Characteristics of a kHz helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with two kinds of targets

This study investigates the influence of two types of target,skin tissue and cell culture medium,with different permittivities on a k Hz helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet(APPJ)during its application for wound healing.The basic optical-electrical characteristics,the initiation and propagation and the emission spectra of the He APPJ under different working conditions are explored.The experimental results show that,compared with a jet freely expanding in air,the diameter and intensity of the plasma plume outside the nozzle increase when it interacts with the pigskin and cell culture medium targets,and the mean velocity of the plasma bullet from the tube nozzle to a distance of 15 mm is also significantly increased.There are also multiple increases in the relative intensity of OH(A^(2)Σ→X^(2)Π)and O(3p^(5)S-3s^(5)S)at a position 15 mm away from nozzle when the He APPJ interacts with cell culture medium compared with the air and pigskin targets.Taking the surface charging of the low permittivity material capacitance and the strengthened electric field intensity into account,they make the various characteristics of He APPJ interacting with two different targets together.

Methods for extracellular vesicle isolation from cancer cells

Cells are known to release different types of vesicles such as small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)and large extracellular vesicles(LEVs).sEVs and LEVs play important roles in intercellular communication,pre-metastatic niche formation,and disease progression;both can be detected cell culture media and biological fluids.sEVs and LEVs contain a variety of protein and RNA cargo,and they are believed to impact many biological functions of the recipient cells upon their internalization or binding to cell surface proteins.It has recently been established that standard isolation techniques,such as differential ultracentrifugation,yield a mixed population of EVs.However,density gradient ultracentrifugation has been reported to allow the isolation of sEVs without cellular debris.Here,we describe the most common methods used to isolate sEVs from cell culture medium,mouse and human plasma,and a new technique for isolating sEVs from tissues as well.This article also provides detailed procedures to isolate LEVs.