Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Seismic performance analysis and design suggestion for frame buildings with cast-in-place staircases

Many staircases in reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures suffered severe damage during the Wenchuan earthquake. Elastic analyses for 18 RC structure models with and without staircases are conducted and compared to study the influence of the staircase on the stiffness, displacements and internal forces of the structures. To capture the yielding development and damage mechanism of frame structures, elasto-plastic analysis is carried out for one of the 18 models. Based on the features observed in the analyses, a new type of staircase design i.e., isolating them from the master structure to eliminate the effect of K-type struts, is proposed and discussed. It is concluded that the proposed method of staircase isolation is effective and feasible for engineering design, and does not significantly increase the construction cost.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

Design and construction of high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever flowering frame beam

The high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever structure of the office building of some court, which is located I-steel at the cantilever and used steel pipe scaffold as the support, has guaranteed the frame body and structure security by the frame body calculating, on-site test and reasonable construction order.

理学D／MAX—1400全自动X射线衍射仪SHUTTER单元工作原理及？…

在介绍ＳＨＵＴＴＥＲ单元工作原理基础上，分析自控方式快门出现故障的可能原因，作出相应排除措施。

Ultra Fast Shutter Driven by Pulsed High Current

Radiation simulation utilizing plasma radiation sources (PRS) generates a large number of undesirable debris, which may damage the expensive diagnosing detectors. An ultra fast shutter (UFS) driven by pulsed high current can erect a physical barrier to the slowly moving debris after allowing the passage of X-ray photons. The UFS consists of a pair of thin metal foils twisting the parallel axes in a Nylon cassette, compressed with an outer magnetic field, generated from a fast capacitor bank, discharging into a single turn loop. A typical capacitor bank is of 7.5μF charging voltages varying from 30 kV to 45 kV, with corresponding currents of approximately 90 kA to140 kA and discharging current periods of approximately 13.1μs. A shutter closing time as fast as 38 microseconds has been obtained with an aluminium foil thickness of 100 micrometers and a cross-sectional area of 15 mm by 20 mm. The design, construction and the expressions of the valve-closing time of the UFS are presented along with the measured results of valve-closing velocities.

Modeling and Rectification of Rolling Shutter Effect in CMOS Aerial Cameras

Due to the electronic rolling shutter, high-speed Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor( CMOS) aerial cameras are generally subject to geometric distortions,which cannot be perfectly corrected by conventional vision-based algorithms. In this paper we propose a novel approach to address the problem of rolling shutter distortion in aerial imaging. A mathematical model is established by the coordinate transformation method. It can directly calculate the pixel distortion when an aerial camera is imaging at arbitrary gesture angles.Then all pixel distortions form a distortion map over the whole CMOS array and the map is exploited in the image rectification process incorporating reverse projection. The error analysis indicates that within the margin of measuring errors,the final calculation error of our model is less than 1/2 pixel. The experimental results show that our approach yields good rectification performance in a series of images with different distortions. We demonstrate that our method outperforms other vision-based algorithms in terms of the computational complexity,which makes it more suitable for aerial real-time imaging.

The Properties of the Rectangular Arc Ion Plating with Magnetic Filtering Shutter

A major obstacle to the broad application of cathodic arc plasma deposition is the presence of macroparticles. In this paper, the properties of the large rectangular arc ion plating with a magnetic filtering shutter system to filter macroparticles are studied. It is proposed that the macroparticles in the plasma beam are effectively removed with the magnetic filtering shutter system, and the quality of the deposited films is improved.

Solar Shutters based on Photovoltaic Power Generation

This paper introduces a set of electrical energy-saving system for commercial office buildings,aiming at making better use of solar energy and photovoltaic power generation.Solar energy is a renewable energy source,which is inexhaustible clean energy and has great commercial application value.Based on this fact,we plan to design a unique and novel solar shutter in combination with the daily observation and the shape of solar panels.The shutter blades are equipped with an automatic light tracking system,and the angle of the blades can be adjusted in time through photoresistor induction,that is,as much solar energy as possible can be converted into electric energy for load use,and at the same time,comfortable light can be provided for the house.In essence,the system is a small photovoltaic power generation system,which runs all day with high-efficiency based on automatic sun tracking.Among them,the basic operation route includes:solar position detection,computer data processing,photovoltaic and electric volt energy conversion,circuit connection,etc.From the current debugging results,the shutter has the characteristics of humanization,high efficiency,cleanliness and so on.Through this energy-saving system,we hope to maximize the use of solar energy in the premise of low cost,so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving.

The Design and Experiment Studies of Optical Adapter with Integrated Dust Protection and Shutter Design

High power lasers (> +21dBm) have gradually become the common solution for signal transmitting systems including regional cable television, Fiber To The Home (FTTH), and gigabit passive optical networks (G- PONs) due to their ability to generate signals that can be transmitted over long distances. However, if protective design is not implemented in the facility at the client side, users may be exposed to health hazards such as eye damage from these high-power lasers. High-power optical adapters with laser shutter use metal masks to prevent eye exposure to direct laser beams. They have progressively replaced conventional optical adapters and entered the market mainstream. Our study uses the Elastic-Plastic theory together with parametric design to investigate the effect of geometry on the initial spring-back angle of a laser shutter. Once the force stabilizes, the angles of the initial spring back are found to be the same as the simulated results for several attempts. In our study, it is observed that factors including the thickness of the metal masking plate, the initial design angle, the stiffness of the material and the boundary conditions have significant influence on the spring back angle. These can be used as references in design control.

Shielding calculation for the thickness of the SR facility safety shutter

The safety shutter of the SR (synchrotron radiation) facility located at the front end of the facility is an in- dispensable component for radiation protection. Its thickness is decided by the gas bremsstrahlung produced in the SR facility storage ring by the interaction of electrons with the residual gas molecules in the vacuum chamber of the storage ring. In the calculation, the 3.5 GeV, 300 mA electron beam and a 15 m long insertion-device straight section (0.133 μ Pa) were taken into account, and the safety shutter was assumed to be located 12 m away from the end of the straight section. The EGSnrc code based on the Monte-Carlo method and empirical formulas were used, respectively, to calculate the thickness to satisfy the shielding requirement of the safety shutter at the front end of the SR facility, and the results were compared and the availability of EGSnrc was proved.

Shutter on Clutter

BEiJlNG housewife Liu Lifei described how she and her family started to feel claustrophobic in their apartment. Sharing 90 square meters of space with her husband, in-laws and son. it became increasingly crowded especially with son Yangyang growing up. But the ultra-high housing prices in Beijing made the family＇s dream of moving into a bigger apartment simply unattainable.

卫星用高能激光防护技术发展现状

高能激光技术不断发展,逐渐成为卫星在轨安全的威胁。介绍了高能连续激光和脉冲激光武器对卫星损伤机制的研究进展。针对卫星太阳电池阵、相机、星敏感器等光学系统以及热控多层、复合材料推进剂储箱等非光学关键结构防护特点,总结分析了线性光学防护薄膜、非线性光学防护薄膜、相变材料、机械快门、高损伤阈值薄膜和防护罩等各种高能激光防护技术的主要原理、发展现状和技术特点。

基于点转移矫正的视觉惯性里程计

针对卷帘相机的卷帘效应会引起图像扭曲,进而影响系统定位精度的问题,提出了一种融合IMU信息的点转移矫正的视觉惯性里程计。首先,针对卷帘图像扭曲问题,利用三焦点张量的点转移方法修正卷帘图像,相当于输入系统的是全局图像。其次,为了保证算法在嵌入式硬件上实时运行,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波进行信息融合来提高系统的定位精度和降低计算资源的要求。然后,引入静态检测和异常检测来保证系统的鲁棒性。最后,所提算法在手机上以25 Hz左右的帧率实时运行,并在真实环境下进行实验。公开数据集上的实验结果表明:与RS-VINS-Mono算法相比,所提算法的定位精度提升了27%,验证了该算法可有效融合视觉和惯性信息来减小卷帘效应带来的定位误差,提高了系统的鲁棒性。

HL-2A装置相衬成像系统的安全连锁与远程监控

通过在相衬成像系统光路中引入电控安全快门控制激光输出,并使用延迟电路实现了安全快门与HL-2A放电运行的同步触发,保障了诊断系统的安全运行,安全快门时间响应为26ms,其抖动误差1ms;利用四象限传感器实现了激光束斑位置的实时监测,获得了HL-2A装置垂直和水平方向的振动数据。所发展的电控快门技术和激光实时监测系统不仅能够大幅提高相衬成像系统的安全性和可靠性,对于HL-2A/2M装置诊断系统的发展和完善也具有重要意义。

基于主动进气格栅的热泵空调系统能耗控制策略

为了降低热泵空调系统的能耗,针对车速、进气格栅开口面积等不同参数,以匹配主动进气格栅(AGS)电动汽车的热泵空调系统为研究对象,开发了一种热泵空调热管理系统及能耗控制策略,仿真计算高、低温环境和不同AGS开度条件下的系统能耗,并采用实车环境舱标定方法分析了-7℃低温和35℃高温环境不同AGS开度下空调系统及风阻能耗实测值差异。试验结果表明:高温和低温环境下,AGS开度越大,风阻能耗越高,但空调与风阻综合能耗越低;AGS开度增大相同数值时,高温条件下的能耗贡献量大于低温条件下的能耗贡献量。

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.