Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature 〉 activated time 〉 impregnation ratio 〉 impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500℃, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m^2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.

Effects of Stable Chlorine Dioxide on Sterilization and Preservation of Fresh-cut Narrow-leaf Cattail

At present, chlorine dioxide has been widely used as a bactericide that may become an alternative to chlorine. In this study, fresh-cut narrow-leaf cattail was soaked with 45, 70 and 95 mg/L chlorine dioxide solution, respectively. Fresh-cut narrow-leaf cattail samples were collected regularly to determine changes in surface microbe amount, cellulose content, Vc content, reduction sugar content and sensory quality of narrow-leaf cattail, thus analyzing the effects of chlorine diox- ide on sterilization and preservation of fresh-cut narrow-leaf cattail. The results showed that all three concentrations of chlorine dioxide solution could significantly reduce the amount of microbes on the surface of fresh-cut narrow-leaf cattail and improve the edible safety of products. The initial sterilization efficiency was im- proved gradually as the concentration of chlorine dioxide increased. In addition, chlorine dioxide treatment postponed the increase of cellulose content of fresh-cut narrow-leaf cattail. However, chlorine dioxide oxidized Vc and reducing sugar, and its bleaching effect also exerted a certain impact on the sensory quality of fresh- cut narrow-leaf cattail. Based on comprehensive comparisons, 45 - 70 mg/L chlorine dioxide solution exerted the best effects on sterilization and preservation of fresh-cut narrow-leaf cattail. This study laid the foundation for the production and application of chlorine dioxide solution and promotion of rapid development of nar- row-leaf cattail industry.

Effect of Storage Temperature on the Quality of Fresh-cut Cattail

Fresh-cut cattail was extremely not resistant to store at room temperature.In the first day,it began to etiolate and rot,the fiber content increased,but the vitamin C content and reducing sugar content decreased.The aerobic bacterial count increased,the weight loss rate sharply increased,and the sensory quality and food value were gradually lost.Low temperature storage could decrease the loss of vitamin C and reducing sugar of fresh-cut cattail,reduce the weight loss rate and delay the increase of fiber content,maintain the water and nutrient of fresh-cut cattail,and the storage effect of 0 ℃ was better than 4 ℃.

铁改性香蒲生物炭吸附去除水中刚果红的研究

以湿地植物香蒲为原料,通过热解制备了生物炭(BC),采用水热法将Fe与BC复合,制备了具有良好磁性能的铁改性生物炭(Fe-BC)。采用SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD、XPS和VSM等,分析了Fe-BC的结构形貌特性及磁性能,并研究了Fe-BC吸附去除水中典型有机染料刚果红(CR)的性能。结果表明:制备的Fe-BC具有良好的磁性,当CR浓度为100 mg/L、Fe-BC投加量为40 mg、溶液pH为3、吸附时间90 min、反应体系温度25℃时,CR的去除率可达99.6%;此外,Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)、Mn^(2+)金属阳离子可提高Fe-BC对CR的去除率;Fe-BC进行3次吸附-脱附后,Fe-BC对水中CR仍有良好吸附性能,表明磁性Fe-BC具有良好的循环稳定性;通过对动力学模型与热力学模型的拟合,表明Fe-BC对水中CR的吸附过程主要受化学吸附影响,且为自发不可逆的吸热反应。

Synergistic Effects of Chiral Morphology and Reconfiguration in Cattail Leaves

Cattail, a type of herbaceous emergent aquatic macrophyte, has upright-standing leaves with a large slenderness ratio and a ehiral morphology. With the aim of understanding the effect of chiral morphology on their mechanical behavior, we investi- gated, both experimentally and theoretically, the twisting chiral morphologies and wind-adaptive reconfigurations of cattail leaves. Their multiscale structures were observed by using optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy. Their me- chanical properties were measured by uniaxial tension and three-point bending tests. By modeling a chiral leaf as a pre-twisted cantilever-free beam, fluid dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate the synergistic effects of the leaf＇s chiral mor- phology and reconfiguration in wind. It was observed that the leaves have evolved multiscale structures and superior mechanical properties, both of which feature functionally gradient variations in the height direction, to improve their ability to resist lodging failure by reducing the maximal stress. The synergistic effect ofchiral morphology and reconfiguration can greatly improve the survivability of cattail plants in wind.

香蒲叶综纤维素纳米纤维的制备及表征

为深化对香蒲叶的综合利用,提高其附加值,采用过氧化氢-乙酸(HPAA)预处理与酸水解法制备香蒲叶综纤维素纳米纤维,分析对比HPAA处理得到的香蒲叶综纤维素纤维和酸水解分离得到的综纤维素纳米纤维以及香蒲叶原样三者之间的物理化学性质及结构。结果表明:综纤维素纤维中木质素残余质量分数为1.32%,单根纤维充分暴露,且由于去除了木质素及其他小分子物质,结晶度提高至57.47%,热稳定性高于原样。制备的纳米纤维呈细长形,分子链上引入了功能化的羧基基团,热稳定性良好。

改性香蒲绒纤维材料对大体量变压器油的吸附性能

开展改性香蒲绒纤维对大体量变压器废油的吸附能力研究。制备了不同的改性香蒲绒纤维样品,并研究了其对小体量和大体量变压器油的吸附能力。研究结果表明:采用摩尔浓度为25.0 mmol/L的NaOH溶液浸泡12 h进行碱处理可得到具有最佳吸油性能的香蒲绒纤维,其吸油容量达(39.25±1.77)g/g;吸附大体量变压器油时,重力对香蒲绒的挤压作用会减弱其吸油容量和吸油率。研究结果对促进生物质纤维材料在油料存储、废油吸附等领域的应用具有重要作用。

黄河、渭河、北洛河交汇区芦苇和香蒲重金属污染分析

为了解黄河、渭河、北洛河交汇前后植物受重金属污染情况,在三河交汇区采集河流沿岸常见的芦苇和香蒲,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了芦苇和香蒲中Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu、Mn、Zn等重金属元素的含量,采用原子荧光法测定了Hg元素含量,分析了芦苇和香蒲中重金属含量超标情况,并通过生物质量指数法(综合评价污染法)评价了三河交汇前后芦苇和香蒲的重金属污染水平。结果表明,在三河交汇区采集的芦苇和香蒲样品中Pb、Cr、Cd含量总体异常;三河交汇前,北洛河同州湖段和渭河临渭区段的芦苇和香蒲样品中重金属污染等级均相对较低,但已处于污染状态;黄河赵渡镇段的芦苇和香蒲样品中重金属污染等级均相对较高,污染非常明显;三河交汇后,黄河港口镇段的芦苇和香蒲样品中重金属污染等级均相对升高,属于重污染。

Impacts of fire and phosphorus on sawgrass and cattails in an altered landscape of the Florida Everglades

Introduction:Although fire as a critical ecological process shapes the Florida Everglades landscape,researchers lack landscape-based approach for fire management.The interactive effect of fire,nutrients,water depth,and invasive cattails(Typha spp.)on vegetation communities is of special concern for ecosystem restoration.In particular,questions concerning the effect of fire on nutrient release and,by extension,the potential thereof to stimulate sawgrass(Cladium jamaicense Crantz)re-growth and cattail expansion under varying hydrological conditions are of immediate relevance to ecologists and land managers who work to restore the Everglades.Methods:In late April of 1999,a 42,875 ha surface fire,including a 100 ha peat fire,burned the northern section of Water Conservation Area 3A(WCA-3A)in the Everglades.In this study,total phosphorus(TP)in soil,surface water,pore-water,and vegetation was sampled at non-burned,surface-burned and peat-burned areas within one and five months after the burn.Four years after the initial fire,field data were collected in a large scale survey to analyze how the 1999 fire affected cattail distribution in the altered landscape of high soil TP and cattail habitats.Existing GIS maps were utilized to select field sampling locations and to provide additional information for the analysis.Results:The analyses showed that five months after the fire,sawgrass biomass re-growth was about 5 times higher in burned areas(611±47 g/m^(2))than in non-burned areas(102±18 g/m^(2)).Sawgrass re-growth in water depths less than 30 cm was 4.9±0.4 g/m^(2)/day while sawgrass re-growth in water depths deeper than 60 cm decreased to 0.5±0.3 g/m^(2)/day.Cattail biomass re-growth in peat-burned areas was as high as 1,079±38 g/m^(2).The data also showed that post-fire cattail expansion could be related to cattail stands existing before the fire.Furthermore,post-fire cattail appeared more significant expansion in the areas with soil TP above 900 mg/kg than in that with soil TP below 900 mg/kg.Conclusions:The data showed that fire within altered landscapes(e.g.high soil TP and/or cattail)of the Everglades could stimulate the re-growth and expansion of cattails,and post-fire re-growth of sawgrass could be severely impeded by deep water after a surface-burn.This research indicates that fire continues to be an effective ecological process for maintaining the Everglades;therefore,ecologists and land managers may have to reevaluate the future management of natural fire with regard to its dynamic relationship with high soil TP and cattail expansion in the altered Everglades landscape.

Environmental stress and eutrophication in freshwater wetlands: evidence from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in cattail (Typha domingensis Pers.)

Background:Florida’s Everglades is a vast freshwater peatland that has been impacted by the alterations of hydrological pattern and water quality which led to changes in plant species composition and biodiversity.In this study,carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes(δ13C andδ15N)in cattail(Typha domingensis)are evaluated as indicators of environmental changes in the Everglades wetlands along nutrient and hydrological gradients represented by reference sites with total phosphorus(TP)<10μg L−1,transition sites with TP≥10μg L−1<20μg L−1 and impacted sites with TP≥20μg L−1 which differed in hydrology or habitats(marsh and canal).Results:Cattailδ13C values decreased significantly from reference(–24.1‰),transition(–26.8‰)to the impacted sites(–28.2‰).In contrast,δ15N values increased significantly from reference(–5.2‰),transition(2.4‰)to the impacted site(5.9‰).In response to a poor hydrological condition,cattail in marsh area displayed 13C enrichment(–26.0‰)and 15N depletion(0.2‰).By contrast,cattail grown in the canal sites with favorable hydropattern displayed 13C depletion(–27.6‰)and 15N enrichment(5.9‰)from the canal sites with more favorable hydrological condition.Conclusions:The different patterns for the changes inδ13C andδ15N in cattail suggested that increased nutrients led to increased stomatal conductance and 13C fractionation during carbon uptake and decreased 15N fractionation with increasing nitrogen demand while poor hydrological condition coupled with low nutrients led to reduced plant growth indicated by higherδ13C and lowerδ15N values.Findings from this study suggested thatδ13C in emerged macrophytes such as cattail can be used as an indicator for environmental stress whileδ15N is a robust indicator for wetland eutrophication.

杜诗“细柳新蒲”意象创造对古代诗歌的影响

杜甫在至德二载春写的著名诗歌《哀江头》中,用“细柳新蒲”这一意象表达对国家的兴亡之感,抒发哀伤愁苦之情,这一意象的使用及内涵表达是杜甫首创,影响了后世的诸多诗人。宋人在杜诗基础上丰富和发展了这一意象内涵,在描写自然景观、抒发兴亡之感方面,使其成为典故使用流传下来;而明诗人在描写自然景观与表达个人哀伤内涵方面使用这一意象较为集中。至集大成的清代,清诗人开拓了这一意象在咏史怀古方面的运用,且在国家兴亡、个人哀伤、自然景观内涵方面,都对这一意象的使用有所延伸和拓展。

基于造血活性小肽研究阿胶炮制原理

目的基于造血活性小肽研究阿胶炮制原理。方法Orbitrap-MS法对阿胶及其炮制品(蛤粉炒、蒲黄炒)的酶解-超滤物进行数据解析,根据分值、丰度、韦恩图、热图聚类分析推断其可能具有造血活性或具有深入研究价值的肽序列。采用Fmoc固相合成法对其进行合成,检测纯度、三氟乙酸残留、净肽含量、内毒素等。以红细胞爆式集落形成单位为指标,检测阿胶及其炮制品的酶解-超滤物和13种合成肽活性。结果共检测出171种肽,其中127个来源于胶原蛋白。蛤粉炒阿胶26种新肽产生,21种肽消失;蒲黄炒阿胶16种新肽产生,52种肽消失,多数肽序列保持不变,但丰度有所改变。以其中13种肽作为对象进行Fmoc合成,发现其均可用于细胞培养。结论阿胶炮制后,造血活性升高,推测是胶原蛋白裂解并经消化产生ejp33(GVVGLPGQR)强活性肽、ejp131(GPAGPSGPPGKDGT)弱活性肽以达到增效作用,且其促造血效果是以ejp10(GPAGPIGPV)、ejp6(GPAGPTGPV)、ejp77(LSSPARSGASL)为主的数种肽的协同作用。

生物模板辅助水热合成介孔氧化镁及其除氟性能

针对水中氟离子污染问题,提出利用生物模板辅助水热合成介孔氧化镁脱氟材料。以香蒲绒为生物模板,MgCl2为镁源,尿素为沉淀剂,通过水热-煅烧后,得到介孔氧化镁脱氟材料。对材料进行SEM、BET、XRD、FT-IR等表征,考察吸附剂用量、溶液pH值、共存阴离子等因素对脱氟效果的影响。结果表明,当氟离子浓度为50 mg/L时,在吸附剂用量为1.2 g/L、反应时间为90 min、pH=2~11、25℃条件下,脱氟效果均能达到98%以上,受共存离子Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、CO_(3)^(2-)影响不大,受PO_(4)^(3-)影响较大。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线和准二级动力学,饱和吸附量为109.82 mg/g,属于单分子层的放热过程。经5次循环吸附实验后,氟离子的去除率降至55.65%。

香蒲植物净化塘生态系统调查研究

韶夫江口铅锌矿废水不仅排放量大,而且重金属含量高,成份复杂,对水体污染严重。废水总排放量达61O78t·日^(-1),其入河口铅的浓度超过地面水卫生标准约11倍。几年来。

水葫芦和香蒲对富营养化水体及其底泥养分的吸收

为探明水葫芦、香蒲改善富营养化水体水质的效果及其对底泥养分释放的影响,以其为试材,采用人工模拟试验方法,分析其对不同富营养化水体及其底泥养分吸收的情况。结果显示:水葫芦比香蒲有更好的适应性,在不同浓度的水体中生物量快速增加,而香蒲则需要较长的适应期;在总氮、总磷浓度分别为3.2～14.2 mg/L和0.2～1.0 mg/L的富营养化水体中,水葫芦、香蒲均可有效地消减上覆水中总氮和总磷。处理3个月后,水葫芦净化系统的总氮、总磷浓度分别降至0.84～0.86 mg/L、0.035～0.044 mg/L,对水体总氮、总磷的去除量分别为72.0%～94.0%、82.5%～98.1%,总氮、总磷的负荷去除量分别为18.4～105.8 mg/(m2.d)、1.3～7.6mg/(m2.d);香蒲净化系统的总氮、总磷的浓度分别降至0.96～1.09 mg/L、0.030～0.062 mg/L,对总氮、总磷的去除率分别为66.0%～92.8%、77.0%～93.8%,总氮、总磷的负荷去除量分别为8.4～52.3 mg/(m2.d)、0.6～3.7 mg/(m2.d)。表明水生植物水葫芦和香蒲可有效消减富营养化湖泊水体氮、磷等内源污染物,对富营养化水体水质具有良好的改善效果。

蒲菜气调保鲜工艺研究

通过对贮藏过程中气调包装蒲菜生理指标(粗纤维、失重率、总酸、VC和气体含量)及其感官品质的变化,确定气体组成、温度和壳聚糖涂膜处理对蒲菜气调贮藏过程中生理和品质的影响,提出蒲菜气调保鲜-涂膜的优化工艺条件。结果表明:蒲菜采后气调保鲜前20d,VC含量和总酸含量有所下降,失重率和粗纤维含量有所上升。当气体比例O2:CO2:N2为5:10:85(V/V),经1%浓度壳聚糖溶液涂膜处理,在低温下贮藏能抑制蒲菜在贮藏期间的蒸腾失水,保持较低的粗纤维含量和较高的VC含量,降低蒲菜的呼吸作用,在上述条件下蒲菜保鲜期可延长至30d。

生蒲黄汤加减治疗眼底出血疗效观察

目的:探讨生蒲黄汤加减治疗眼底出血的临床效果。方法:将110例129眼各种类型的眼底出血患者按出血时间的长短分为初、中、后三期,分别用生蒲黄汤进行不同加减治疗。观察治疗前后患者的视力、眼底变化。结果:视力痊愈36眼,显效41眼,有效27眼,无效25眼,总有效率80.62%;眼底痊愈68眼,显效27眼,有效19眼,总有效率88.37%。各类眼底出血总有效率比较P>0.05,差异无显著性意义。结论:生蒲黄汤加减治疗各类眼底出血均具有较好的临床疗效。

蒲绒纤维的吸油性能

利用蒲绒纤维作为吸油材料吸附机油和植物油.结果表明:由蒲绒纤维制得的吸油材料吸油效果良好,1g纤维分别能吸收24.7g纯机油和27.8g纯植物油;在油:纯净水混比1:4条件下,1g纤维分别能吸收17～22g机油和18～24g植物油.香蒲绒纤维经2.5kPa压强机械挤压重复5次,1g蒲绒纤维分别吸收11g机油和9g植物油.蒲绒纤维独特的结构和表面蜡质是决定其吸油能力的重要因素.

香蒲浮床有机物去除能力及根表微生物群落结构

为探讨植物浮床有机物去除能力和根表细菌群落组成特点,选择香蒲为研究对象,通过对根系诱导扩增,构建根系覆盖度(遮光率)分别为50%、70%和90%的香蒲浮床系统,并对其COD_(Cr)去除能力及根系微生物群落结构开展系统研究.结果表明,3个覆盖度系统的根系体积分别达到1.74、3.48、4.30 L/m^2.经过适应驯化,3个系统都可以有效地对人工模拟生活污水有机物进行去除,COD_(Cr)的单位面积负荷平均去除速率分别为8.28、8.78、13.46 g/(m^2·d);系统根系体积增加或加入一定体积的软性纤维填料都可以提高有机物去除能力.基于各系统根系和填料表面微生物样品高通量测序结果显示,根系与填料表面细菌多样性及组成都有较大差异,根系细菌丰度及多样性均小于填料.但在门水平上,根系和填料表面细菌优势类群相同,前2个优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes).根系表面细菌群落优势菌种类(OTUs)较单一,各系统根表微生物仅由1~3个相对丰度在10%以上种类构成了优势种群,并且根系和填料优势种类具有较大的不同.根系优势种类为Enterobacter、Acinetobacter、Clostridium属,代表序列OTUs2、OTUs4、和OTUs8,分别与Enterobacter ludwigii、Acinetobacter soli、Clostridium diolis有着100%的匹配度;填料优势种为Bacillus、Pseudomonas属,代表序列OTUs3和OTUs11分别与Bacillus funiculus NAF001、Pseudomonas argentinensis具有非常高的相似度.研究显示,根系经过诱导扩增的植物浮床系统对有机物具有较高的去除能力,与常规颗粒填料人工湿地相当,但根表微生物群落多样性较低,优势菌较单一,抗冲击负荷潜在能力较低.

香蒲绒纤维形态结构分析

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)与三维视频显微镜等仪器观察了香蒲绒纤维的形态结构,并将香蒲绒纤维与羽绒、木棉纤维的结构形态进行比较.研究发现:从香蒲棒上得到的蒲绒纤维以朵状结构的形式存在,香蒲绒纤维主要包括香蒲种子、单纤和香蒲绒主干三部分,单纤围绕束节集中生长.香蒲绒单纤纵向表面并不光滑,每根单纤上都有类似竹节状的节点,单纤直径并不均匀,纤维内部被若干个"隔板"封闭为若干个小的中腔.香蒲绒纤维的朵状结构与羽绒具有一定的相似性,而香蒲绒纤维与木棉纤维一样具有较高的中空度.