Mechanical behaviors and energy absorption properties of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated open-cell nickel-based alloy foams

In this study, Y-and Ce-modified Cr coatings applied by pack cementation method were prepared on the surface of open-cell nickel-based alloy foam. The morphologies and microstructures of Y- and Ce-modified Cr coatings with various Y and Ce contents were investigated in detail. Then, the effects of Y and Ce addition on the mechanical properties of open-cell nickel-based alloy foams were analyzed and compared. Simultaneously, the energy absorption capacity and energy absorption efficiency of the Y- and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams were discussed and compared at the room and high temperatures. The results show that Cr coatings containing minor amounts of rare earth element （Y and Ce） are well adhered to the nickel-based foam struts. Especially, the microstructure of the 2 wt% Ce-modified Cr coating is denser and uniform. In addition, the compressive strength and plateau stress of Y- and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams firstly increase and then decrease by increasing the Y and Ce contents at room and high temperatures. The energy absorption capacity of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated alloy foams increases linearly with the strains increasing. The Ce/Cr coated alloy foams can absorb more energy than Y/Cr coated alloy foams in the plateau and densification regions at room temperature. Compared to those at room temperature, the Y- and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams show higher energy absorption efficiency when deforma- tion within 10%-30% at high temperature.

Abnormal Expression of Eukaryotic Translation Factors in Malignant Transformed Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Crystalline Nickel Sulfide

Objective To study the oncogenic potential of mouse translation initiation factor 3 （TIF3） and elongation factor-1δ （TEF-1δ） in malignant transformed human bronchial epithelial cells induced by crystalline nickel sulfide （NiS）. Methods Abnormal expressions of human TIF3 and TEF-1δ genes in two kinds of NiS-transformed cells and NiS-tumorigenic cell lines were investigated and analyzed by the reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR）, respectively. Results RT-PCR analysis primarily showed that both human TIF3 and TEF-1δ mRNA expressions in two kinds of NiS-transformed cells and NiS-tumorigenic cell lines were increased as compared with controls. FQ-PCR assay showed that the levels of TIF3 expressions in the transformed cells and tumorigenic cells were 3 and 4 times higher respectively, and the elevated expressions of TEF-16 eDNA copies were 2.7- to 3.5-fold in transformed cells and 4.1- to 5.2-fold in tumorigenic cells when compared with non-transformed cells, indicating that the over-expressions of human TIF3 and TEF-1δ genes were related to malignant degree of the cells induced by nickel. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that there are markedly abnormal expressions of TIF3 and TEF-1δ genes during malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cell lines induced by crystalline NiS. They seem to be the molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for human carcinogensis due to nickel.

Electrochemical study of the effect of functionalized nickel nanoparticles on cellular uptake of leukemia cancer cells in vitro

In this study, we have fabricated the functionalized nickel nanoparticles and investigated their effects on cellular uptake of quercetin in leukemia K562 cancer cells by using electrochemical assay. The results indicate that nickel nanoparticles could efficiently enhance the quercetin uptake and increase the intracellular accumulation in cancer cells, implying the great potential of functionalized nickel nanoparticles in target cancer therapy.

Paper-like Microfibrous Nickel Catalyst for Hydrogen Production via NH_3 Decomposition in Fuel Cell Applications

A sinter-locked three-dimensional network of microfibrous nickel catalyst has been fabricated based on wet layup papermaking and sintering processes and this novel approach permits the production of -11 W fuel cell power H2 via NH3 decomposition with a conversion of 97% at 750 ℃ in a bed of 0.6 cm^3.

Forced Electrocodeposition of Silica Particles into Nickel Matrix by Horizontal Impinging Jet Cell

The improvement of silica particle codeposition into a nickel electrodeposited composite coating (ECC) by a double face horizontal impinging jet cell (IJC) has been studied. The microstructure of coatings was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy performed in backscattered electron mode. The embedded particles distribution was shown to be the densest and the most uniform in laminar low flow mode and when the nozzle is at a distance of 5 mm close from the cathode. Excrescences observed on the composite surface are due to the wave-like flow of the jet on the cathode surface. The silica content of the nickel composite coatings was assessed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The amount of particles embedded in the coating decreases with an increasing Reynolds number and as the nozzle-to-sample distance d becomes larger. A maximum rate of 4.43 wt% of silica has been successfully loaded at a distance d equal to 5 mm in the Ni-SiO2 composite coating.

Investigation of Nickel Phthalocyanine Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications

Ni-Phthalocyanine thin films were thermally evaporated with different substrate temperatures (300 - 450) K on (silicon wafer, glass) substrates. The chemical bonds of NiPc powder were investigated by FTIR spectrum, which introduce good information for NiPc bonds and their locations. The optical properties have been studied by UV-Visible, and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectra. The NiPc thin films have direct gap for all samples. The values of energy gap which is calculated by PL spectra are lower than those calculated by Tauc equation. It is found there are three activation energies, the mobility and concentration of carriers have been measured and, the NiPc films are p-type. P-NiPc/n-Si HJ solar cell was fabricated at substrates temperatures (300, 400) K. From I-V and C-V characteristic, abrupt junction has been found, photovoltaic characteristics have been observed with Voc of (0.335 - 0.415) V, and Isc of (2.77 - 4.26) μA, and the efficiency of (3.08 - 5.03)% at room temperature and substrate temperature (300, 400 K) and under illumination of 55 mW/cm2 using Halogen lamp. Ideality factors of the junction increase from (0.61 - 0.73) and barrier height increases from 2.53 eV to 3.69 eV while shunt resistance decreases from 3.76 KΩ to 2.59 KΩ and series resistance decreases slightly from 0.24 KΩ to 0.23 KΩ. The fill factor decreases from 0.46 to 0.4 with the increase of substrate temperature.

Stress Measurement with an Improved Hollow Inclusion Technique In Jinchuan Nickel Mine

Borehole overcoring stress measurement with an improved hollow inclusion technique was carried out at 10 points on 3 levels in Jinchuan nickel mine which is situated in north-west of China. Through the measurement, 3-D in situ stress state at the measuring points and distribution characteristics of the stress field in the mine were obtained. The stress state in Jinchuan mine is dominated by the horizontal tectonic stress field. The maximum principal stress is horizontal which is about twice the weight of the overburden and its orientation is approximately vertical to the regional tectonic line. The difference between two horizontal principal stresses is quite large which is an important reason to cause failure of underground excavations.

Computational Study of Ternary Devices: Stable, Low-Cost,and Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Although perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) more than 22% have been realized with expensive organic charge-transporting materials, their stability and high cost remain to be addressed. In this work, the perovskite configuration of MAPbX(MA = CH_3 NH_3,X = I_3, Br_3, or I_2Br) integrated with stable and low-cost Cu:Ni Oxhole-transporting material, ZnO electron-transporting material, and Al counter electrode was modeled as a planar PSC and studied theoretically. A solar cell simulation program(wx AMPS), which served as an update of the popular solar cell simulation tool(AMPS: Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures), was used. The study yielded a detailed understanding of the role of each component in the solar celland its effect on the photovoltaic parameters as a whole. The bandgap of active materials and operating temperature of the modeled solar cell were shown to influence the solar cell performance in a significant way. Further, the simulation results reveal a strong dependence of photovoltaic parameters on the thickness and defect density of the light-absorbing layers. Under moderate simulation conditions, the MAPb Br_3 and MAPbI _2 Br cells recorded the highest PCEs of 20.58 and 19.08%, respectively, while MAPbI_3 cell gave a value of 16.14%.

Topography,structure,and formation kinetic mechanism of carbon deposited onto nickel in the temperature range from 400 to 850°C

The carbon deposition behavior on nickel particles was observed within the temperature range from 400 to 800°C in a pure methane atmosphere. The topography, properties, and molecular structure of the deposited carbon were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) technology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The deposited carbon is present in the form of a film at 400-450°C, as fibers at 500-600°C, and as particles at 650-800°C. In addition, the structure of the deposited carbon becomes more ordered at higher temperatures because both the TPO peak temperature of deposited carbon and the Raman shift of the G band increase with the increase in experimental temperature, whereas the intensity ratio between the D bands and the G band decreases. An interesting observation is that the carbon deposition rate is suppressed in the medium-temperature range (M-T range) and the corresponding kinetic mechanism changes. Correspondingly, the FWHM of the G and D1 bands in the Raman spectrum reaches a maximum and the intensities of the D2, D3, and D4 bands decrease to low limits in the M-T range. These results indicate that carbon structure parameters exhibit two different tendencies with respect to varying temperature. Both of the two group parameters change dramatically as a peak function with increasing reaction temperature within the M-T range.

Anodic Oxidation of Nickel in Molten(Li_(0.62),K_(0.38))_2CO_3

The anodic oxidation of nickel in molten (Li 0.62 ,K 0.38 ) 2CO 3 was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, X ray diffraction and X ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that two reactions are involved in the anodic process: one is Ni+O 2- =NiO+2e -, the other reaction is Ni(Ⅱ)=Ni(Ⅲ)+e -.

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity by RGO/MWCNTs/NiO Counter Electrode for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

We applied the reduced graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/nickel oxide(RGO/MWCNTs/Ni O)nanocomposite as the counter electrode(CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates by blade doctor method. Power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.13 % was achieved for this DSSCs device, which is higher than that of DSSCs devices using Ni O, RGO, and RGO/Ni O-CE(PCE = 2.71 %, PCE = 6.77 % and PCE = 7.63 %). Also, the fill factor of the DSSCs devices using the RGO/MWCNTs/Ni O-CE was better than that of other CEs. The electron transfer measurement of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that RGO/MWCNTs/Ni O film could provide fast electron transfer between the CE and the electrolyte, and high electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide in a CE based on RGO/MWCNTs/Ni O in a DSSC.

Electrochemical Characterization of Rapid Discharge Sintering (RDS) NiO Cathodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells of <i>p</i>-Type

Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films with thickness ranging in the interval 0.2 - 3.5 μm have been deposited onto conductive transparent substrate via the method of plasma-assisted rapid discharge sintering (RDS) with microwave heating starting from NiO nanoparticles with diameter 50 nm. The optical and electrochemical properties of the RDS NiO films in the pristine state were characterized in non aqueous electrolyte with the solvent 3-methoxy-propionitrile (3-MPN). Upon electrochemical cycling of NiO in 3-MPN we observed two characteristic oxidation peaks referring to the two nickel centred processes Ni(II)→Ni(III) and Ni(III)→Ni(IV), which are both localized prevalently on the surface of the metallic oxide. The oxide films prepared with the RDS method were also sensitized with different types of commercial dyes, either organometallic (N719, black dye) or organic (squaraine 2, erythrosine B), to compare the corresponding p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSCs). All dyes here employed matched the energies of their frontier orbitals with the upper edge of NiO valence band and the redox level of the triiodide/iodide couple. The comparison of the performances of the p-DSCs based on RDS NiO which differed exclusively for the nature of the sensitizer showed that the extent of electronic conjugation in the structure of the dye is crucial for the control of the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding p-DSC.

反式钙钛矿太阳电池中钾离子掺杂NiO提升电荷收集能力研究

反式钙钛矿太阳电池(perovskite solar cell,PSC)是当前钙钛矿电池领域的重点发展方向,其中,NiO作为一种无机空穴传输材料,具有良好的化学稳定性,被广泛用于制备反式结构器件.然而,由于NiO的电导率和空穴迁移率相对较低且与钙钛矿薄膜的界面接触较差,使其在实现高性能反式PSC方面存在困难.为克服上述问题,本工作采用乙酸钾为钾源,通过在NiO纳米晶中掺入钾离子(K+)有效提升了NiO的电导率和空穴迁移率.此外,掺杂K+后,NiO与钙钛矿薄膜之间具有更好的界面接触,光生电荷的分离更有利.实验结果表明,最优的K+掺杂摩尔分数为3%,经过K+掺杂后电池效率从15.15%提高到16.75%,这主要得益于短路电流密度和填充因子的提升.

ALD法制备Li掺杂NiO_(x)作为HTL提升PSC性能

空穴传输层(HTL)是影响钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的主要因素之一。氧化镍(NiO_(x))是广为关注的无机HTL材料。原子层沉积(ALD)法具有厚度精准控制、台阶覆盖性好、薄膜质量高等优势,采用ALD法制备了不同比例锂(Li)掺杂的NiO_(x)薄膜。结果显示ALD法制备的NiO_(x)薄膜具有较小的均方根表面粗糙度、较高的光学透过率、较大的禁带宽度,而合适的Li掺杂量可以调制其与钙钛矿吸收层之间的能带匹配,这有利于获得更高的开路电压与短路电流。最终,以Li与NiO_(x)掺杂比为1∶500的NiO_(x)薄膜作为HTL制备了电池器件,开路电压高达1.14 V,短路电流为21.73 mA/cm^(2),填充因子为80.5%,光电转换效率为19.95%,这在宽带隙倒置钙钛矿电池中是一个不错的水平。

不同Pt与Ni质量比的Pt-Ni复合电极析氢性能实验

为降低PEM制氢Pt电极成本,采用电化学沉积法制备以泡沫镍为基材微量Pt沉积的Pt-Ni复合电极。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光谱仪对制备的Pt-Ni复合电极进行表征,采用电化学工作站和PEM电解池对Pt与Ni质量比分别为1∶7、1∶11、1∶12、1∶14和1∶23的5种不同复合电极及泡沫镍电极的析氢性能进行电化学对比分析实验和PEM制氢对比实验。结果表明:以泡沫镍为基材,采用电化学沉积法制备的Pt-Ni复合电极性能稳定,沉积Pt质量的多少对Pt-Ni复合电极的析氢性能有较大影响;存在一个最佳Pt与Ni质量比,实验条件下的最佳Pt与Ni质量比为1∶12,沉积Pt量过多和过少都会使其析氢性能降低,过多造成的Pt沉积堆叠相比较少对析氢性能的影响更加明显。在制备微量Pt沉积的Pt-Ni复合电极时,要坚持以最佳Pt与Ni质量比为基准和沉积Pt量“宁少毋多”的原则,实际工程应用中应避免“沉积Pt量越多电极性能越好”的误区。

双金属催化材料耦合生物电化学系统处理有机废水

采用电沉积合成法制备负载在镍泡沫(NF)上的双金属氧化物Fe_(3)O_(4)/CuO催化材料,将其应用于双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)的阴极,通过电化学去除废水中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)和磷(P)污染物。通过电化学测试分析制备的Fe_(3)O_(4)/CuO-NF催化材料具有明显的氧化还原峰和更低的电荷转移电阻,表现出更高的催化活性。MFC系统运行期间最高输出电压达695 mV,最大输出功率密度达576 mW·m^(-2)。实验结果显示,镍泡沫基双金属催化材料耦合微生物燃料电池系统对COD、NH+4-N和P具有高效的降解性能,去除率分别为92.15%、95.46%和97.77%。研究表明,采用Fe 3 O 4/CuO-NF耦合MFC系统不仅具有良好的产电性能,在有机废水的处理中也表现优异,该方法更加经济、能耗低、效率高,应用前景广阔。

基于区域直线距离的锂离子电池健康状态评估

在原始充电曲线中引入区域电压和区域直线距离的概念,并提出基于区域直线距离的电池S_(OH)(健康状态)评估方法,采用实验室条件下NCA(镍钴铝)电池单体和LFP(磷酸铁锂)电池模组在1/2C倍率下的充电电压数据以及一座20 kW/100 kW·h储能电站的电池运行数据,来建立基于区域直线距离的电池S_(OH)评估模型,对比了基于区域直线距离L_(AB)的方法和IC(增量容量)峰高法,并考察了不同采样频率和区域电压下L_(AB)-S_(OH)模型的效果。结果表明:S_(OH)与L_(AB)呈线性正相关,线性拟合优度可达到0.96以上,L_(AB)-S_(OH)模型的S_(OH)评估准确性均优于IC峰高法。区域直线距离作为健康因子提高了低采样频率下电池S_(OH)评估的准确性,这为工程上储能电池的S_(OH)在线评估提供了可能性。

多孔NiO/钇稳定氧化锆陶瓷的水系流延成型

采用水系流延工艺制备了阳极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池的阳极材料NiO/钇稳定氧化锆(yttria-stabilized zirconia,YSZ)陶瓷。研究了分散剂聚丙烯酸(polyacrylic acid,PAA)和pH值对YSZ和NiO颗粒的zeta电位以及65%(质量分数,下同)NiO/35%YSZ浆料黏度的影响。结果表明:在pH=9.6和加入分散剂时,NiO和YSZ颗粒的zeta电位绝对值达到最大值;当PAA的含量为NiO/YSZ粉料的0.8%时,NiO/YSZ浆料黏度最小。浆料中添加石墨粉作为造孔剂能提高阳极材料的孔隙率。石墨粉在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的作用下均匀分布在阳极烧结体中。石墨粉的含量对阳极烧结体中的开口孔隙率有重要的影响,在石墨粉的含量为25%,阳极烧结体的孔隙中的开口孔隙率占全部孔隙率的98%。

镍化合物对培养人支气管上皮细胞的致癌性研究

[目的]研究几种镍化合物对培养人支气管上皮细胞的恶性转化作用及转化细胞的致癌性。[方法]通过细胞转化、体外转化细胞的软琼脂培养和裸鼠接种 ,测定几种镍化合物的致癌性。用全谱直读感耦等离子体原子发射光谱仪检测镍转化后接种成瘤细胞及肺癌组织中二价镍离子及镉、铬、铍、砷等几种金属元素的含量。[结果]水溶性镍化合物NiCl2、Ni(CH3COO)2、NiSO4 和不溶性结晶型NiS均可使人支气管上皮细胞发生恶性转化 ,以NiS的作用最强 ,浓度为110μmol/L时 ,每瓶细胞的平均转化集落为15.7±3.51 ,而浓度大致相同的三种水溶性镍化物 (100μmol/L)的转化集落分别为7.33±3.61、6.3±2.31和5.67±1.53。转化细胞接种裸鼠后能诱发肿瘤形成。在肺癌组织中的二价镍离子浓度明显高于正常肺组织 (P<0.01) ,而NiS转化细胞内的二价镍离子浓度则相当于肺癌组织中浓度的二倍。[结论]NiCl2、Ni(CH3COO)2、NiSO4 和NiS对人支气管上皮细胞均具有转化活性和致癌性 。

废镍合金的电化学溶解研究

采用电化学溶解法对含Co、Cu、Fe等杂质的废镍合金在硫酸中的溶解过程进行了研究。采用EDTA络合滴定法分析和原子吸收分光光度法测定了溶液中镍及杂质金属离子的含量。研究了电流密度、硫酸浓度、电解液温度、电解时间及电解方式等对电化学溶解的影响。得到废镍合金电化学溶解的优化工艺条件为阳极电流密度200A m2、硫酸浓度1.25mol L、温度40℃,采用方波脉冲电流电解。稳定电化学溶解时的主要技术指标为槽电压0.8～1.0V,电流效率90.8%,每吨镍直流单耗为800～1015kW·h。