Comparative Study of Chinese-western Cultural Context's Influence on Metaphorical Categorization of “heart” in Original and English Version of Caigentan

The study of metaphor of"xin"or heart could be traced back to the beginning of 21 stcentury,and a terrific text for the study isthe famous works called Caigentan,whose distinguished English version is translated by Paul Whiter.In this paper the metaphors of"xin"in both Chinese and English version from the categorization process are to be analyzed especially their vehicle category and themapping process and thus some similarities and differences could be spotted,and finally the Chinese and western cultural context be-hind them could be deduced and analyzed.

Multimodal Metaphors Study-Take the Expression of Negative Emotion in Emojis as an Example

Using the multimodal metaphor theory,this article studies the multimodal metaphor of emotion.Emotions can be divided into positive emotions and negative emotions.Positive emotion metaphors include happiness metaphors and love metaphors,while negative emotion metaphors include anger metaphors,fear metaphors and sadness metaphors.They intuitively represent the source domain through physical signs,sensory effects,orientation dynamics and physical presentation close to the actual life,and the emotional multimodal metaphors in emojis have narrative and social functions.

National Image Construction from the Perspective of Multimodal Metaphor-A Case Study of the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics

The national image is a comprehensive concept with a distinct political feature,including the international image presented to the outside world,and also encompassing the national identity of the people.With the development of globalization,international cultural communication has become a crucial part of shaping the national image,and the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics has become an important opportunity for China to showcase its national image to the world in the post-pandemic era.Based on Forceville’s multimodal metaphor theory,this paper examines the metaphorical phenomena contained in the performance and their functions,effects,and purposes in the construction of the national image.It is found that there are many scenes,images,and narratives in the opening ceremony,including war metaphor,competition metaphor,personification metaphor,and other conceptual metaphors.The focus of this paper is on multimodal metaphor in a broad sense,mainly encompassing auditory and visual modes.Through the use of these multimodal metaphors,the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics builds an image of a vibrant,peace-loving,and responsible country,which not only demonstrates China’s cultural self-confidence,but also expresses the Chinese people’s beautiful vision for the early reunification of the motherland.

Resonance From the Past to the Future:Mythological Metaphors in Chinese Science Fiction Films

This paper is centered on the extent to which contemporary Chinese science fiction is related to ancient Chinese mythologies according to the previous scholarly discussion and how these ancient mythologies are utilized specifically in the futuristic narratives of modern Chinese science fiction.By referring to academic dialogues,this paper argues that ancient mythologies can be recreated in modern science fiction and create modern mythologies in futuristic narratives to present or deal with modern human fears.Based on this argument,this paper then continues to explore what kinds of modern mythologies science fiction might deliver.The Chinese film The Wandering Earth(2019)will be discussed in terms of its mythological symbols and metaphors.This paper proposes a new approach through which to reconnect past stories with futuristic narratives and builds a frame in which to contextualize ancient mythologies in contemporary Chinese culture.

Comparative Analysis of Metaphors of “Flowers” in English and Chinese Poetry from the Perspective of Cognitive Metaphor Theory

Poetry,as a crucial form of literary expression,often employs metaphor as a common rhetorical device.According to the perspective of cognitive metaphor theory,metaphor transcends its traditional linguistic boundaries and is recognized as a profound cognitive mechanism,manifesting as a broader cognitive phenomenon.This article is based on metaphorical examples of“flowers”in Chinese and English poetry,carefully selecting representative cases for in-depth analysis.The aim is to compare the imagery of“flowers”in Chinese and English poetry,observe their similarities and differences,thereby fostering a better understanding of poetry in both languages.Through this study,we not only delve into the intricacies of metaphor within poetry but also shed light on the distinct interpretations of the symbol of“flowers”in different cultural contexts,expanding our appreciation for the cultural diversity inherent in poetry.

Mastering Metaphors: A Possible Path to Understand Modern Poetry

Understanding modern poetry is a big problem for average readers because of all kinds of rhetorical devices filled with them,especially metaphors,which are hard for the readers to understand clearly.Thus,grasping metaphors would provide a possible solution to enhance the understanding of modern poetry.Based on the motivation to better understand modern poetry,the paper explores the 11 mechanisms of metaphors in modern poetry with examples in detail,i.e.,blending,mapping,frame shifting,image schema,conceptual integration,contextual grounding,inter-subjectivity,embodied cognition,recursiveness,juxtaposition,shape-moulding,by borrowing some concepts from Cognitive Linguistics,literary studies,and Rhetorics,which can be adopted as means and methods to understand modern poems.

The Application of Newmark’s Metaphor Theory in Novel Translation--A Case Study of“the Jade King:History of a Chinese Muslim Family”

This paper examines the metaphorical part of“The Jade King:History of a Chinese Muslim Family”,Hoda’s novel,under the guidance of Newmark’s theory of metaphor.Newmark proposes six categories of metaphors,namely Dead Metaphor,ClichéMetaphor,Stock or Standard Metaphor,Adapted Metaphor,Recent Metaphor,Original Metaphor;and seven strategies of metaphor translation,including reproducing the same image in the target language,replacing the image in the source language with a standard target language image,translation of metaphor by simile,translation of metaphor(or simile)by simile plus sense,conversion of metaphor to sense,deletion and same metaphor combined with sense.They can provide a strong theoretical support for analyzing the expressions of metaphors in novels and their translation methods.By deeply analyzing the expressions of metaphor and its translation methods in novels,it not only helps to understand the metaphorical meaning and cultural connotation of the original works,but also helps to explore the cultural differences and challenges faced by English and Chinese bilingualism in the process of metaphor translation,thereby significantly improving the translation level and promoting the development of translation research.

Cognitive View on Metaphor and Polysemy Learning

Language is a product of human cognition.It is of great importance and necessity to study the role of metaphor in foreign language learning and teaching.The paper is intended as a trial to develop a metaphorical cognitive approach to aid the learner of English as a foreign language,especially in polysemy learning since it has been a big problem in foreign language learning area.Metaphor plays a positive role and produces better results than the traditional approach in vocabulary learning.The metaphor approach is a powerful strategy in vocabulary comprehension,retention,and production.Teachers and researchers must shoulder the responsibility to carry out close examinations of linguistic metaphors instantiating the underlying conceptual metaphors by analyzing and establishing corpora to better established metaphor systems.

The Grammatical Categorization of Mandarin在/zài:Spatiality,Temporality and Semantic Construal

Mandarin在(pinyin:zài)is the most frequently used character in representing spatial and temporal relationship.Current studies mostly focus on its lexical meaning and syntactic structure while cognitive features of its grammatical categories have been neglected.This paper investigates into the categorization of zài by conducting a morphosyntactic test among College English majors in China.The results show that:prototypes are organizing the grammatical categories of zài at all levels in terms of intra-categorial gradience;the semantic construal of zài construction could significantly influence the accuracy of the grammatical categorization of zài;the syntactic structure can provide viable cue for the identification of grammatical categories of zài;spatiality,temporality and the status of existing are three essential semantic features encoded by zài,the concurrence of which leads to various degree of inter-categorial vagueness,indicating a conflict between the rigid grammatical classification and the indeterminate nature of the grammatical functions of zai,suggesting the necessity to reconsider the efficacy of applying indiscriminately the Anglo-Saxon grammar into the study of Chinese spatial-temporal constructions.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Child Metaphor

concepts,and the rhetorical features in children’s written language.Additionally,there is a gap between the findings of international research and the verified results in the Chinese context.This study suggests that future research hotspots may include investigating the characteristics of metaphors produced by Chinese children of all ages,the creative use of language in L1 classroom discourse,and the cultivation of metaphorical ability.Chinese scholars may benefit from enhancing interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of metaphors of atypical children and exploring the common rules of human cognitive development.

Group Buying Broker of Shanghai:Deliberate Metaphors in Shanghai’s COVID-19 News Reports

The outbreak in Shanghai,China in 2022 brought huge challenges to this protracted battle against the epidemic.Based on the deliberate metaphor theory,this study uses the news reports of Shanghai’s fight against the COVID-19 pandemic as the corpus and uses quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the types and characteristics of deliberate metaphors and its pragmatic purpose in a specific context.The results show that there are various types used in news reports,among which War metaphor,Climate metaphor and Education metaphor are used more.The deliberate metaphors makes the news more understandable attractively and pleasantly,thus evoking the emotional resonance of the public.

Deliberate Metaphor in Political Discourse——Based on Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse

Since Steen proposed the theory of deliberate metaphor, many scholars have studied this linguistic phenomenon from different perspectives. Deliberate metaphor, based on language and cognition, introduces communication into metaphor research and can be seen as an extension of conceptual metaphor. Deliberate metaphor is essentially a discourse strategy, which uses metaphorical expressions to make listeners consciously compare the target domain with the source domain and establish an online cross-domain mapping. In view of this, the author takes Xi Jinping’s diplomatic speeches published in FMA as research corpora, and systematically analyzes how deliberate metaphors play their persuasive and communicative functions in political discourse, and finally delves into whether deliberate nature in political metaphors affects people’s attitudes and beliefs, thus conducting cross fusion research on cognitive rhetoric and political discourse.

Study on the English Creative Noun-Noun Compounds:Based on Metaphorical Thinking

Creative N+N compounds,also known as metaphor or metonymy N+N compounds,are a productive approach to form new words.This category of words is large in number and semantically complex.Research has demonstrated that the creativity of creative N+N compounds stems from the abstract and figurative thinking of people’s cognitive mechanisms.Abstract thinking facilitates the construction of abstract concepts of nouns,while figurative thinking draws connections within and between noun concepts through association and imagination.Metaphor is a source of creative words and meanings,and Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory is a favorable illustration of this innovative process.Additionally,it contributes to the development of cognitive thinking skills and creative abilities.The study of creative N+N compounds helps English learners expand their vocabulary,enhance their lexical sensitivity,and promote metaphorical thinking.From a cognitive linguistic perspective,this study focuses on the cognitive mechanisms of creative N+N compounds and reveals their advantageous implications for English vocabulary teaching.

A Study on Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Under the Categorization Theory

In cognitive linguistics,debates on the status and functions of categorization have been a heated issue.In semantics and second language acquisition,scholars have discussed and achieved vocabulary acquisition from different perspectives and academic levels.Vocabulary learning exerts a fundamental role in second language vocabulary acquisition(SLVA),and it is closely related to learners’cognitive competence.However,studies on second language vocabulary acquisition under the categorization theory in cognitive linguistics have received less attention from linguists when compared with other studies.This paper employs two representative dimensions,the basic-level effect and the prototype effect,under the categorization theory to further delve into the implications on second language vocabulary acquisition.This article first provides a comprehensive introduction to the nature and the approaches of the categorization theory,and then analyzes the relations and implications for second language vocabulary acquisition under the categorization theory from the perspective of the basic-level and the prototype effects.The research results showed that the basic-level effect on SLVA is mainly on the classification of word categories distinguished from the superordinate and subordinate categories,while the prototype effect is more on understanding the complexity and use of word meaning.

Corpus-Driven Analysis of Conceptual Metaphor in Artificial Intelligence Language:A Sample of ChatGPT-Written Speeches

Based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory(CMT),this paper creates a tiny corpus of ChatGPT-written speeches.Through employing a corpus-driven approach,this study analyzes the identification and utilization of conceptual metaphors in artificial intelligence(AI)languages.The AI demonstrated its capacity to utilize metaphors in the metaphoric corpora through the display of diversity,non-arbitrariness,repetition,and intersectionality in the selection of source domains.It often uses vocabulary combinations with clear similarities to establish metaphorical meaning.In the literal sense,the outcomes of metaphor identification by artificial intelligence differ significantly from those of humans.Therefore,there is a need to develop advanced automatic models for identifying metaphors in order to enhance the precision of metaphor identification consistently.

A Study of the English Translation of Positive Emotions from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor

experience shared by human beings,but it is often expressed in the form of conceptual metaphor which is pervasive in the concrete language.Drawing upon the theory of conceptual metaphor and emotion metaphors,this paper aims to study the translation of positive emotions in David Hawkes’version of The Story of the Stone and the related daily expressions as the corpus.According to the theories,this paper categorizes the positive emotions metaphors into body metaphors,sensory metaphors,entity metaphors,and orientational metaphors to discuss the process of English translation and the metaphorical mechanism,analyzes the similarities and differences between Chinese and English expressions of positive emotions and their cultural,physiological,and psychological motives,and lastly attempts to summarize the translation strategies of emotional expressions.The analysis of metaphorical mechanisms reveals that the common physiological and psychological experiences of human beings and cultural exchanges give rise to similarities,while the unique cultural environments,antecedents,and historical development of each nation give rise to their distinctiveness.This paper concludes that translators need to make full use of their subjectivity,understand the surface and underlying meaning of the text,and establish a high level of mental compatibility between themselves,the readers,and the author.

The Comparative Study of Metaphors -- From Cognitive and Systemic-Functional Perspectives

Metaphors have different expressions in cognitive and systematic-functional linguistics, which are conceptual metaphors and ideational metaphors. Conceptual metaphors belong to traditional vocabulary metaphors, and ideational grammatical metaphors are pointed out by Halliday--the main representative of systemic-functional theory. This paper elaborates on the specific grammatical feature of EST （English for Science and Technology） text--＂nominalization of processes＂ to reveal the source of ideational metaphors. From the analysis of some examples, it is found that nominalization as a grammatical metaphor expresses the transference between process types, so it reveals the essence of ideational grammatical metaphors. Meanwhile, the comparison made between grammatical metaphors and vocabulary metaphors reflects the similarities between conceptual metaphors and ideational metaphors. In this way, this paper comes to the conclusion that the combination of the study methods of metaphors from both cognitive and systemic-functional perspectives is the best way to uncover the basic characteristic of human thinking.

Use of metaphors when treating unexplained medical symptoms

The words one chooses to describe personal pain mirror current usage, but may also hold echoes of an individual’s lived experience. They may provide clues to the origin of physical symptoms that are medically hard to explain. The aim of this commentary is to propose, on the basis of the available literature, that verbal metaphors can prove effective in the psychotherapy of such conditions. I provide a case history of a 45 year old woman referred to psychiatry because of extreme ‘burning’ pain in her mouth and tongue. She had been to numerous doctors, had undergone a variety of tests, had tried many medical treatments, and had been prescribed a number of different pharmaceutical agents. She had changed her diet, done her daily dental mouth exercises, drunk a lot of water, but the burning continued and interfered, with her job(she was a teacher), her friendships, and her everyday life. This made her angry and recalcitrant to therapy, but the metaphor ‘burning with rage,’ as applicable to her pain, worked to establish a good alliance that led to a decrease of symptoms. Burning Mouth Syndrome is a medically unexplained condition of complex etiology that psychotherapy alone cannot reverse. The literature bears out, however, that the use of metaphors can help to open avenues of psychological exploration that accelerate adaptation to pain and improve quality life.

The Application of Conceptual Metaphor to English Vocabulary Teaching

This paper considers cognitive linguistics as the guide to explore the feasibility of vocabulary teaching based on conceptual metaphor.Following the classification of conceptual metaphor,the paper probes into concrete effects of vocabulary teaching under the guidance of ontological metaphor,structural metaphor and orientational metaphor.Through detailed analysis,conceptual metaphor illuminates polysemy teaching,lexical collocation teaching and idiom teaching.Hence,it contributes to tackling the existed problems in the course of vocabulary teaching and cultivating students’competence of cognitive acquisition.

Text categorization based on fuzzy classification rules tree

To deal with the problem that arises when the conventional fuzzy class-association method applies repetitive scans of the classifier to classify new texts,which has low efficiency, a new approach based on the FCR-tree（fuzzy classification rules tree）for text categorization is proposed.The compactness of the FCR-tree saves significant space in storing a large set of rules when there are many repeated words in the rules.In comparison with classification rules,the fuzzy classification rules contain not only words,but also the fuzzy sets corresponding to the frequencies of words appearing in texts.Therefore,the construction of an FCR-tree and its structure are different from a CR-tree.To debase the difficulty of FCR-tree construction and rules retrieval,more k-FCR-trees are built.When classifying a new text,it is not necessary to search the paths of the sub-trees led by those words not appearing in this text,thus reducing the number of traveling rules.Experimental results show that the proposed approach obviously outperforms the conventional method in efficiency.