Monitoring and sampling of main plants, soil CO2, soil water, bedrock, spring water, drip water and its corresponding speleothem were performed at four cave systems of Guizhou, Southwest China, from April 2003 to May ...Monitoring and sampling of main plants, soil CO2, soil water, bedrock, spring water, drip water and its corresponding speleothem were performed at four cave systems of Guizhou, Southwest China, from April 2003 to May 2004, in order to understand stable carbon isotope ratios variations of dissolved inorganic Carbon （DIC） in cave percolation waters （δ13CDIC） and their implications for paleoclimate. Stable carbon isotopic compositions and ions （Ca, Mg, Sr, SO4, CI etc.） were measured for all samples. The results indicate that there are significant differences among the δ13CDIC values from inter-cave, even inter-drip of intra-cave in the four caves. The δ13CDIC values from the Liangfeng Cave （LFC） is lightest among the four caves, where vegetation type overlying the cave is primary forest dominated by tall trees with lighter average δ13C value （-29.9‰）. And there are remarkable differences in δ13CDIC values of different drip waters in the Qixing Cave （QXC） and Jiangjun Cave （JJC）, up to 6.9‰ and 7.8‰, respectively. Further analyses show that the δ13CDIC values in cave drip waters are not only controlled by vegetation biomass overlying the cave, but also hydro-geochemical processes. Therefore, accurate interpreting of δ13C recorded in speleothems cannot be guaranteed if these effects of the above mentioned factors are not taken into consideration.展开更多
Soil water and cave drip water from four cave systems in Guizhou, Southwest China, were monitored and sampled monthly from April 2003 to May 2004 to understand spatio-temporal variations in hydro-geochemistry of cave ...Soil water and cave drip water from four cave systems in Guizhou, Southwest China, were monitored and sampled monthly from April 2003 to May 2004 to understand spatio-temporal variations in hydro-geochemistry of cave percolation water. The results indicated that among the 5 drip water sites from the Liangfeng Cave (LFC), there were no significant differences among the hydro-geochemical parameters. In the Xiniu Cave (XNC), the drip rates were variable and responded quickly to precipitation events in the 3# (No. 3) drip site with variable water head; both bulk and variation in drip rates were smaller in the 2# with constant water head. However, in the Qixing Cave (QXC) and Jiangjun Cave (JJC), drip rates, concentrations of major ions and saturation index for calcite (SI C ) were smaller, and Mg/Ca ratios in Group I (1#, 2#, 6#, 7# and 8# in the QXC; 2# and 3# in the JJC) were larger than those in Group II (3#, 4#, 5# and 9# in the QXC; 1# and 4# in the JJC). These differences might be the result of different hydrogeological processes above the caves, which are divided into five categories based on hydro-geochemistry data. The formation of some proxies in speleothem, such as Mg/Ca, is likely to be affected by those processes.展开更多
Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well ...Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.展开更多
Because of the development of tourist activities and the facilities in the show cave, the closed system of show cave has been changed into the complicated open system. The great number of the visitors and the landscap...Because of the development of tourist activities and the facilities in the show cave, the closed system of show cave has been changed into the complicated open system. The great number of the visitors and the landscape lights give great deal of thermoenergy to the show cave system, especially the high intensive lights make the temperature nearby goes up very fast and reduce the humidity. After the visitors leaving and the lights switching off, the temperature goes down and humidity increases even upto saturation, the condensation taken place. In the dry seasons, the cave humidity is relative low, even down to 40 50 percent. The administrations of show cave rushes the water to clean the touristic trails and keep the high humidity as to protect the cave environment. Under the function of artificial readjustment, the humidity of Yaolin cave atmosphere reaches to 97-100 percent throughtout the year.展开更多
基金funded by National Key Basic Research Development Program (Grant No. 2013CB956700)Orientation Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. kzcx2-yw-306)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41003054 and 90202003)
文摘Monitoring and sampling of main plants, soil CO2, soil water, bedrock, spring water, drip water and its corresponding speleothem were performed at four cave systems of Guizhou, Southwest China, from April 2003 to May 2004, in order to understand stable carbon isotope ratios variations of dissolved inorganic Carbon （DIC） in cave percolation waters （δ13CDIC） and their implications for paleoclimate. Stable carbon isotopic compositions and ions （Ca, Mg, Sr, SO4, CI etc.） were measured for all samples. The results indicate that there are significant differences among the δ13CDIC values from inter-cave, even inter-drip of intra-cave in the four caves. The δ13CDIC values from the Liangfeng Cave （LFC） is lightest among the four caves, where vegetation type overlying the cave is primary forest dominated by tall trees with lighter average δ13C value （-29.9‰）. And there are remarkable differences in δ13CDIC values of different drip waters in the Qixing Cave （QXC） and Jiangjun Cave （JJC）, up to 6.9‰ and 7.8‰, respectively. Further analyses show that the δ13CDIC values in cave drip waters are not only controlled by vegetation biomass overlying the cave, but also hydro-geochemical processes. Therefore, accurate interpreting of δ13C recorded in speleothems cannot be guaranteed if these effects of the above mentioned factors are not taken into consideration.
基金project was funded jointly by the Orientation Project of Knowledge Innovation Program sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. kzcx2-yw-306)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41003054 and 90202003)
文摘Soil water and cave drip water from four cave systems in Guizhou, Southwest China, were monitored and sampled monthly from April 2003 to May 2004 to understand spatio-temporal variations in hydro-geochemistry of cave percolation water. The results indicated that among the 5 drip water sites from the Liangfeng Cave (LFC), there were no significant differences among the hydro-geochemical parameters. In the Xiniu Cave (XNC), the drip rates were variable and responded quickly to precipitation events in the 3# (No. 3) drip site with variable water head; both bulk and variation in drip rates were smaller in the 2# with constant water head. However, in the Qixing Cave (QXC) and Jiangjun Cave (JJC), drip rates, concentrations of major ions and saturation index for calcite (SI C ) were smaller, and Mg/Ca ratios in Group I (1#, 2#, 6#, 7# and 8# in the QXC; 2# and 3# in the JJC) were larger than those in Group II (3#, 4#, 5# and 9# in the QXC; 1# and 4# in the JJC). These differences might be the result of different hydrogeological processes above the caves, which are divided into five categories based on hydro-geochemistry data. The formation of some proxies in speleothem, such as Mg/Ca, is likely to be affected by those processes.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05014-003-004)
文摘Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.
文摘Because of the development of tourist activities and the facilities in the show cave, the closed system of show cave has been changed into the complicated open system. The great number of the visitors and the landscape lights give great deal of thermoenergy to the show cave system, especially the high intensive lights make the temperature nearby goes up very fast and reduce the humidity. After the visitors leaving and the lights switching off, the temperature goes down and humidity increases even upto saturation, the condensation taken place. In the dry seasons, the cave humidity is relative low, even down to 40 50 percent. The administrations of show cave rushes the water to clean the touristic trails and keep the high humidity as to protect the cave environment. Under the function of artificial readjustment, the humidity of Yaolin cave atmosphere reaches to 97-100 percent throughtout the year.
