Construction of universal quantitative models for the determination of cefoperazone sodium/sulbactam sodium for injection from different manufacturers using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

To develop near-infrared （NIR） reflectance spectroscopic methods for the quantitative analysis of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium from different manufacturers for injection powder medicaments. Various powders of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium were directly analyzed by non-destructive NIR reflectance spectroscopy using the spectrometer EQUINOX55. Two quantitative methods via integrating sphere （IS） and fiberoptic probe （FOP） models were explored from 6 batches of commercial samples and 42 batches of laboratory samples at a content ranging from 30% to 70% for cefoperazone and 60% to 20% for sulbactam. The root mean square errors of cross validation （RMSECV） and the root mean square errors of prediction （RMSEP） of IS were 1.79% and 2.85%, respectively, for cefoperazone sodium, and were 1.86% and 3.08%, respectively, for sulbactam sodium; and those of FOP were 2.93% and 2.92%, respectively, for cefoperazone sodium, and were 2.23% and 3.01%, respectively, for sulbactam sodium. Based on the ICH guidelines and Ref. 12, the quantitative models were then evaluated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and model transferability. The non-destructive quantitative NIR methods used in this study are applicable for rapid analysis of injectable powdered drugs from different manufacturers.

Cefoperazone sodium/sulbactam sodium vs piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium for treatment of respiratory tract infection in elderly patients

BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections in the elderly are difficult to cure and can easily recur,thereby posing a great threat to patient prognosis and quality of life.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of different antibiotics in elderly patients with respiratory tract infection.METHODS Seventy-four elderly patients with respiratory tract infection were randomly allocated to a study(n=37;treated with cefoperazone sodium/sulbactam sodium)or control(n=37;treated with piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium on the basis of routine symptomatic support)group.Both groups were treated for 7 d.Time to symptom relief(leukocyte recovery;body temperature recovery;cough and sputum disappearance;and rale disappearance time),treatment effect,and laboratory indexes[procalcitonin(PCT),C-reactive protein(CRP),white blood cell count(WBC),and neutrophil percentage(NE)]before and 7 d after treatment and the incidence of adverse reactions were assessed.RESULTS In the study group,the time to WBC normalization(6.79±2.09 d),time to body temperature normalization(4.15±1.08 d),time to disappearance of cough and sputum(6.19±1.56 d),and time to disappearance of rales(6.68±1.43 d)were shorter than those of the control group(8.89±2.32 d,5.81±1.33 d,8.77±2.11 d,and 8.69±2.12 d,respectively;P=0.000).Total effective rate was higher in the study group(94.59%vs 75.68%,P=0.022).Serum PCT(12.89±3.96μg/L),CRP(19.62±6.44 mg/L),WBC(20.61±6.38×10^(9)/L),and NE(86.14±7.21%)levels of the study group before treatment were similar to those of the control group(14.05±4.11μg/L,18.79±5.96 mg/L,21.21±5.59×10^(9)/L,and 84.39±6.95%,respectively)with no significant differences(P=0.220,0.567,0.668,and 0.291,respectively).After 7 d of treatment,serum PCT,CRP,WBC,and NE levels in the two groups were lower than those before treatment.Serum PCT(2.01±0.56μg/L),CRP(3.11±1.02 mg/L),WBC(5.10±1.83×10^(9)/L),and NE(56.35±7.17%)levels were lower in the study group than in the control group(3.29±0.64μg/L,5.67±1.23 mg/L,8.13±3.01×10^(9)/L,and 64.22±8.08%,respectively;P=0.000).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the groups(7.50%vs 12.50%,P=0.708).CONCLUSION Piperacillin sodium/tazobactam sodium is superior to cefoperazone sodium/sulbactam sodium in the treatment of elderly patients with respiratory tract infection with a similar safety profile.

Green and efficient degradation of cefoperazone sodium by Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) leading to the production of non-toxic products:Performance and degradation pathway

Photocatalytic process represents a promising approach to overcome the pollution challenge associated with the antibiotics-containing wastewater.This study provides a green,efficient and novel approach to remove cephalosporins,particularly cefoperazone sodium(CFP).Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) was chosen for the first time to systematically study its degradation for CFP,including the analysis of material structure,degradation performance,the structure and toxicity of the transformation products,etc.The degradation rate results indicated that Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) had an excellent catalytic activity leading to 78%CFP removal compared with the pure BiOBr(38%)within 120 min of visible light irradiation.In addition,the Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) presents high stability and good organic carbon removal efficiency.The effects of the solution p H(3.12-8.75)on catalytic activity revealed that CFP was mainly photocatalyzed under acidic conditions and hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions.Combined with active species and degradation product identification,the photocatalytic degradation pathways of CFP by Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) was proposed,including hydrolysis,oxidation,reduction and decarboxylation.Most importantly,the identified products were all hydrolysis rather than oxidation byproducts transformed from the intermediate ofβ-lactam bond cleavage in CFP molecule,quite different from the mostly previous studies.Furthermore,the final products were demonstrated to be less toxic through the toxicity analysis.Overall,this study illustrates the detailed mechanism of CFP degradation by Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) and confirms Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) to be a promising material for the photodegradation of CFP.

Effect of antimicrobial agents on the toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in liver tissue of the alcohol-induced liver disease in rats with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis

Background Septicemia and inflammation-mediated septic shock caused by Vibrio vulnificus （VV） is strongly associated with chronic liver disease. This study examined the effects of antimicrobial therapy on expression of hepatic toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in rats with alcohol-induced liver disease complicated by VV sepsis. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the following treatment groups： normal control （N）, alcoholic liver disease control （A）, antimicrobial-treated alcoholic liver disease control （AA）, alcoholic liver disease with VV sepsis （AV）, and antimicrobial-treated alcoholic liver disease with VV sepsis （AVA）. Alcohol-induced liver disease was observed in all groups except N. Expression of mRNAs encoding hepatic toll-like receptors 2 and 4, myeloid differentiation protein-2, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin （IL）-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 was determined by RT-PCR. Results mRNAs encoding toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and myeloid differentiation protein-2 were significantly up-regulated in group AV as compared to control groups at 2-24 hours of sepsis; peak expression occurred at 12 hours. These mRNAs were also up-regulated in group AVA but to lesser degrees than in group AV at comparable time post-infection, mRNAs encoding TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly elevated in group AV as a function of infection. In group AVA as compared to AV, expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNAs was lower at 12-24 hours post-infection and expression of IL-6 mRNA was lower at 24 hours post-infection. Compared with control groups, IL-10 mRNA expression in group AV was markedly higher at 12-24 hours of sepsis. Expression of IL-10 mRNA was lower in group AVA as compared to AV at 24 hours of sepsis. Conclusions Antimicrobial therapy reduces expression of toll-like receptors and cytokines in rats with alcohol-induced liver disease complicated by VV sepsis. Monitoring hepatic toll-like receptor and cytokine expression during antibiotic therapy may be valuable for determining the course of VV sepsis in subjects with liver disease.