Design and Implementation of Initial Cell Search in 5G NR Systems

The initial cell search plays an important role during the process of downlink synchronization establishment between the User Equipment(UE) and the base station. In particular, the uncertainty of the synchronization signals on the frequency domain and the flexibility of frame structure configuration have brought great challenges to the initial cell search for the fifth-generation(5G) new radio(NR). To solve this problem, firstly, we analyze the physical layer frame structure of 5G NR systems. Then, by focusing on the knowledge of synchronization signals, the 5G NR cell search process is designed, and the primary synchronization signal(PSS) timing synchronization algorithm is proposed, including a 5G-based coarse synchronization algorithm and conjugate symmetry-based fine synchronization algorithm. Finally, the performance of the proposed cell search algorithm in 5G NR systems is verified through the combination of Digital Signal Processing(DSP) and personal computer(PC). And the MATLAB simulation proves that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the conventional cross-correlation algorithm when a certain frequency offset exists.

Cell Search Algorithm in Beyond 3G Systems

The downlink frame structure for beyond 3G mobile communication systems is presented. Beyond 3G systems utilize the OFDM technique. However, a problem encountered in OFDM is that channel dispersion destroys orthogonality between carriers, caushag inter-symbol interference. It is also sensitive to high peak to mean power ratio （PAPR）. Therefore it spends much time on obtaining frequency, time, and frame synchronization. This paper proposes to add a frame synchronization channel in the time domain to overcome the shortcoming of OFDM. As transmitter diversity improves the system performance, beyond 3G systems employ space-time block coded （STBC）. Fast cell search algorithm including slot synchronization, frame synchronization and cell ID identification is then discussed, which is based on the frame synchronization channel in transmitter diversity systems. Detection and false alarm probabilities in AWGN and Rayleigh channels are analyzed, and the mean acquisition time is obtained. Computer simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the cell search algorithm under different channel conditions.

A novel cell search scheme for OFDM cellular systems

A novel cell search scheme for OFDM cellular systems is proposed. It is based on one OFDM symbol with several identical slots as preamble, the time domain repetition structure of which can be utilized to accomplish OFDM timing/frequency synchronization. The cell ID is comprised of two parts: a sub-carrier mask index g and a sequence index x. Each sub-carrier mask activates or deactivates some of the sub-carriers, after which a differentially coded sequence is loaded on pairs of the adjacent active sub-carriers. The user equipment (UE) recognizes the mask with index g via power detection of the received frequency domain signal. Then it estimates the index x from differential demodulation followed by detection of the frequency domain se-quence. In order to improve the performance, a method of jointly estimating g and x is devised. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme is able to support a very large number of cell IDs while maintaining a good performance even in bad multi-cell environment.

Cell search scheme for long-term evolution of TD-SCDMA system

Cell search is an important aspect for 3G long-term evolution （LTE）. This article deals with cell search in the time-division-synchronou code-division multiple access （TD-SCDMA） LTE system. On the basis of the synchronization channel （SCH） and cell specific reference symbols （CSRSs）, the proposed cell search procedure includes five stages： frame detection and coarse timing, coarse carrier frequency offset （CFO） estimation, fine timing, fine CFO estimation, and cell identification. The key features of the proposed method are as follows： first, the neighboring three cells＇ CSRSs are frequency division multiplexed （FD） to mitigate inter-cell interference. Second, the frequency domain differential cross-correlation, computed from CSRSs are maximally ratio combined for cell identification. Finally, the large set Kasami sequences are quadrature phase shift key （QPSK） modulated to be cell specific sequences （CSSs）, to support a large number of target cells. Simulations show that the FD method is better than the code division multiplexed （CD） method.

Cell search algorithms for the 3G long-term evolution

This article presents downlink initial synchronization and cell identification algorithms for long term evolution （LTE） of third-generation （3G） mobile communication systems, which are based on synchronization channel （SCH） and cell specific pilot symbols, respectively. The key features of the proposed scheme are： it can improve performance of the frequency synchronization through oversampling of the SCH, it can support a large number of target cells by modulating a cell-specific pilot sequence over two symbols within a subframe, and it can guarantee cell identification performance by maximally ratio combining the frequency domain differential cross-correlation. Simulations show that the proposed scheme has a potential use in 3G LTE.

Dual-CRC polar codes and dual-SCFlip decoding algorithm for cell search in 5G system

Polar codes become the coding scheme for control channels of enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB)scenarios in the fifth generation(5 G)communication system due to their excellent decoding performance.For the cell search procedure in 5 G system,some common information bits(CIBs)are transmitted in consecutive synchronization signal blocks(SSBs).In this paper,a dual-cyclic redundancy check(dual-CRC)aided encoding scheme is proposed,and the corresponding dual-successive cancellation flip(dual-SCFlip)algorithm is given to further improve the performance of polar codes in the low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)environment.In dual-CRC aided encoding structure,the information bits of polar codes in different transmission blocks add cyclic redundancy check(CRC)sequences respectively according to CIBs and different information bits(DIBs).The structure enlarges the size of CIBs to improve the block error ratio(BLER)performance of the system.The dual-SCFlip decoder can perform bit flip immediately once CIBs is decoded completely,and then decode DIBs or terminate decoding in advance according to the CRC result,which reduces the delay of decoding and mitigates the error propagation effect.Simulation results show that the dual-CRC aided encoding scheme and dual-SCFlip decoder have significant performance improvement compared to other existing schemes with low SNR.

A robust symbol timing strategy for cellular systems

In cellular systems,establishing the initial symbol timing of potential preambles is the first step of a cell search.The envelope fluctuation of the downlink signal hinders the successful timing of conventional symbol timing methods.To solve this problem,a hybrid timing strategy is proposed with two novel detectors,namely the normalized replica-based detector and normalized differential detector.The strategy first detects all potential preambles via the normalized replica-based detector and then employs the normalized differential detector to verify the target preamble,which comes from the target cell and has the highest power.The strategy is unaffected by envelope fluctuation and has computational complexity comparable to that of conventional methods.Simu-lations and real-data tests show that the hybrid timing strategy is robust and practical for initial symbol timing.

Sequence Pair-Based Scatter Search Approach for Cell Formation and Layout Considering Unequal Machine Dimensions and Cell Input and Output Locations

In the purpose of dealing with the inconsistency of the machine dimensions in cell formation and layout problems,comprehensively taking into account such factors as alternative process routings, lot splitting, cell input and output( I / O)locations,an integrated cell formation and layout model considering unequal machine dimensions is established which aims at minimizing intra-cell material handling cost,inter-cell material handling cost and cell expansion cost. A sequence pair-based scatter search algorithm is proposed which simultaneously adopts the roulette wheel selection operator as a subsets combination method to improve the quality of new solutions and the dynamic reference sets updating method to accelerate the convergence rate. Through the comparison of the results achieved by the proposed algorithm, Lingo and simulated annealing under different problem scales,the correctness of the model and the effectiveness of the algorithm are verified.

基于SSA-ELM神经网络控制器的光伏MPPT方法

光伏电池板所处环境的非线性变化使得光伏电池的功率保持在最大功率点(maximum power point,MPP)非常困难。传统的最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)方法普遍存在技术缺陷,无法满足当前需求。针对光伏发电MPPT问题,该文提出了一种基于麻雀搜索算法优化的极限学习机(sparrow search algorithm-extreme learning machine,SSA-ELM)神经网络控制器的MPPT方法。与传统技术相比,该MPPT方法在稳定性、速度、超调和MPP的振荡等方面的效果均较好。使用MATLAB/Simulink平台进行仿真实验,验证了所提控制策略及理论分析的正确性。

基于改进SSA-DBN的质子交换膜燃料电池水故障智能分类方法

为了实现质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)系统水故障的高效快速分类,提出了基于改进麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化深度置信网络(DBN)的PEMFC故障分类方法。采用归一化处理消除故障数据参数之间量纲不同的影响,使用核主成分分析对数据进行故障特征提取,有效地缩减了原始数据维度,降低了运算复杂度,并避免低贡献度数据对故障分类造成干扰。引入柯西-高斯变异策略改进SSA,并利用SSA对DBN进行参数寻优,确定网络结构,通过优化后的DBN实现对PEMFC水故障的快速分类。对3 000组PEMFC水故障数据进行测试,结果表明:所提方法可以快速准确地识别PEMFC的正常状态、膜干故障、水淹故障3种健康状态;总体的分类准确率为98.67%,运算时间为0.89 s,相比支持向量机、概率神经网络方法,所提方法的故障分类精度分别提升了4%、3.34%,运算时间分别减少了15.35、0.35 s。

储能用质子交换膜燃料电池长期老化预测

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的长期老化预测有助于缩短耐久性测试时间,降低成本,为维护策略提供依据。针对超参数问题,提出一种将优化算法和储备池计算相结合的数据驱动预测方法。基于耐久性测试数据集,以电堆输出电压为老化指标,利用麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化回声状态网络(ESN)的储备池尺寸、泄漏率和正则化系数,以构建预测模型。分别利用原始数据的前30%、40%、50%和60%作为训练集训练模型,验证模型在各训练集比例下的长期老化预测性能。训练集比例为30%时,所提方法在静态工况下的长期预测均方根误差(RMSE)达到0.0083,准动态工况下可达到0.0359。

基于Cell-DEVS的森林灭火资源调度狼群优化算法

针对森林消防调度兵力组织难、精细化程度不高的问题,提出了一种基于Cell-DEVS的森林灭火资源调度狼群优化算法。首先,利用Rothermel林火蔓延模型,对林火蔓延速度进行等级划分;其次,根据森林消防"控制要害"的原则,对森林灭火资源调度进行耦合驱动模块化建模,建立了基于Cell-DEVS模型的狼群强者生存更新机制(WSSUM);最后,针对森林灭火资源在单位时间步长局部调度搜索中不够精细的问题,提出了一种改进局部搜索策略狼群优化算法(WOA),对资源在局部游走阶段实现调度交互。与WSSUM算法相比,WOA在减少任务执行时间的同时,改善了局部搜索性能,实验结果表明:收敛速度较改进前提高了10.1%。该研究适应于配备了定位设备的单兵消防作战指挥系统,实现差异化精细调兵。

INTEGRATION OF CELL FORMATION AND LAYOUT DESIGN IN THE UNIDIRECTIONAL LOOP MATERIAL HANDLING ENVIRONMENT

A two-phase approach is proposed to deal with the integration problem in theloop layout. Tabu search is applied to cell construction in phase 1 to minimize the inter-cell flow,and the heuristic for layout design is used as phase 2 to optimize the sum of intra-cell andinter-cell transportation cost. The final computational results demonstrate the validation of thetwo-phase approach.

TFT-LCD制造cell阶段多目标绿色调度问题研究

针对薄膜晶体管液晶显示器(TFT-LCD)制造cell阶段的多目标绿色调度问题,构建了最小化最大完工时间、总能耗和总生产成本为目标的优化模型。采用基于机器和工序的两段式编码,使用在步长因子前加入动态系数的改进布谷鸟搜索算法,结合双元锦标赛和动态淘汰制,根据聚集距离法筛选Pareto最优解来获得Pareto最优解集,对TFT-LCD制造cell阶段多目标绿色调度问题进行求解。结果表明,改进布谷鸟搜索算法优于标准布谷鸟搜索算法和带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法,可以提高TFT-LCD制造cell阶段多目标绿色调度问题的求解效率和质量。

基于改进TSO优化Xception的PEMFC故障诊断

针对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的故障诊断问题,提出了一种利用改进的瞬态搜索优化(TSO)算法优化Xception网络的故障通用诊断方法。首先,对故障数据进行线性判别分析降维和归一化处理,在保留主要特征的前提下降低计算复杂度;其次,引入Tent混沌映射和反向学习策略增强TSO算法的全局搜索能力,在训练阶段对Xception神经网络的超参数进行优化;最后,使用充分训练的Xception网络对PEMFC故障进行分类识别,并与经典的分类模型进行对比。在基于实验测量的水管理故障数据和仿真产生的多类故障数据上,Xception均取得了最高的分类准确率,分别为100%和98.08%,这表明Xception对数据特征的提取能力较强,且所提方法能作为一种PEMFC故障的通用诊断方法。

Cell—Talk手机语音搜索平台

本文介绍的是语音搜索平台Cell-Talk的主要功能以及相关软硬件架构,Cell-Talk除提供运营商多样化内容资源搜寻平台,还提供运营商内容服务管理功能以及语音辨识流程,提供给运营商一套强大完整的语音辨识搜索平台。

Development of a Web-Based Decision Support System for Cell Formation Problems Considering Alternative Process Routings and Machine Sequences

In this study, we use the respective advantages of the tabu search (TS) and the Web-based technologies to develop a Web-based decision support system (DSS) for cell formation (CF) problems considering alternative process routings and machine sequences simultaneously. With the assistance of our developed Web-based system, the CF practitioners in the production departments can interact with the systems without knowing the details of algorithms and can get the best machine cells and part families with minimize the total intercellular movement wherever and whenever they may need it. To further verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the system developed, an example taken from the literature is ado- pted for illustrational purpose. Moreover, a set of test problems with various sizes drawn from the literature is used to test the performance of the proposed system. Corresponding results are compared to several well-known algorithms previously published. The results indicate that the proposed system improves the best results found in the literature for 67% of the test problems. These show that the proposed system should thus be useful to both practitioners and researchers.

Optimal Allocation of a Hybrid Wind Energy-Fuel Cell System Using Different Optimization Techniques in the Egyptian Distribution Network

This paper presents an optimal proposed allocating procedure for hybrid wind energy combined with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (WE/PEMFC) system to improve the operation performance of the electrical distribution system (EDS). Egypt has an excellent wind regime with wind speeds of about 10 m/s at many areas. The disadvantage of wind energy is its seasonal variations. So, if wind power is to supply a significant portion of the demand, either backup power or electrical energy storage (EES) system is needed to ensure that loads will be supplied in reliable way. So, the hybrid WE/PEMFC system is designed to completely supply a part of the Egyptian distribution system, in attempt to isolate it from the grid. However, the optimal allocation of the hybrid units is obtained, in order to enhance their benefits in the distribution networks. The critical buses that are necessary to install the hybrid WE/ PEMFC system, are chosen using sensitivity analysis. Then, the binary Crow search algorithm (BCSA), discrete Jaya algorithm (DJA) and binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) techniques are proposed to determine the optimal operation of power systems using single and multi-objective functions (SOF/MOF). Then, the results of the three optimization techniques are compared with each other. Three sensitivity factors are employed in this paper, which are voltage sensitivity factor (VSF), active losses sensitivity factor (ALSF) and reactive losses sensitivity factor (RLSF). The effects of the sensitivity factors (SFs) on the SOF/MOF are studied. The improvement of voltage profile and minimizing active and reactive power losses of the EDS are considered as objective functions. Backward/forward sweep (BFS) method is used for the load flow calculations. The system load demand is predicted up to year 2022 for Mersi-Matrouh City as a part of Egyptian distribution network, and the design of the hybrid WE/PEMFC system is applied. The PEMFC system is designed considering simplified mathematical expressions. The economics of operation of both WE and PEMFC system are also presented. The results prove the capability of the proposed procedure to find the optimal allocation for the hybrid WE/PEMFC system to improve the system voltage profile and to minimize both active and reactive power losses for the EDS of Mersi-Matrough City.

Blocking optimized SIMD tree search on modern processors

Tree search is a widely used fundamental algorithm. Modern processors provide tremendous computing power by integrating multiple cores, each with a vector processing unit. This paper reviews some studies on exploiting single instruction multiple date （SIMD） capacity of processors to improve the performance of tree search, and proposes several improvement methods on reported SIMD tree search algorithms. Based on blocking tree structure, blocking for memory alignment and dynamic blocking prefetch are proposed to optimize the overhead of memory access. Furthermore, as a way of non-linear loop unrolling, the search branch unwinding shows that the number of branches can exceed the data width of SIMD instructions in the SIMD search algorithm. The experiments suggest that blocking optimized SIMD tree search algorithm can achieve 1.6 times response speed faster than the un-optimized algorithm.

5G NR小区搜索中一种频域相关快速同步算法

5G系统中随着带宽的不断增大,信号所承载的数据也在不断增加,LTE中定时同步方法应用在5G中增加了计算量。为了解决这个问题,提出了叠加与频域快速相关联合检测算法。该算法利用PSS信号(Primary Synchronization Signal,PSS)M序列特性,将本地3组PSS时域信号相加运算,然后进行频域转换,通过频域快速相关运算得到峰值位置,可以检测出粗同步点,再经过运算得到精同步点和小区组内ID号。数据分析表明,叠加与快速频域相关算法与经典算法相比在低信噪比环境下检测概率提升了约10%,算法复杂度降低了94.86%。