of Cooling Intensity and Position on Solidification in Semi-Continuous Casting of Copper

Cooling heat flux effect in both primary and secondary cooling zone has been studied in semi-continuous casting of copper billet. Sufficient cooling is essential to reduce casting defects and to get high productivity, however low rate of solidification is aimed in order to get coarser grain size and softer metal for less losses in extrusion. A three-dimensional numerical model has been developed including solidification behavior of copper through mushy zone. At steady state and constant casting speed, solid shell thickness is monitored during the reduction of cooling rate at mould region to avoid breaking out. Heat flux intensity at mould plays important role not only in the formation of solid shell thickness. But, pool length and mushy zone thickness can be significantly increased by decreasing primary cooling intensity. Increase intensity of secondary cooling zone for two particular cases of primary cooling is tested. First case is tested at mould inlet water temperature of 38°C, and second case at water temperature of 63°C. Results showed that the combination of increasing secondary cooling intensity and reduction of primary cooling intensity can increase pool length and mushy zone thickness. Also, it is shown that, secondary cooling intensity can be magnified by up to 1.5 times for cooling water temperature of 63°C to get pool length close to that of water temperature of 38°C.

双螺杆挤出机塑化系统电磁加热过程的数值模拟与实验研究及应用

探究电磁加热相比于铸铜加热对双螺杆挤出机塑化系统的影响,首先针对现有双螺杆机筒和线圈分布建立几何模型,使用comsol有限元软件研究了电磁加热过程机筒磁通量变化以及温度均匀性;另外,在数值模拟的指导下开展具体试验验证,对比了电磁加热和铸铜加热的机筒内壁及法兰温度均匀性、用电量及电磁辐射安全性。结果表明,电磁加热具有更高的控温精度,保证温度均匀性在±1℃以内,与模拟结果相吻合;在相同的加热时间内,电磁加热可以实现机筒和法兰同步加热,预热时间节约40%,生产过程节能50%;另外电磁辐射符合国家安全标准(GB 8702—2014),保证车间工人的人身安全。

铜板带水平连铸生产工艺及铸坯缺陷探究

随着国民经济的持续快速发展,国内对铜合金带材的需求量也在逐年增加。水平连铸是目前生产铜及铜合金带材的重要工艺。主要从国内外水平连铸技术的发展历史、水平连铸设备、水平连铸的生产工艺流程、结晶器的基本结构和水平连铸的优点等方面对铜板带的水平连铸进行了论述与介绍。并且重点分析了铜合金板带坯在凝固过程中产生表面凹坑、气孔、晶粒不均匀、边部裂纹、反偏析、缩松等缺陷的原因,并提出了相应的改善措施,有效预防了缺陷的产生,提高了带材的成品率,延长了结晶器的使用寿命。并对铜板带水平连铸未来的发展趋势进行了展望。

振动对铜钢双金属熔铸复合材料凝固组织的影响

通过在铜钢双金属熔铸工艺的冷却过程中对铸件施加机械振动,研究在0.2 mm振幅条件下,振动频率对铜合金凝固组织和铜钢双金属结合面的影响。结果表明:在铸件冷却阶段对其施加振幅0.2 mm、频率40 Hz的机械振动能够有效细化铜合金侧凝固组织,布氏硬度和组织均匀性显著提升,铜合金晶粒尺寸减小并由枝晶转化为等轴晶,铅元素偏析和聚集现象得到明显改善,有效消除气孔和显微缩松。铜合金和钢基体之间形成冶金结合,未振动和施加振动后剪切断裂模式均为混合断裂,振动后由于α+δ硬脆相的分布发生改变而使剪切强度有所降低。

铜管坯水平连铸水冷调控与实验分析

为实现传统铜管坯水平连铸水冷控制系统在线自动化精准控制,提高生产质量与精度,改善管坯组织性能,对现有铜管坯水平连铸一冷水控制进行分析。采用程序设计和物理实验验证的方法,开展了基于可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)闭环策略下石墨结晶器冷却水量自动控制的相关研究。实验结果表明,基于闭环控制逻辑的自动水冷控制系统可以将流量波动控制在±0.5 L/min范围内,离散系数为2.68×10^(-3),明显小于传统水冷控制系统,铜管坯水平连铸一次冷却水闭环控制系统可以实现连铸过程的精确控制。

基于有限元模拟的水平连铸TP2铜管坯一次冷却结构优化研究

对比多种结晶器结构下温度场、速度场等分布状态及石墨模具内部温度变化趋势,探究其对铜套、石墨模具等易损件及铜管铸坯温度变化的影响。结果表明,在一次冷却结构增设12道Φ10 mm且倾斜角度为30°的流槽,可使冷却水流态平稳均衡,铜套受热均匀,有利于铸坯周向同时凝固。本文通过有限元软件模拟铜管水平连铸过程一次冷却结构优化对温度的影响,为生产企业改善产线冷却效果,提高产品质量,降低模具成本和延长使用寿命,提供了实验参照和理论指导。