Explosion resistance performance of reinforced concrete box girder coated with polyurea:Model test and numerical simulation

To study the anti-explosion protection effect of polyurea coating on reinforced concrete box girder,two segmental girder specimens were made at a scale of 1:3,numbered as G(without polyurea coating)and PCG(with polyurea coating).The failure characteristics and dynamic responses of the specimens were compared through conducting explosion tests.The reliability of the numerical simulation using LS-DYNA software was verified by the test results.The effects of different scaled distances,reinforcement ratios,concrete strengths,coating thicknesses and ranges of polyurea were studied.The results show that the polyurea coating can effectively enhance the anti-explosion performance of the girder.The top plate of middle chamber in specimen G forms an elliptical penetrating hole,while that in specimen PCG only shows a very slight local dent.The peak vertical displacement and residual displacement of PCG decrease by 74.8% and 73.7%,respectively,compared with those of specimen G.For the TNT explosion with small equivalent,the polyurea coating has a more significant protective effect on reducing the size of fracture.With the increase of TNT equivalent,the protective effect of polyurea on reducing girder displacement becomes more significant.The optimal reinforcement ratio,concrete strength,thickness and range of polyurea coating were also drawn.

Discussion on Detection and Evaluation of Simply Supported Prestressed Concrete Small Box Girder Bridge After a Fire

The article takes a simply supported prestressed concrete small box girder bridge project as an example for inspection and evaluation after a fire incident.This includes appearance detection,concrete color hardness detection,concrete strength detection,concrete surface damage layer detection,reinforcement protective layer detection,and concrete carbonation detection.It is hoped that this analysis can be used as a reference for the detection and evaluation of future bridge projects with fire incidents to smoothen its subsequent repair and maintenance.

Finite element failure analysis of continuous prestressed concrete box girders

In order to analyze the load carrying capacity of prestressed concrete box girders, failure behaviors of in-situ deteriorated continuous prestressed concrete box girders under loading are experimentally observed and a finite failure analysis method for predicting behaviors of box girders is developed. A degenerated solid shell element is used to simulate box girders and material nonlinearity is considered. Since pre-stressed concrete box girders usually have a large number of curve prestressed tendons, a type of combined element is presented to simulate the prestressed tendons of box girders, and then the number of elements can be significantly reduced. The analytical results are compared with full-scale failure test results. The comparison shows that the presented method can be effectively applied to the failure analysis of in-situ continuous prestressed concrete box girders, and it also shows that the studied old bridge still has enough load carrying capacity.

Temperature gradients in concrete box girder bridge under effect of cold wave

The temperature distributions of a prestressed concrete box girder bridge under the effect of cold wave processes were analyzed. The distributions were found different from those under the effect of solar radiation or nighttime radiation cooling and should not be simplified as one dimensional. A temperature predicting model that can accurately predict temperatures over the cross section of the concrete box girder was developed. On the basis of the analytical model, a two-dimensional temperature gradient model was proposed and a parametric study that considered meteorological factors was performed. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the cold wave with shorter duration and more severe temperature drop may cause more unfavorable influences on the concrete box girder bridge. Finally, the unrestrained linear curvatures, self-equilibrating stresses and bending stresses when considering the frame action of the cross section, were derived from the proposed temperature gradient model and current code provisions, respectively. Then, a comparison was made between the value calculated against proposed model and several current specifications. The results show that the cold wave may cause more unfavorable effect on the concrete box girder bridge, especially on the large concrete box girder bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the thermal effect caused by cold wave during the design stage.

Temperature distributions in concrete box girders due to heat of concrete hydration

Based on heat transfer theory,a two-dimensional complex exponential function was used to compute heat of concrete hydration.A concrete box girder consisting of a single box with two cells used on Harbin Songpu Bridge was measured on site.The two coefficients in the complex exponential function were determined to best fit the field measured data.ABAQUS program was used to simulate the heat transfer and determine the temperature distribution in the concrete box girders during concrete setting.The calculated temperature distribution in the box girders were compared with the field measured data and good agreement was observed.The temperature distribution and gradient in the entire box section,webs and bottom slab were analyzed using the measured and calculated results during the course of concrete hydration.

Dynamic finite element model updating of prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge

The dynamic finite element model （FEM） of a prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge, called the Tongyang Canal Bridge, is built and updated based on the results of ambient vibration testing （AVT） using a real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm （RAGA）. The objective functions are defined based on natural frequency and modal assurance criterion （MAC） metrics to evaluate the updated FEM. Two objective functions are defined to fully account for the relative errors and standard deviations of the natural frequencies and MAC between the AVT results and the updated FEM predictions. The dynamically updated FEM of the bridge can better represent its structural dynamics and serve as a baseline in long-term health monitoring, condition assessment and damage identification over the service life of the bridge .

Full-scale model tests and nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete simply supported box girders

Full-scale model tests were carried out on a 30 m span prestressed concrete box girder and a 20 m span prestressed concrete hollow slab. Failure models were prestressed reinforcement tensile failure and crashing of roof concrete, respectively. The ductility indexes of the box girder and hollow slab were 1.99 and 1.23, respectively, according to the energy viewpoint. Based on the horizontal section hypothesis, the nonlinear computation procedure was established using the limited banding law, and it could carry out the entire performance analysis including the unloading, mainly focusing on the ways to achieve the unloading curves computation through stress-strain, moment-curvature and load-displacement curves. Through the procedure, parameters that influence on the bearing capacity, deformation performance and ductility of the structures were analyzed. Those parameters were quantity of prestressed reinforcement and tension coefficients of prestressed reinforcement. From the analysis, some useful conclusions can be obtained.

Weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections in prestressed concrete box girder bridges

Based on experimental study result of two simply supported beams,which were prestressed by vertical tendons,the research on the weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections of prestressed concrete box girder was carried out. The test result shows that in the condition without grouting into the ducts,the cracking load is evidently lower than that with full grouting,and stirrup stress and principal tension stress at the surface of concrete will increase obviously. Meanwhile,the finite element analysis has been done to the test beams. The research is consistent with the analysis of finite element. The research tells that strengthening the detection and management for the vertical prestress grouting quality have an important meaning to prevent cracking of the prestressed concrete box girder bridge and provide one theoretical and testing basis for analyzing the cracking reason of such bridges.

Simulation of Temperature Field in Original Segment of Concrete Box-Girder Bridge

Temperature field and its variation with time are necessary for analyzing the thermo-mechanical performance of mass concrete structures at their early ages. This paper carries out a temperature field simulation analysis for an original segment of a real box girder bridge with the finite element software ANSYS. Two representative exothermic rate models are used to describe the heat- releasing process caused by the cement hydration in concrete. The exothermic rate model that conforms to reality more closely is recognized by comparing the simulation results with the data gathered from the optical fiber temperature sensors pre-embedded in the original segment. The air temperature and wind velocity that constitute thermal boundary conditions are determined in the light of the local meteorological department and correlative research achievements of recent years. Moreover, the consideration for the steel formwork acting as a barrier to heat loss is also proved to be beneficial to improve the simulation effect.

Influence of concrete differential aging time on the construction phases analysis of the Fenghua River Bridge

The Fenghua River Bridge is a major structure on the highway between Hengzhang and Guojiachi, which is to be built with a four-span prestress concrete (PC) box girder and symmetrical cantilever castings. In this paper, a finite element method (FEM) model is set up to study the effects of concrete differential aging time on the construction phases of the Fenghua River Bridge by calculating the vertical displacement of the folding segment of the middle span and the longitudinal bending moment of Pier 12#. In the model, the girders are classified into 150 changing sections based on the desgn scheme, and their construction is to be carried in 16 phases respectively to build 12 blocks connected by a side folding segment and a middle folding segment, covered with a second dead load and in completion for 20 years. It is found that the internal forces and deformations of the concrete structures at the aging time of 60 d are quite different from those of 0 d aging time while the behaviors of the structures of 120 d aging time is nearly the same as those of 60 d aging time― the differences are so small that can be neglected, suggesting that the creep develops obviously about one month after the cement is hardened and the development fades later on.

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

简支波形腹板钢箱组合截面与传统截面箱梁桥抗震性能对比分析

为研究波形腹板钢箱-混凝土组合梁桥(CW-SBCCGB)与传统箱梁桥抗震性能的异同,基于截面等效原理,根据某实际工程CW-SBCCGB的单箱截面,等效出波形腹板混凝土箱梁桥(CW-CBGB)和混凝土箱梁桥(CBGB)的单箱截面,再结合动力分析理论和ABAQUS有限元模型对比分析3种截面简支梁桥动力特性和抗震性能的不同。结果表明:3种截面简支梁桥前五阶振型不变,CW-CBGB和CBGB前三阶频率相比于CW-SBCCGB有所下降,但相差不超过1Hz,第四阶及以后频率差异逐渐变大;剪滞效应对CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB动力特性影响较大,对CBGB影响较小;在纵桥向+竖桥向和横桥向+竖桥向地震作用下,CW-SBCCGB和CBGB的墩顶位移和跨中位移均大于CW-CBGB结构,CW-SBCCGB主梁跨中截面剪力最小,CW-CBGB跨中截面弯矩最小,说明CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB的抗震性能均优于CBGB的抗震性能。

超宽鱼腹式现浇箱梁混凝土裂缝控制

近年来,国内站城综合体TOD开发成为一种新型建筑模式,地铁、市政道路、商业综合体等多种大体量建筑形态交叉同步施工成为工程实践难题。基于此,结合已经实施的成都博览城综合交通枢纽工程,解析福州路桥鱼腹式多幅四箱室闭合型超宽箱梁,采取优化混凝土配合比、U形冷却管布置、后浇带布置、支架沉降控制、箱梁浇筑顺序等5种措施,解决大体积C60梁体混凝土防开裂难题,并取得明显实践成果,获得国家优质工程奖和土木工程詹天佑奖。

基于BP神经网络的混凝土箱梁最大温度梯度预测

混凝土箱梁受到太阳辐射、大气温度波动等多种气象因素的综合作用,结构内部会产生显著的非均匀温度分布。截面内温度梯度可能会导致桥梁结构产生过大的温度应力与温度变形,影响桥梁结构的安全性和耐久性。本文旨在探究气象因素对混凝土箱梁温度场的影响机理,并提出一种能精确预测中国多区域混凝土箱梁截面最大温度梯度的方法。首先建立了日照条件下混凝土箱梁温度场计算模型,将2 a以上气象资料作为输入条件,对多个地区混凝土箱梁温度场长期变化进行了仿真模拟,并对混凝土箱梁截面温度梯度的长期变化趋势进行了分析。然后利用主成分分析(PCA)确定了混凝土箱梁截面最大温度梯度预测模型所需的输入参数。最后利用遗传算法优化的BP神经网络建立预测混凝土箱梁竖向、横向温度梯度的网络模型,并与混凝土箱梁截面温度梯度进行比较。结果分析表明BP神经网络模型可以精确地预测混凝土箱梁最大温度梯度,预测值平均绝对误差(AAE)均小于0.9℃,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于1.2℃,决定系数(R^(2))均大于0.9。基于当地气象条件,本文利用经典的BP神经网络模型所建立的预测模型对中国不同地区的混凝土箱梁截面最大温度梯度均能给出准确的预测,为混凝土箱梁设计和施工阶段的最大温度梯度的计算提供一种高效的方法。

赤壁长江公路大桥主桥4号桥塔墩结合梁墩顶节段施工技术

赤壁长江公路大桥主桥为(90+240+720+240+90)m钢-混结合梁斜拉桥,主梁分为121个节段,由双边箱截面钢主梁、横梁、小纵梁等组成,4号桥塔墩墩顶钢梁共3个节段,考虑枯水期施工边跨侧滩地外露,采用浮吊拼装+墩顶拖拉法施工。桥塔墩设置墩旁支架辅助钢梁架设,墩旁支架采用简易支架,设计为分离直立柱结构,避免了传统斜立柱支架体系结构复杂且受限于围堰尺寸的影响;墩旁支架设置钢梁拖拉系统及钢梁姿态调节装置,以实现钢梁的拼装、纵移和姿态调整。墩顶钢梁利用浮吊在中跨侧依次拼装单节段钢梁杆件后向边跨侧分次拖拉,墩顶钢梁全部就位后,采用竖向调节装置通过“顶落梁”工艺精调钢梁高程和横向调节装置对钢梁横向偏位进行纠偏,保证墩顶节段姿态满足设计要求。借助主梁永久结构简化塔区临时约束设计,抵抗风荷载、施工不平衡荷载和不平衡索力造成的钢梁平动和转动,确保主梁悬臂节段施工安全。

钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁局部外接节点静载试验及极限承载力计算研究

为了解钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁(顶、底板为混凝土结构,腹杆为钢结构)外接节点在水平荷载作用下的受力性能,以某钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁桥方案为背景,选取钢腹杆轴力最大节点设计、制作缩尺比为1∶3的钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁局部外接节点试件(由混凝土弦杆、方形钢腹杆、节点板组成,原混凝土板简化为混凝土弦杆)并开展静载试验,分析外接节点试件静载试验现象及破坏模式、荷载~位移曲线,以及混凝土弦杆、节点板和钢腹杆的应力分布规律,并基于有效宽度法及撕裂面法与最大强度准则提出外接节点极限承载力计算方法。结果表明:外接节点试件的破坏模式为节点板拉剪断裂失效,极限承载力为设计荷载的5.71倍,承载能力满足要求;混凝土弦杆压应力沿加载方向逐渐减小,沿竖直方向从上往下逐渐增大;节点板应力沿加载方向总体上先增后减,外露节点板是节点受力的关键构件;外接节点极限承载力由节点板和钢腹杆中较弱者控制,采用所提出的计算方法得到的外接节点极限承载力计算值与试验结果相差小于6%。

宽幅箱梁0号块混凝土浇筑方式对水化热影响研究

针对0号块大体积混凝土因水化热引起的早龄期开裂问题,以预应力混凝土箱梁部分斜拉桥广西壮族自治区培森柳江特大桥0号块工程为背景,基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了三维有限元模型,分析水化模型与浇筑次数对混凝土温度和最大主应力的影响。研究结果表明:相比于一次浇筑的方式,使用分层浇筑可使混凝土峰值温度降低11.8%;相比指数型模型,双曲线模型和复合指数型模型可使混凝土峰值温度分别降低13.7%和10.8%;考虑早龄期弹性模量和抗拉强度的影响,第一主应力最大位置依次出现在新旧混凝土交接处、中腹板导角处和人孔导角处;相比于一次浇筑的方式,分层浇筑的新旧混凝土交接处、中腹板导角处和人孔导角处第一主应力分别降低的2.0%、36.7%和39.8%;考虑不同水化模型的影响,在新旧混凝土交接处和中腹板导角处,第一主应力峰值与该时刻水化热量之间近似呈线性关系。

深中通道泄洪区非通航孔桥主梁设计

深中通道泄洪区非通航孔桥总长6.05 km,分布于伶仃洋大桥及中山大桥2座通航孔桥两侧。泄洪区非通航孔桥采用等跨连续梁布置,4~6跨一联。主梁设计过程中,首先进行110、120、130 m三种跨径方案比选,确定采用最经济的110 m跨径方案。然后针对结构形式,提出预应力混凝土梁、钢-混组合梁和钢箱梁3种方案,从力学性能、经济性和施工风险等方面综合考虑,最终推荐采用钢箱梁方案。钢箱梁采用外形简洁流畅的封闭式断面,有利于后期维养;考虑全线景观效果,主梁高度取4 m,高跨比为1/27.5;横隔板间距取2.5 m,采用实腹式横隔板和框架式横肋的组合式设计,使箱室内部通透性更好;钢箱梁采用Q420qD钢和Q345qD钢2种材料。钢箱梁施工采用适合海上长大桥梁的大节段预制+现场拼装的施工方案。

考虑剪力滞和剪切变形效应的UHPC箱梁长期挠度分析

为准确计算UHPC箱梁在长期荷载作用下的挠度,基于剪切变形规律的截面翘曲位移函数,运用能量变分法建立考虑剪力滞、剪切变形效应以及UHPC收缩徐变效应的UHPC箱梁挠度计算控制微分方程,推导均布荷载和集中荷载作用下UHPC简支箱梁挠度计算公式,并利用有限元模型计算结果对其正确性进行验证。通过数值算例分析不同效应、截面配筋以及材料特性对UHPC箱梁挠度计算的影响。结果表明:考虑剪切变形效应产生的挠度明显大于剪力滞效应;均布荷载和集中荷载作用下,仅考虑剪力滞和剪切效应后产生的简支梁跨中挠度相对于按初等梁理论计算的瞬时挠度分别增大了9.4%和10.9%,而同时考虑UHPC收缩徐变效应后分别增大了约1.5倍左右;截面配筋对箱梁挠度计算有一定的影响,两种荷载作用下,考虑配筋后计算得到的简支梁跨中瞬时和长期挠度分别是不考虑配筋时挠度的0.96倍和0.89倍;用UHPC材料代替普通混凝土材料可显著降低结构的短、长期挠度以及收缩徐变引起的挠度变化。提出的公式可为长期荷载作用下UHPC箱梁的挠度计算提供理论依据。

预应力混凝土箱梁爆炸荷载模型试验及有限元分析

目前针对箱梁爆炸荷载以及冲击波传播规律的研究较少,以目前混凝土桥中应用较为广泛的预应力混凝土箱梁桥为依托工程,以1∶5缩尺比例设计箱梁爆炸荷载试验。试验表明,箱梁顶板超压沿箱梁纵向呈非线性下降梯度分布特点,超压沿箱梁横向近似于梯形荷载分布,随着比例距离的减小,结构超压增大。其次,基于箱梁爆炸荷载试验,建立箱梁三维爆炸数值分析模型,通过将数值分析结果和试验数据进行对比,验证数值模拟的准确性。基于数值分析,揭示爆炸冲击波与箱梁的相互作用机理,明确箱梁冲击波的传播规律。对不同爆炸工况箱梁各部位超压分布规律研究显示:当爆心位于箱梁顶板上方时,顶板迎爆面超压较大;当爆心位于翼缘板下方时,在翼缘和腹板处产生较大超压,其余部位超压较小。而当爆心位于箱梁底板下方时,翼缘、腹板和底板均受到较大的冲击波超压,结构全截面受爆炸影响较大。最后,基于试验和数值分析结果,对不同工况下箱梁顶板、腹板和底板的超压峰值进行方程拟合,建立不同爆炸工况下箱梁关键部位荷载模型。