Container Based Nomadic Vehicular Cloud Using Cell Transmission Model

Nomadic Vehicular Cloud(NVC)is envisaged in this work.The predo-minant aspects of NVC is,it moves along with the vehicle that initiates it and functions only with the resources of moving vehicles on the heavy traffic road without relying on any of the static infrastructure and NVC decides the initiation time of container migration using cell transmission model(CTM).Containers are used in the place of Virtual Machines(VM),as containers’features are very apt to NVC’s dynamic environment.The specifications of 5G NR V2X PC5 interface are applied to NVC,for the feature of not relying on the network coverage.Nowa-days,the peak traffic on the road and the bottlenecks due to it are inevitable,which are seen here as the benefits for VC in terms of resource availability and residual in-network time.The speed range of high-end vehicles poses the issue of dis-connectivity among VC participants,that results the container migration failure.As the entire VC participants are on the move,to maintain proximity of the containers hosted by them,estimating their movements plays a vital role.To infer the vehicle movements on the road stretch and initiate the container migration prior enough to avoid the migration failure due to vehicles dynamicity,this paper proposes to apply the CTM to the container based and 5G NR V2X enabled NVC.The simulation results show that there is a significant increase in the success rate of vehicular cloud in terms of successful container migrations.

Intrusion Detection Model Using Chaotic MAP for Network Coding Enabled Mobile Small Cells

Wireless Network security management is difficult because of the ever-increasing number of wireless network malfunctions,vulnerabilities,and assaults.Complex security systems,such as Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),are essential due to the limitations of simpler security measures,such as cryptography and firewalls.Due to their compact nature and low energy reserves,wireless networks present a significant challenge for security procedures.The features of small cells can cause threats to the network.Network Coding(NC)enabled small cells are vulnerable to various types of attacks.Avoiding attacks and performing secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission is a challenging task in small cells.Due to the low power and memory requirements of the proposed model,it is well suited to use with constrained small cells.An attacker cannot change the contents of data and generate a new Hashed Homomorphic Message Authentication Code(HHMAC)hash between transmissions since the HMAC function is generated using the shared secret.In this research,a chaotic sequence mapping based low overhead 1D Improved Logistic Map is used to secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission model using lightweight H-MAC(1D-LM-P2P-LHHMAC)is proposed with accurate intrusion detection.The proposed model is evaluated with the traditional models by considering various evaluation metrics like Vector Set Generation Accuracy Levels,Key Pair Generation Time Levels,Chaotic Map Accuracy Levels,Intrusion Detection Accuracy Levels,and the results represent that the proposed model performance in chaotic map accuracy level is 98%and intrusion detection is 98.2%.The proposed model is compared with the traditional models and the results represent that the proposed model secure data transmission levels are high.

A novel conditional cell transmission model for oversaturated arterials

The objective of this work is to develop a novel feature for traffic flow models,when traffic queues on two-way arterials periodically extend until then they block an upstream signal in oversaturated conditions.The new model,proposed as conditional cell transmission model(CCTM) has been developed with two improvements.First,cell transmission model(CTM) is expanded for two-way arterials by taking account of all diverging and merging activities at intersections.Second,a conditional cell is added to simulate periodic spillback and blockages at an intersection.The results of experiments for a multilane,two-way,three-signal sample network demonstrate that CCTM can accommodate various traffic demands and accurate representation of blockages at intersections.The delay of left turns is underestimated by 40 % in moderate conditions and by 58% in oversaturated condition when using the CTM rather than CCTM.Finally,the consistency between HCS 2000 and CCTM shows that CCTM is a reliable methodology of modeling traffic flow in oversaturated condition.

Sensitivity analysis of key input parameters in conditional cell transmission model for oversaturated arterials

A novel conditional cell transmission model (CCTM) is a potential simulation tool because it accommodates all traffic conditions from light condition to oversaturated condition.To test the performance of the CCTM,a series of experiments for sensitivity analysis were designed and performed for a multilane,two-way,three-signal sample network.Experiment 1 shows that the model is performed in a logical and expected manner with variations in traffic demand with time and direction.Experiment 2 shows when the possibility of the occurrence of a useful gap increases to 60% and 100%,the delays in left turns decrease by 5% and 15%,respectively.In Experiment 3,comparing the possibility of a conditional cell of 0 with 100%,delay of left turn and delay of the entire network were underestimated by 58% and 11%,respectively.Hence,sensitivity analysis demonstrates that by reflecting local drivers' behaviors properly,the CCTM provides an accurate representation of traffic flow in simulating oversaturated traffic conditions.

Cell transmission model based traffic signal timing in oversaturated conditions

In order to investigate enhancements to cell transmission model (CTM) as a tool for traffic signal timing in oversaturated conditions, randomly distributed saturation flow rates and arrival rates were used instead of constant values to simulate traffic flow movement, estimate the average delay of the network and search for an optimal traffic signal timing plan. A case study was given to demonstrate that the proposed methodology can capture unique phenomena in oversaturated conditions such as forward wave, spillback and lane entrance blockage. The results show that CTM underestimates travel time by 25% when compared to Simtraffic, while the enhanced CTM underestimates by only 3%. A second case study shows that a dynamic signal timing plan is superior to a fixed signal timing plan in the term of average delay.

Transmission line model and field analysis of metamaterial absorber：ideal concentrator of electromagnetic waves

Arising from the proposed Transmission Line(TL) model for ERR and wire structure, a TL model for a metamaterial absorber is proposed. The S-parameters obtained by this TL model demonstrate the same shapes as the simulation. An investigation of the TL model and average absorption power densities shows that the metamaterial absorber does not simply convert the electromagnetic wave into thermal energy, but concentrate the electromagnetic wave into a small space where it is finally absorbed. This suggests that the metamaterial absorber can be applied to solar cells for the purpose of light trapping.

基于CTM的大型活动突发事件交通影响范围确定(英文)

为了确定大型活动下突发事件的交通影响范围,以元胞传输模型(CTM)为基础,对大型活动中消散过程中交通流时空分布状况进行模拟研究.结合突发事件下常用的交通管制和疏导措施的特点,将静态多路径交通分配方法与元胞传输模型结合,设计出适合突发事件下的准动态交通分配方法.以一个小规模路网为研究对象,通过仿真研究了大型活动条件下路网交通流随交通控制方案的实时调整而变化的时空规律,提出了依据突发事件下各交叉口节点的拥堵时刻划定突发事件交通影响范围的方法.通过对比车辆的平均延误指标,研究了不同交通管控方案下交通拥堵的疏散效率.算例结果表明,基于CTM的准动态交通分配方法可以细致地描述路网中任一位置交通流的时空变化,确定突发事件的动态影响范围,可以为大型活动突发事件下交通组织方案的制定和评价提供定量依据.

基于CTM的干线信号模糊控制优化方法在大型活动中的应用

为了提高城市干道在大型活动交通消散过程的控制效率,利用能够反映交通流动力学特性的元胞传输模型CTM实现消散干道交通信号优化控制.基于CTM建立了消散干道单向交通动力学模型,提出了基于滚动周期的干线模糊控制优化方法,通过实时调整主路绿灯时间从而实现绿波控制路段总延误最小的优化目标.对一个由4个路口组成双向六车道干线道路算例进行仿真,在消散干道主路输入流量随时间变化的情况下,采用各路口绿灯时间一致的控制方案与各路口变化绿灯时间即优化控制方案2种情况下,主路消散方向上车辆总延误分别为4254和3825s.算例结果表明,优化方案对于减少主路消散方向的交通流总延误具有较好的控制效果.

基于改进型CTM模型的道路交通量预测

准确的道路交通预测是智能交通控制的可靠保障。为提高元胞传输模型(CTM模型)的适用范围和对城市道路交通的预测能力,根据CTM模型元胞间交通流的传递过程,提出了改进型CTM模型。改进型CTM模型通过引入元胞长度参数,分别建立单路段、路段汇聚、路段分流等元胞传输表达式。改进型CTM模型克服了CTM模型需要所有元胞必须统一长度的不足,提高了模型在不同长度道路中应用的适应性。仿真结果表明改进型CTM模型能够满足城市道路交通流预测要求。

基于CTM的干道协调控制相位差优化方法研究

为探讨城市干道双向协调控制信号相位差优化方法,基于元胞传输模型(CTM),建立了车辆实际运行状态的城市干道交通流模型与城市干道信号协调控制相位差优化模型;采用免疫遗传算法,提出了使城市干道双向信号协调控制系统车辆总延误最小的最优相位差优化方法;运用MATLAB 7.0编程建立的实验平台,对该模型及其优化方法进行仿真验证。结果表明:该相位差优化方法得到的车辆平均延误分别比传统图解法、数解法减少26.2%,17.3%。

改进型CTM模型突发事件下的拥堵传播规律

通过引入元胞长度和元胞交通流密度2个参数,克服了原元胞传输模型(CTM)需要所有元胞统一长度的局限性.同时,结合传统的基本图方法和三相交通流理论,构建了考虑迟滞现象的MCTM模型,并研究了突发事件下快速路通行能力下降导致交通拥堵的形成及消散过程.仿真结果表明:模型能恰当反映城市快速路突发事件下的交通拥堵演化特点.

基于CTM的信号优化设计及求解

为合理控制交叉口交通流,优化相位方案和信号配时,基于元胞传播模型和双层规划方法进行信号优化设计。以交叉口入口引道交通流为研究对象,改进元胞划分及其状态描述方法,建立了交叉口元胞传播模型;以相位优化问题为上层规划,以配时优化问题为下层规划,同时优化信号相位和配时。应用精确罚函数法转化下层规划后,集成遗传算法和混沌优化方法,设计了信号优化求解算法。实例计算结果表明:该算法克服了混沌优化在大范围内失效的缺点,提高了遗传算法的局部搜索能力和搜索精度,与相位固定的感应控制相比,车流总延误为270.2pcu.h,总延误减少了5.6%。

改进型CTM模型匝道控制下拥堵传播规律研究

引入元胞长度和元胞交通流密度2个参数,克服了原CTM模型需要所有元胞统一长度的局限性.结合传统的基本图方法和三相交通流理论,构建了考虑迟滞现象的MCTM模型.以MCTM模型为基础,按照不同的匝道情况,将城市快速路分为不同的匝道间距、不同的匝道位置、匝道口处有无控制三类情形,对城市快速路拥堵传播规律和消散控制策略进行定量分析.仿真结果表明,不同匝道情形下交通流及拥堵传播规律存在较大差异.

Applying the maximum information principle to cell transmission model of traffic flow

This paper integrates the maximum information principle with the Cell Transmission Model （CTM） to formulate the velocity distribution evolution of vehicle traffic flow. The proposed discrete traffic kinetic model uses the cell transmission model to calculate the macroscopic variables of the vehicle transmission, and the maximum information principle to examine the velocity distribution in each cell. The velocity distribution based on maximum information principle is solved by the Lagrange multiplier method. The advantage of the proposed model is that it can simultaneously calculate the hydrodynamic variables and velocity distribution at the cell level. An example shows how the proposed model works. The proposed model is a hybrid traffic simulation model, which can be used to understand the self-organization phenomena in traffic flows and predict the traffic evolution.

Location Specific Cell Transmission Model for Freeway Traffic

This paper describes a location specific cell transmission model of freeway traffic based on the observed variability of fundamental diagrams both along and across freeway segments. This model extends the original cell transmission model （CTM） mechanism by defining various shapes of fundamental diagrams to reproduce more complex traffic phenomena, including capacity drops, lane-by-lane variations, nonho- mogeneous wave propagation velocities, and temporal lags. A field test on a Canadian freeway was used to demonstrate the validity of the location specific CTM. The simulated spatio-temporal evolutions of traffic flow show that the model can be used to describe the traffic dynamics near bottlenecks more precisely than the original model.

基于三维宏观基本图的城市机非混行交通研究

为解决城市交通中机动车与非机动车混合行驶造成的交通拥堵,提出一种三维宏观基本图的理论分析方法,探究机动车与非机动车混行交通流的微观运行特征和宏观演化规律,揭示在非机动车干扰下交通拥堵的形成、传播和消散机理。先分别建立描述非机动车流的元胞自动机模型和机动车流的元胞传输模型,并借助非机动车越线次数函数将两个模型耦合;然后,在Simulink仿真平台上,运行该耦合模型以求得路网的三维宏观基本图,并以此分析非机动车驶入流量与路网平均流量、冲突次数三者间的相互关系;最后,提出提高路网硬隔离占比和加大非机动车道宽度的两种方法,借助三维宏观基本图来验证其缓解交通拥堵的效果。研究结果表明:三维宏观基本图的分析方法可量化机动车和非机动车冲突的影响,指导混行交通拥堵的治理,该结论为改善中国城市交通出行秩序和出行环境提供了参考。

基于CTM快速路可变限速标志投资优化

针对快速路可变限速标志投资缺乏系统的定量分析、位置模糊问题,基于改进元胞传输模型构建了阶梯形限速投资模型。首先,对限速控制的改进元胞传输进行了描述;然后,为实施阶梯形限速控制,引入了0-1整数规划算法和限速约束条件;最后,利用遗传算法优化了投资额一定时可变限速标志位置以及动态限速值。算例结果发现,随着投资额增大,平均临界密度标准差、饱和度会减小,车辆运行速度会提高,但同时效益生产量会随之降低,系统平均延误会随之增大。结果分析表明,该模型能够有效解决可变限速标志投资优化问题。

基于改进CTM模型的城市快速路交通流仿真

为了探讨城市快速路交通流特征,针对快速路的4个模块进行了交通流仿真。以经典元胞传输模型(CTM)为基础,根据相邻元胞间流量传输相等的基本原理,引入元胞长度参数,推导出了元胞间流量传输公式,由此提出改进的元胞传输模型。利用改进元胞传输模型对城市快速路交通流进行仿真,主要包括道路环境和交通环境两个方面,即上匝道之间的间距以及主线和匝道流量比,仿真包括构成城市快速路的4个模块:基本路段、合流区、分流区以及交织区,以车辆延误作为分析指标。仿真结果表明,基本路段和分流区的延误增加量一致,合流区和交织区的延误增加量一致。

Induced pluripotent stem cells: Mechanisms, achievements and perspectives in farm animals

Pluripotent stem cells are unspecialized cells withunlimited self-renewal, and they can be triggered to differentiate into desired specialized cell types. These features provide the basis for an unlimited cell source for innovative cell therapies. Pluripotent cells also allow to study developmental pathways, and to employ them or their differentiated cell derivatives in pharmaceutical testing and biotechnological applications. Via blastocyst complementation, pluripotent cells are a favoured tool for the generation of genetically modified mice. The recently established technology to generate an induced pluripotency status by ectopic co-expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc allows to extending these applications to farm animal species, for which the derivation of genuine embryonic stem cells was not successful so far. Most induced pluripotent stem(i PS) cells are generated by retroviral or lentiviral transduction of reprogramming factors. Multiple viral integrations into the genome may cause insertional mutagenesis and may increase the risk of tumour formation. Non-integration methods have been reported to overcome the safety concerns associated with retro and lentiviral-derived i PS cells, such as transient expression of the reprogramming factors using episomal plasmids, and direct delivery of reprogramming m RNAs or proteins. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming and current methods used to induce pluripotency. We also highlight problems associated with the generation of i PS cells. An increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying pluripotency and refining the methodology of i PS cell generation will have a profound impact on future development and application in regenerative medicine and reproductive biotechnology of farm animals.

基于CTM快速路事故下交通流牵制同步仿真

针对交通事故引发的城市快速路拥堵问题,在分析事故路段交通流特性基础上,对事故点上下游元胞重新划分,重构节点并建立了元胞传输模型改进的节点交通流仿真模型,结合复杂网络理论修正节点耦合模型,以牵制同步为目标设计多入口匝道协调控制器,推导出系统稳定性条件,得到优化后需调节的入口匝道范围和调节参数,通过具体仿真予以验证。结果表明,采用所提方法,能在快速路出现事故后以小的匝道调节范围代价达到抑制交通拥堵,提高道路通行效率的目的,最大限度降低事故所造成的影响。