利用巢式PCR对海南槟榔(Areca catechu L.)黄化病的初步检测

通过对海南槟榔黄化病病原的研究,初步确定其病原物,对开展后续研究及防治策略提供依据。利用巢式PCR方法,对在海南3个市县采集的28个黄化病植株的不同组织进行了植原体检测,结果表明:在2个市县9个槟榔黄化病病株叶片中检测到了植原体,而在根和茎中没有发现植原体。将扩增片段克隆后测序得到1249bp的完整植原体序列。利用MEGA3软件构建了系统发育进化树,同源性聚类发现其属于翠菊黄花组B亚组。初步判断发生在海南的槟榔黄化病是由于植原体引起。

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Phenolic Compounds of Areca Nut(Areca catechu)

Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（frequently known as betel nut） is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world＇s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspep sia, constipation, beriberi and oedema.

槟榔（ArecacatechuL．）的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国南方各省嚼槟榔的习俗、历史及演变，分析了这个习俗的形成原因及槟榔的药用价值。作者认为咀嚼槟榔有成瘾性，但是否对人的中枢神经系统有损害，必须进一步研究。作者对这种习俗提出了几点看法和建议，对槟榔的开发利用有重要参考价值。

Catechu Inhibiting Cathepsin B Activity and Motility of HT1080 Cells

We reported that Catechu extract has a significant inhibitory effect on cathepsin B activity. The IC50 value for the Catechu extract against cathepsin B was 7.6 μg/mL. In addition, we showed that HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells express cathepsin B and Catechu modulate the invasion and motility of these cells. These data may provide molecular mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of Catechu.

Research progress in pharmacological effects of polyphenols in Areca catechu L.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

Distribution of Nutrient Content in Soil and Leaves of Adult Areca catechu Trees

The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.

Fabrication of Cellulose Based Reinforced Linear Low Density Polyethylene with Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite: Effect of <i>Acacia catechu </i>as Coupling Agent

Biodegradable reinforced composites are playing a vital role in the variety of application for their outstanding performance. Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and Polyethylene Tere-phthalate (PET) blends were prepared by twin screw extruder in different composition. The mechanical properties in 10% PET with LLDPE blend showed the best results where as tensile strength (TS) 9 MPa and percentage elongation at break (%Eb) 33. Cellulose based reinforced PET + LLDPE composite were prepared by compression molding with the optimized jute content 62% that revealed the highest mechanical properties. Cellulose based composites treated with Acacia catechu (AC) solutions (0.1% - 5% w/v) at different soaking time (2 - 20 min.) where observed significant improvement of the mechanical properties. Cellulose treated with 0.1% AC for 2 minutes soaking time depicted the highest mechanical properties and TS is 115% higher than untreated. Composite prepared with 0.1% AC treated showed the best mechanical properties as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM) and bending modulus (BM) were to be 47 MPa, 39 MPa, 1220 MPa and 1784 MPa respectively. The properties of TS, BS, TM and BM were improved as 9%, 30%, 14% and 34% respectively, which were better to untreated composite. Electrical properties such as dielectric constant and loss of the treated and untreated composites were found to be higher dielectric constant of treated jute composite than that of untreated samples. Water uptake and soil degradation of untreated and treated composites performed in significant study. The effect of AC with cellulose composites has found in remarkable changes in the mechanical properties.

Phenolic compounds from the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu

From the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu,two new phenolic compounds（3R,4R）-3-（3,4-dihydroxyphenyl）-4-hydroxycy-clohexanone （1） and（4R）-5-（1-（3,4-dihydrophenyl）-3-oxobutyl）-dihydrofuran-2（3H）-one（2） were obtained.Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.Free-radical scavenging activities of them were evaluated.

Pharmacokinetic interaction of Acacia catechu with CYP1A substrate theophylline in rabbits

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of black catechu(BC) on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline(CYP1A2 substrate,with narrow therapeutic index)in rabbits.METHODS:In the present investigation the effect of BC on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline,a CYP1A2 substrate was determined.In the study,BC(264 mg/kg,p.o.) or saline(control group) was given to rabbits for 7 consecutive days and on the 8^(th)day theophylline(16 mg/kg) was administered orally one hour after BC or saline treatment.Blood samples were withdrawn at different time intervals(0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,6,8,12,24 and 36 h) from the marginal ear vein.RESULTS:The pretreatment of rabbits with BC resulted in a significant increase in maximum blood concentration,time of peak concentration and area under the concentration time profile curve until last observation which was about 41.32%,35.71%and 15.03%,respectively.While decreases in clearance,volume of distribution,and half-life were observed.It is suggested that BC pretreatment decreases the CYP1 A metabolic activity leading to increase in bioavailability and decrease in oral clearance of theophylline,which may be due to inhibition of CYP1 A.CONCLUSION:BC can significantly alter theophylline pharmacokinetics in vivo possibly due to inhibition of CYP1 A and P-glycoprotein activity.Based on these results,precaution should be exercised when administering BC with CYP1 A substrate.

配比施肥对槟榔幼苗肥料利用率及养分协同效应的影响

为了明确N、P、K肥对槟榔幼苗生长及营养吸收与利用的影响,从而确定合理的槟榔幼苗施肥技术。以槟榔幼苗为对象,采用“3414”肥料配比田间盆栽试验,测定不同施肥处理对槟榔幼苗营养吸收与分布及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥提高了槟榔幼苗的生物量和肥料利用率;在氮磷钾平衡施肥时,氮肥和磷肥相对利用率达到最大;在不施磷肥,氮钾平衡施肥时,钾肥相对利用率达到最大;(2)槟榔幼苗地上部氮养分积累量是影响其生物量的主要因子,地下部磷养分积累量是影响其生物量的主要因子;(3)相关性分析与通径分析表明,氮与磷可协同促进槟榔幼苗生物量的增长,但会受到施钾量及钾肥相对利用率的制衡,3种元素协同促进植株生物量增长。因此氮肥和磷肥的相对利用率是槟榔幼苗施肥的关键指标。综上,氮磷钾配比施肥有利于槟榔幼苗的营养吸收和利用,以N∶P∶K=2∶2∶2(T6)配比施用效果较好。

槟榔化学成分和检验技术研究进展

作为一种药材,槟榔的药用历史悠久,在我国多地区存在嚼食槟榔的习惯。但是,长时间的大量嚼食槟榔不仅能导致口腔黏膜纤维化、口腔癌等多种疾病,而且会引起中毒,我国多地已经颁布禁售槟榔的规定,部分国家将其列为毒品进行管制。槟榔的化学成分复杂,生物碱成分是其主要的活性成分。本文在统计国内外关于槟榔的研究数据基础上,概述了槟榔主要化学成分的理化性质、毒性和毒理作用,介绍了槟榔中主要化学成分的提取技术与检测方法研究现状,旨在为槟榔及其制品的市场监督与管控提供技术支持,为槟榔滥用案件物证鉴定提供科学依据。

应用网络药理学和实验验证方法探讨槟榔抗糖尿病和神经退行性疾病的作用机制

目的:研究槟榔(areca catechu L,AC)降血糖、兴奋中枢神经等作用,运用网络药理学等方法探究其治疗糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)和神经退行性疾病(neurodegenerative diseases,NDs)的潜在作用。方法:本研究通过筛选数据库及文献得出AC的主要活性成分和靶点基因;利用GeneCards等数据库获取与DM和NDs相关的疾病靶点基因。运用Rstudio对共有靶点进行基因本体(GO)和信号通路(KEGG)富集分析,应用STRING11.5在线数据库构建共有靶点蛋白互作网络(PPI)。运用分子对接观察AC主要活性成分(配体)与核心靶点(受体)的结合能力。利用CCK8检测不同浓度槟榔碱对细胞活力的影响,以确定给药浓度。利用葡萄糖检测试剂盒检测槟榔碱对细胞外葡萄糖含量的影响,评价槟榔碱调节葡萄糖代谢改善DM的功效。结果:网络药理学分析结果显示,AKT1、TP53、PPARG等因子和PI3K-Akt信号通路作为AC改善DM和NDs的核心靶点和通路。分子对接结果也显示AC的有效成分与DM和NDs的核心靶点有较高的结合能力。CCK8实验结果显示在给予槟榔碱0.5 mg/mL的浓度及刺激24 h后,细胞增殖能力最强(P<0.01)。0.5 mg/mL、1 mg/mL的槟榔碱浓度均增加了细胞的葡萄糖摄取量(P<0.01),且以0.5 mg/mL槟榔碱剂量的药效最好。结论:AC可能通过调节AKT1、TP53、PPARG等因子和PI3K-Akt信号通路来改善DM和NDs。且槟榔碱对细胞的增殖和葡萄糖代谢具有明显效果。

槟榔加工工序及贮藏过程对其理化性质的影响

槟榔的加工过程对成品口感及健康有着较大影响,该文旨在探究槟榔加工、贮藏过程中理化性质的变化。针对槟榔加工工段,采用质构仪、扫描电子显微镜、快速水分测定仪及气相色谱-质谱联用等仪器、方法测定质构特性、微观结构、纤维持水能力;同时测定了槟榔成品在贮藏过程中水分含量和风味物质的变化情况。结果表明,在加工过程中槟榔的质构指标变化呈现降低、升高和再降低的相似趋势;烤干工序对质构的整体影响最大,硬度平均值增大至18923.53 g,咀嚼性平均值增至13567.77 g,胶黏性平均值增至10466.56 g;槟榔纤维的持水性能在酶解之后有大幅提高,达(4.11±0.37)g/g,在干燥后达到最大[(4.79±0.35)g/g],且酶解会使槟榔的内部纤维结构发生明显改变,组合酶解的方法基本可决定最终产品持水性。槟榔的特征风味物质在贮存过程中会有一些波动,各成分21 d后会出现小幅减少;而水分含量在贮藏过程中14 d下降到20.58%,之后在21 d时小幅增加至21.48%。槟榔在加工和贮藏过程理化性质的改变具有一定规律,该研究对槟榔的科学加工、贮藏及降害具有较好的指导意义。

槟榔林下养鹅模式对植物多样性和土壤化学性质的影响

研究林下养鹅密度对植物多样性和土壤环境的影响,可以为合理的林下养殖管理提供理论依据。以林龄为12年的槟榔林为试验对象,于2021年开始设置不同的养鹅密度试验处理(CK、A1、A2、A3处理的套养鹅分别为0、2、4、6只/64 m^(2)),研究槟榔林不同养鹅密度下的杂草数量、种类和多样性特征以及土壤理化学性质。结果表明:(1)随着养殖密度的增加,鹅养殖区域林下杂草的数量、种类均有所降低;养殖密度的增加使杂草的Margalef、Shannon和Simpson指数均呈现下降趋势,在养鹅6只/64 m^(2)(A3)时达到最低值,分别为0.08、0.13和0.09。(2)随着养殖密度的增加,鹅养殖活动区域土壤的pH和土壤有机质、氮、磷等养分整体呈现上升趋势:A2处理最大程度增加了土壤pH,高出对照4.58%;A3处理下土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别是CK对照的1.40、1.38、1.68和1.37倍;A2处理下土壤碱解氮含量为153.89 mg/kg,是CK对照的1.99倍(p<0.05),A1处理土壤有效磷、速效钾含量为56.50和77.11 mg/kg,显著高出CK对照25.32和33.86 mg/kg(p<0.05)。综上所述,随着槟榔林下养鹅密度的增加,鹅养殖活动区域内杂草数量、种类和生物多样性降低,土壤养分含量总体呈上升趋势,说明槟榔林下鹅群活动能够降低杂草丰富度,有利于提高土壤的养分水平。

食用槟榔切片机的设计

目前槟榔(Areca catechu L.)的切片主要依靠手工操作,加工效率低下,产业得不到很好发展,究其原因是槟榔的果肉纤维与种子的连接层致密,分离很困难。设计了一台将槟榔果肉均匀切片,并尽可能保持种子完好,且能实现种子果肉与种子自动分离的切片机,重点分析了关键部件及其参数。槟榔切片机的成功应用可有效解决槟榔收获后的加工问题,提高中国槟榔主产区农民经济收入和种植槟榔的积极性,促进当地槟榔产业的发展。

槟榔仁对KM小鼠的急性毒性研究

为研究口服槟榔（Areca catechu Linnaeus）仁汁液的毒性,进行了小鼠的经口急性毒性试验。根据预试验确定正式试验给药剂量的范围,选用KM小鼠经口灌胃,一次给药,给药后连续观察7 d,记录小白鼠的中毒反应及死亡情况,采用寇氏法计算LD50及LD50的95%可信限。结果表明,高剂量给药组小白鼠出现中毒反应并死亡,解剖后检查发现主要原因是胃肠和肺部的病变,测得槟榔仁汁液的LD50及LD50的95%可信限分别为12.425 g/（kg.bw）、10.610~14.551 g/（kg.bw）,表明槟榔仁汁液可以被认为是实际无毒物质。槟榔仁原液干物质的LD50及LD50的95%可信限分别为1.349 g/（kg.bw）、1.152~1.580 g/（kg.bw）,属于低毒物质。

2015年槟榔产业发展报告及形势预测

槟榔（Areca catechu L.）为棕榈科（Palmaceae）槟榔属（Areca）常绿乔木,原生于马来半岛的热带雨林中,是一种典型的热带植物,主要分布于亚洲与美洲的热带地区,主要生产国家有印度、斯里兰卡、菲律宾、缅甸、巴基斯坦、马来西亚、

槟榔农业生产技术研究

槟榔被列为4大南药之首,前景广阔。该文概述了槟榔的产业概况,着重介绍了目前槟榔种植的品种及种苗生产、园地规划、园间管理以及病虫害防治方面存在的主要问题,并且提出了槟榔农业技术推广的具体化建议,为槟榔产业的生产和发展奠定了一定的基础。

产地和果形对槟榔主要活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响

为了系统研究海南不同产地及果形槟榔的主要活性成分及抗氧化活性,采用比色法测定成熟槟榔青皮和种子的总生物碱和总黄酮含量,采用DPPH,ABTS和FRAP法测定其抗氧化能力,利用SPSS软件进行主成分分析和聚类分析,采用TOPSIS法进行综合评价。结果表明:不同产地的成熟槟榔,其形态指标及抗氧化能力明显不同,TOPSIS综合排序显示白石岭4(BSL4)的抗氧化能力最强;果实越饱满的槟榔,ABTS自由基清除能力越强。

响应面分析法优化超声波提取槟榔原花青素工艺

利用响应面分析法(RSM)对槟榔原花青素的提取工艺进行优化。在单因素试验基础上选取试验因素与水平,根据中心组合(Box-Behnken)试验设计原理采用四因素三水平的响应面分析法对各个因素的显著性和交互作用进行分析,结果表明:槟榔干原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件为超声功率600W、超声时间16min、料液比1:40(g/mL)、丙酮体积分数81%,在此条件下,测定花青素提取率最高达到3.41%。