利用巢式PCR对海南槟榔(Areca catechu L.)黄化病的初步检测

通过对海南槟榔黄化病病原的研究,初步确定其病原物,对开展后续研究及防治策略提供依据。利用巢式PCR方法,对在海南3个市县采集的28个黄化病植株的不同组织进行了植原体检测,结果表明:在2个市县9个槟榔黄化病病株叶片中检测到了植原体,而在根和茎中没有发现植原体。将扩增片段克隆后测序得到1249bp的完整植原体序列。利用MEGA3软件构建了系统发育进化树,同源性聚类发现其属于翠菊黄花组B亚组。初步判断发生在海南的槟榔黄化病是由于植原体引起。

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Phenolic Compounds of Areca Nut(Areca catechu)

Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（frequently known as betel nut） is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world＇s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspep sia, constipation, beriberi and oedema.

槟榔（ArecacatechuL．）的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国南方各省嚼槟榔的习俗、历史及演变，分析了这个习俗的形成原因及槟榔的药用价值。作者认为咀嚼槟榔有成瘾性，但是否对人的中枢神经系统有损害，必须进一步研究。作者对这种习俗提出了几点看法和建议，对槟榔的开发利用有重要参考价值。

Catechu Inhibiting Cathepsin B Activity and Motility of HT1080 Cells

We reported that Catechu extract has a significant inhibitory effect on cathepsin B activity. The IC50 value for the Catechu extract against cathepsin B was 7.6 μg/mL. In addition, we showed that HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells express cathepsin B and Catechu modulate the invasion and motility of these cells. These data may provide molecular mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of Catechu.

Research progress in pharmacological effects of polyphenols in Areca catechu L.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

Distribution of Nutrient Content in Soil and Leaves of Adult Areca catechu Trees

The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.

Fabrication of Cellulose Based Reinforced Linear Low Density Polyethylene with Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite: Effect of <i>Acacia catechu </i>as Coupling Agent

Biodegradable reinforced composites are playing a vital role in the variety of application for their outstanding performance. Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and Polyethylene Tere-phthalate (PET) blends were prepared by twin screw extruder in different composition. The mechanical properties in 10% PET with LLDPE blend showed the best results where as tensile strength (TS) 9 MPa and percentage elongation at break (%Eb) 33. Cellulose based reinforced PET + LLDPE composite were prepared by compression molding with the optimized jute content 62% that revealed the highest mechanical properties. Cellulose based composites treated with Acacia catechu (AC) solutions (0.1% - 5% w/v) at different soaking time (2 - 20 min.) where observed significant improvement of the mechanical properties. Cellulose treated with 0.1% AC for 2 minutes soaking time depicted the highest mechanical properties and TS is 115% higher than untreated. Composite prepared with 0.1% AC treated showed the best mechanical properties as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM) and bending modulus (BM) were to be 47 MPa, 39 MPa, 1220 MPa and 1784 MPa respectively. The properties of TS, BS, TM and BM were improved as 9%, 30%, 14% and 34% respectively, which were better to untreated composite. Electrical properties such as dielectric constant and loss of the treated and untreated composites were found to be higher dielectric constant of treated jute composite than that of untreated samples. Water uptake and soil degradation of untreated and treated composites performed in significant study. The effect of AC with cellulose composites has found in remarkable changes in the mechanical properties.

槟榔加工工序及贮藏过程对其理化性质的影响

槟榔的加工过程对成品口感及健康有着较大影响,该文旨在探究槟榔加工、贮藏过程中理化性质的变化。针对槟榔加工工段,采用质构仪、扫描电子显微镜、快速水分测定仪及气相色谱-质谱联用等仪器、方法测定质构特性、微观结构、纤维持水能力;同时测定了槟榔成品在贮藏过程中水分含量和风味物质的变化情况。结果表明,在加工过程中槟榔的质构指标变化呈现降低、升高和再降低的相似趋势;烤干工序对质构的整体影响最大,硬度平均值增大至18923.53 g,咀嚼性平均值增至13567.77 g,胶黏性平均值增至10466.56 g;槟榔纤维的持水性能在酶解之后有大幅提高,达(4.11±0.37)g/g,在干燥后达到最大[(4.79±0.35)g/g],且酶解会使槟榔的内部纤维结构发生明显改变,组合酶解的方法基本可决定最终产品持水性。槟榔的特征风味物质在贮存过程中会有一些波动,各成分21 d后会出现小幅减少;而水分含量在贮藏过程中14 d下降到20.58%,之后在21 d时小幅增加至21.48%。槟榔在加工和贮藏过程理化性质的改变具有一定规律,该研究对槟榔的科学加工、贮藏及降害具有较好的指导意义。

配比施肥对槟榔幼苗肥料利用率及养分协同效应的影响

为了明确N、P、K肥对槟榔幼苗生长及营养吸收与利用的影响,从而确定合理的槟榔幼苗施肥技术。以槟榔幼苗为对象,采用“3414”肥料配比田间盆栽试验,测定不同施肥处理对槟榔幼苗营养吸收与分布及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥提高了槟榔幼苗的生物量和肥料利用率;在氮磷钾平衡施肥时,氮肥和磷肥相对利用率达到最大;在不施磷肥,氮钾平衡施肥时,钾肥相对利用率达到最大;(2)槟榔幼苗地上部氮养分积累量是影响其生物量的主要因子,地下部磷养分积累量是影响其生物量的主要因子;(3)相关性分析与通径分析表明,氮与磷可协同促进槟榔幼苗生物量的增长,但会受到施钾量及钾肥相对利用率的制衡,3种元素协同促进植株生物量增长。因此氮肥和磷肥的相对利用率是槟榔幼苗施肥的关键指标。综上,氮磷钾配比施肥有利于槟榔幼苗的营养吸收和利用,以N∶P∶K=2∶2∶2(T6)配比施用效果较好。

槟榔化学成分和检验技术研究进展

作为一种药材,槟榔的药用历史悠久,在我国多地区存在嚼食槟榔的习惯。但是,长时间的大量嚼食槟榔不仅能导致口腔黏膜纤维化、口腔癌等多种疾病,而且会引起中毒,我国多地已经颁布禁售槟榔的规定,部分国家将其列为毒品进行管制。槟榔的化学成分复杂,生物碱成分是其主要的活性成分。本文在统计国内外关于槟榔的研究数据基础上,概述了槟榔主要化学成分的理化性质、毒性和毒理作用,介绍了槟榔中主要化学成分的提取技术与检测方法研究现状,旨在为槟榔及其制品的市场监督与管控提供技术支持,为槟榔滥用案件物证鉴定提供科学依据。

Phenolic compounds from the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu

From the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu,two new phenolic compounds（3R,4R）-3-（3,4-dihydroxyphenyl）-4-hydroxycy-clohexanone （1） and（4R）-5-（1-（3,4-dihydrophenyl）-3-oxobutyl）-dihydrofuran-2（3H）-one（2） were obtained.Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.Free-radical scavenging activities of them were evaluated.

Pharmacokinetic interaction of Acacia catechu with CYP1A substrate theophylline in rabbits

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of black catechu(BC) on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline(CYP1A2 substrate,with narrow therapeutic index)in rabbits.METHODS:In the present investigation the effect of BC on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline,a CYP1A2 substrate was determined.In the study,BC(264 mg/kg,p.o.) or saline(control group) was given to rabbits for 7 consecutive days and on the 8^(th)day theophylline(16 mg/kg) was administered orally one hour after BC or saline treatment.Blood samples were withdrawn at different time intervals(0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,6,8,12,24 and 36 h) from the marginal ear vein.RESULTS:The pretreatment of rabbits with BC resulted in a significant increase in maximum blood concentration,time of peak concentration and area under the concentration time profile curve until last observation which was about 41.32%,35.71%and 15.03%,respectively.While decreases in clearance,volume of distribution,and half-life were observed.It is suggested that BC pretreatment decreases the CYP1 A metabolic activity leading to increase in bioavailability and decrease in oral clearance of theophylline,which may be due to inhibition of CYP1 A.CONCLUSION:BC can significantly alter theophylline pharmacokinetics in vivo possibly due to inhibition of CYP1 A and P-glycoprotein activity.Based on these results,precaution should be exercised when administering BC with CYP1 A substrate.

云南省元江(干热河谷地区)槟榔的生长适应性调查报告

为了解槟榔在云南省玉溪市元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县(以下简称元江)(干热河谷地区)的适应性情况,通过实地调查和文献查阅,了解元江槟榔的分布和生长状况,以及元江的气候环境条件。结果发现,元江境内海拔660 m以下地区的槟榔长势较好,槟榔在弱碱性土壤中可正常生长并开花结果,对温度的适应范围可以扩展到年平均气温20.0~23.8℃,最冷月平均气温14.0~16.8℃,年极端最高气温达42.5℃。因此,槟榔完全适合在元江海拔660 m以下地区生长。

槟榔蒂水提物对3种食用菌菌丝体品质及抗氧化活性的影响

目的:再利用槟榔副产物——槟榔蒂,并提高食用菌菌丝体品质。方法:以平菇、榆黄蘑、金针菇为供试菌种,以菌丝长速、生物量、菌丝体活性成分含量、抗氧化活性为指标,研究槟榔蒂水提物对3种菌菌丝体品质以及菌种生长代谢相关酶活性和变化趋势的影响。结果:槟榔蒂水提物添加量为6.4 mg/mL时,平菇生长效果最好,添加量为4.8 mg/mL时,榆黄蘑、金针菇生长效果最好;与对照组相比,添加4.8~6.4 mg/mL槟榔蒂水提物时,菌丝体活性成分含量显著提高,其中平菇、榆黄蘑、金针菇菌丝体三萜含量分别提高95.24%,70.91%,75.00%;槟榔蒂水提物提高了菌丝体抗氧化活性,菌丝体抗氧化活性由大到小依次为榆黄蘑>金针菇>平菇;槟榔蒂水提物在一定程度上提高了3种菌的淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、漆酶活性,但对酶活性变化趋势的影响不显著。结论:添加适量槟榔蒂水提物可有效提高3种食用菌的菌丝体品质和抗氧化活性。

槟榔新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病菌的鉴定及生物学特性

为了确定引起槟榔叶斑病的病原菌及其生物学特性,从采集的病害标本上采用组织分离法对病原菌进行分离和纯化并对菌株的致病性进行测定,结合形态学特征和多基因(ITS-TUB-TEF)联合分析构建系统发育树对病原菌进行鉴定,并研究该病原菌在不同培养条件下的生物学特性。结果表明,引起槟榔叶斑病的病原菌为Neopestalotiopsis sonneratae。该病原菌菌丝在CA培养基上生长最快,在MEA培养基上气生菌丝最发达;菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发最适温度均为28℃;24 h光照条件最利于菌丝生长;菌丝生长最佳pH为5,分生孢子萌发最适pH为6。该研究结果可为槟榔叶斑病的防治提供理论依据。

鲜果槟榔前处理工艺对槟榔饮片中生物碱含量的影响

槟榔饮片中生物碱含量直接影响药效价值。槟榔鲜果处理加工形成槟榔饮片需经过一系列前处理工艺。以槟榔鲜果为研究对象,以槟榔中槟榔碱、槟榔次碱、去甲基槟榔碱和去甲基槟榔次碱为考查指标,基于高效液相色谱法测定了鲜果槟榔及加工过程关键处理工艺环节中4种生物碱含量的动态变化水平,并采用聚类分析和主成分分析进行多元统计。结果发现,前处理加工过程中4种生物碱含量变化不具有一致性,当以药效指标性成分槟榔碱为考核指标时,在浸泡煮洗40℃,90 min,干燥45℃,30 min,碳酸钠浓度为0.35 mol/L为最佳工艺条件。研究槟榔饮片加工工艺过程中生物碱含量变化规律,为探索槟榔饮片的良好加工过程提供参考。

槟榔的本草考证及其综述

通过查阅古代本草学书籍以及与槟榔相关的现代书籍与期刊,分析了槟榔的基原、产地变迁、与大腹皮的区别、槟榔皮的考证、功效主治、致癌因素以及槟榔在现代医学应用的研究七方面的问题。得出了古代槟榔与现代槟榔为同种基原槟榔,槟榔主要产自在南海亚热带沿海的国家和地区,随历史发展槟榔基原并未发生变迁,主产地为越南、马来西亚、广西、广东、海南、中国台湾。槟榔与大腹子是同一种植物,由于环境因素、气候以及人为因素等长期影响的结果,以致在某些形态特征上可产生不同程度的变异。指出了槟榔确可造成口腔细胞发成癌变。分析表明槟榔为四大南药之一,应用范围广泛,有很好的研究价值和发展前景。

实时直接分析-四极杆飞行时间质谱法快速分析青果槟榔和烟果槟榔代谢物差异

目的基于实时直接分析-四极杆飞行时间质谱法(direct analysis in real time-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,DART-QTOF-MS)结合非靶向代谢组学,快速分析青果槟榔与烟果槟榔代谢物差异。方法通过单因素实验,考察影响DART离子源电离效率的关键因素;结合QTOF-MS以TOFMS和信息依赖采集模式分别在正离子和负离子模式下获得质谱数据,采用多元统计学软件建立无监督和有监督的判别模型并筛选差异化合物。采用MarkerView 1.3.1、PeakView软件及在线数据库对差异化合物进行初步鉴定。结果在正负两种扫描模式下,DART离子源的最佳工作条件为:离子化温度500℃、样品传输速度0.2 mm/s。在此条件下发现两种食用槟榔化学成分存在差异,获得了25种差异化合物;烟果槟榔中有20种化合物的相对含量高于青果槟榔,有5种化合物的相对含量低于青果槟榔。结论本研究采用实时直接分析质谱技术,具有操作方便、分析速度快、准确度高和稳定性好的优点。同时,该研究从代谢组学角度初步揭示了青果槟榔与烟果槟榔代谢物的差异性,可为食用槟榔的加工工艺研究及品质提升提供参考依据。

中药复方提取物对槟榔所致大鼠急性炎症的影响

目的:减弱槟榔造成的炎症损伤,降低食用风险。方法:选择甘草、桔梗、枇杷叶3种中药材,以低、中、高剂量添加并与槟榔提取物共同灌胃大鼠28 d后,在大鼠足跖注射致炎剂,与空白对照组和阳性对照组大鼠比较体重、脏器系数、6 h内足跖肿胀率及炎症因子和炎症介质水平。结果:高剂量组相较于槟榔组可以显著(P<0.05)降低炎症介质前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))、丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)的产生,下调血清促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平以及促进白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的释放,并减少肝脏中活性氧(ROS)的产生,且大鼠足跖肿胀率明显(P<0.05)低于空白对照组,与阳性对照组相近。结论:添加多种具有抗炎功效的天然植物提取物与槟榔共同使用可在一定程度上减轻因槟榔加剧的大鼠急性炎症。

槟榔芯生物碱高效液相特征图谱的研究

试验旨在建立“槟榔嗜好品”加工过程剩余的槟榔芯的特征图谱。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对鲜果槟榔的槟榔芯、实验室模拟工厂的槟榔芯以及工厂提供的22批槟榔芯进行分析,采用ZORBAX 300-SCX色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%磷酸水-乙腈(90∶10),0.1%磷酸水用三乙胺调pH值为2.30~2.55,等度洗脱,检测波长215 nm,流速1 mL/min,柱温25℃。结果共指认4个特征峰,分别为槟榔碱、槟榔次碱、去甲槟榔碱、去甲槟榔次碱,其中槟榔碱为参照峰(S)。结果显示,上述检测样品中均含有槟榔碱、槟榔次碱、去甲槟榔碱、去甲槟榔次碱,可作为槟榔芯的特征峰,建立的HPLC法精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可为槟榔芯开发为养殖投入品提供参考。