Evaluation of the effect of sodium silicate addition to mine backfill,Gelfill-Part 2:Effects of mixing time and curing temperature

The effects of mixing time and curing temperature on the uniaxial compressive strength （UCS） andmicrostructure of cemented hydraulic fill （CHF） and sodium silicate-fortified backfill （Gelfill） wereinvestigated in the laboratory. A series of CHF and Gelfill samples was mixed for time periods rangingfrom 5 min to 60 min and cured at temperatures ranging from 5 C to 50 C for 7 d, 14 d or 28 d.Increasing the mixing time negatively influenced the UCS of Gelfill samples, but did not have a detectableeffect on CHF samples. The curing temperature had a strong positive impact on the UCSs of both Gelfilland CHF. An elevated temperature caused rapid UCS development over the first 14 d of curing. Mercuryintrusion porosimetry （MIP） indicated that the pore size distribution and total porosity of Gelfill werealtered by curing temperature.

Cementing properties of steel slag activated by sodium silicates and sodium hydroxide

Steel slag which is mainly composed of γ-Ca2SiO4 and other silicates or alumino-silicates is activated by sodium sificates and sodium hydroxide. The powders of such steel slag are usually inert to hydrate and subsequently have very low ability of cementing. But when sodium silicates and sodium hydroxide are used as activators the steel slag shows very good properties of cementing. When activated with NaOH solution the hardened slurry of the steel slag has a compressive strength of 11.13 MPa after being cured for 28 days. When activated with Na2SiO3 solution the samples after being cured for 28 days have an average compres- sive strength of 40.23 MPa. While the steel slag slurry which is only mixed with water has a compressive of 0.88 MPa after being cured for 28 days.

Effect of aggressive pH media on peat treated by cement and sodium silicate grout

The effects of aggressive peat nature (pH) on the strength of peat treated by cement and cement-sodium silicate grout were investigated by evaluating the changes in unconfined compressive strength,moisture content,and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of samples with time in different pH media.The results indicate that peats treated by cement-silicate have higher strength than peats treated by cement,due to an increase in pH value of the media.Furthermore,cement and cement-silicate are highly effective in reducing the moisture content and void ratio of the treated peats.The microstructures of treated peats support the laboratory test results.

Evaluation of the effect of sodium silicate addition to mine backfill,GelfillLPart 1

In this paper, the mechanical properties of sodium silicate-fortified backfill, called Gelfill, were investigated by conducting a series of laboratory experiments. Two configurations were tested, i.e. Gelfill and cemented hydraulic fill（CHF）. The Gelfill has an alkali activator such as sodium silicate in its materials in addition to primary materials of mine backfill which are tailings, water and binders. Large numbers of samples of Gelfill and CHF with various mixture designs were cast and cured for over 28 d. The mechanical properties of samples were investigated using uniaxial compression test, and the results were compared with those of reference samples made without sodium silicate. The test results indicated that the addition of an appropriate amount of an alkali activator such as sodium silicate can enhance the mechanical（uniaxial compressive strength） and physical（water retention） properties of backfill. The microstructure analysis conducted by mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP） revealed that the addition of sodium silicate can modify the pore size distribution and total porosity of Gelfill, which can contribute to the better mechanical properties of Gelfill. It was also shown that the time and rate of drainage in the Gelfill specimens are less than those in CHF specimens made without sodium silicate. Finally, the study showed that the addition of sodium silicate can reduce the required setting time of mine backfill, which can contribute to increase mine production in accordance with the mine safety.

超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆性能及注浆止水效果试验研究

北京地铁14号线高家园站的站厅层和站台层采用暗挖通道连接,地层为富水粉细砂层。为解决暗挖通道采用普通水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆止水效果差且地表隆起较大的问题,提出采用超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆止水的方案。首先对浆液流动性、凝结时间和固结体强度进行测试,根据测试结果确定了超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆的配合比:A液为超细水泥净浆,水灰比为1.0;B液为水玻璃溶液,波美度为20°Bé;缓凝剂为磷酸氢二钠,掺量为2.5%。A液约占总注浆量的80%,B液与缓凝剂各占约10%。采用颗粒流数值模拟方法,研究了超细水泥浆液中颗粒在地层中的运移距离与注浆压力的关系。结合浆液性能测试和数值模拟结果,提出了注浆压力0.5 MPa,注浆孔直径5 cm,间距50 cm,梅花形布置的注浆方案。经在暗挖通道现场注浆试验,采用超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆止水效果良好。

水溶蚀作用下水泥-水玻璃双液浆力学性能衰减机理研究

双液浆在富水环境中长期服役极易受到水溶蚀作用而力学性能大幅衰减。本文研究了配合比参数、养护制度对双液浆力学性能的影响,并结合多种微观分析手段,揭示了富水环境下双液浆性能衰减的作用机制。结果表明:10%、15%(质量分数)低含水率砂层中养护有利于早期强度发展,但后期强度逐渐衰减,而25%(质量分数)高含水率砂层中试块早期强度相比15%(质量分数)含水率砂层中试块降低了23.5%,但后期水溶蚀作用被大幅削弱,220 d抗压强度较90 d增加了15%;标准养护条件加速双液浆力学性能的劣化,试块强度分别较水中养护、绝湿养护降低了80.6%和91.0%;双液浆力学性能发展主要受水化反应及水溶蚀作用控制,早期阶段由水化反应主导,后期阶段由水溶蚀作用主导,力学性能的演变本质是两种效应相互叠加的结果;在富水环境中长期养护,基体外侧水化产物不断向外迁移溶出,在试块外层形成多孔结构包覆层,并成为内部结构中钠、硅酸根离子及水化产物的迁移通道,导致力学性能持续劣化。

考虑迂曲度的水泥-水玻璃双液浆柱形渗透机制研究

目前,水泥-水玻璃双液浆在工程中的应用日益增多,但对考虑迂曲度的双液浆扩散机制研究较少。假定水泥-水玻璃双液浆为具有黏度时空效应的宾汉姆流体,考虑迂曲度的影响并认为浆液沿柱形渗透扩散,推导得到水泥-水玻璃双液浆的浆液扩散半径计算公式。对比浆液扩散半径的计算值与工程案例试验值,两者吻合较好,从而验证了计算公式的可靠性。分析注浆终压、注浆管内浆液流速和柱形加固区高度对不同水泥-水玻璃双液浆配比的浆液扩散半径的影响。研究结果表明:当水泥-水玻璃双液浆配比不变时,浆液扩散半径随注浆终压和注浆管内浆液流速的增加而增加,随柱形加固区高度的增加而减小;当水灰比为1时,保持注浆终压、注浆管内浆液流速、柱形加固区高度不变,水泥-水玻璃体积比为1∶1时的浆液扩散半径较2∶1和3∶1时大,应优先选用水泥-水玻璃体积比为1∶1的双液浆,此时为达到1 m的浆液扩散半径,考虑迂曲度时所需注浆终压约为不考虑迂曲度的1.4倍,因此有必要考虑迂曲度对双液浆渗透扩散的影响;考虑迂曲度后,浆液渗透扩散能力降低,且随着注浆终压、注浆管内浆液流速的增大和柱形加固区高度的减小,考虑迂曲度和不考迂曲度的浆液扩散半径的差值逐渐增大,此时更应该考虑迂曲度对双液浆渗透扩散的影响。

Pre-reinforcement grout in fractured rock masses and numerical simulation for optimizing shrinkage stoping configuration

Proper room and pillar sizes are both critical factors for safe mining and high ore recovery rate in shrinkage stoping mining of underground metal mines. The rock masses of Tangdan copper mine of China are fractured, which needs much reinforcement and support prior to mining. Cement-sodium silicate grout technology was selected, then its related parameters such as grout pressure, diffusion radius and time were calculated and proposed. In order to test the effect of the pressured grout in the fractured No.4 ore block, field experiments were conducted. To optimize stoping configuration, three-dimensional numerical simulation with ANSYS and FLAC 3 D softwares was proposed. The results show that the drilling porosity and mechanical properties of the rock masses are increased obviously. After grout, ore recovery rate is increased by 10.2 % employing the newly designed stoping configuration compared with the previous. Last, analyzed from the surface movements, roof subsidence and the maximum principal stress of the pillars, the mining safety is probable of being ensured.

基于硅酸钠和硅藻土的油井水泥自愈合材料的制备及表征

【目的】研究硅藻土对硅酸钠的吸附效果,探讨油井水泥环微裂缝的修复问题。【方法】采用硅酸钠作为自愈合剂,硅藻土为载体,利用真空浸渍法制备硅藻土基自愈合材料;借助扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、红外光谱仪(infrared spectrometer,FTIR)、全自动表面积和孔结构分析仪(automatic surface area and pore structure analyzer,BET)进行分析;通过对比分析掺入硅藻土基自愈合材料前、后水泥石的抗压强度、恢复率和渗透率等,对自愈合效果进行评价;通过对水泥石裂缝表面物质进行X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、热重分析(thermal analysis,TG)和SEM分析评价材料的自愈合机制。【结果】利用真空浸渍法能够成功制得硅藻土基自愈合材料;硅藻土基自愈合材料在油井水泥中最佳掺量为9%(质量分数),该试样劈裂造缝后自愈合14 d的抗压强度比纯水泥的提高99.57%,自愈合14 d后渗透率为0.42 mD,渗透率降低率达到75.44%,比纯水泥试样的高40.94%,且自愈合14 d后裂缝表面已经闭合。【结论】硅藻土基自愈合材料制备工艺简单,在油井水泥浆中具有良好的分散性和稳定性,可以促进油井水泥石微裂缝自愈合。

热活化锂渣复合水泥基凝胶材料配比优化

为提高热活化锂渣复合水泥基凝胶材料工程性能,实现锂渣高效资源化利用,基于室内单因素试验,采用响应面法分析了热活化锂渣掺量、水玻璃掺量、水固比、水玻璃模数和水玻璃波美度对流动度、凝胶时间、析水率及3 d、28 d抗压强度的影响,确定最优配比,并验证该配比下材料的工程效果。结果表明,在热活化锂渣掺量7.32%、水玻璃掺量8.81%、水固质量比0.6∶1、减水剂0.4%的条件下,制备的热活化锂渣复合水泥基凝胶材料流动度为235.69 mm,凝胶时间为73.54 s,析水率为1.123%,3 d、28 d抗压强度分别为11.54 MPa、22.9 MPa。与传统水泥基凝胶材料性能相比,其工程性能和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性均表现更优。

全风化花岗岩地层单-双液浆加固试验研究

针对全风化花岗岩注浆治理工程中的浆液选型及注浆参数调控问题,通过注浆模拟试验,对水泥浆液和水泥-水玻璃浆液(C-S浆液)2种浆液的加固效果进行对比分析研究。研究结果表明,单-双液浆在地层中均以劈裂扩散为主,但扩散模式具有显著差异:水泥浆液呈直线式和放射式2种,其主控因素为水灰比;而C-S浆液的扩散模式主要为放射式和网络式,扩散模式受水灰比和注浆压力双因素影响。2种浆液注入地层后,加固体试样抗压强度、抗崩解性均显著增高,根据对加固效果的作用关系可将水灰比分为注浆压力作用区(水灰比为0.80～1.13)和C-S浆液优势区(水灰比为1.13～1.50),水泥浆液多适用于深部高压加固区,C-S浆液多适用于浅部低压加固区。在满足注浆工程要求前提下,C-S浆液加固体压缩可变形性和残余强度比水泥浆液加固体的高,加固地层更为稳定。通过工程现场验证,研究成果对类似地层的注浆加固治理具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。

超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆的研究及应用

本文介绍了目前国内外超细水泥的发展现状，研究了超细水泥－水玻璃双液浆（简称ＭＣ－Ｓ双液浆）的基本性能指标，将该浆液成功地应用于广州地铁杨体区间饱和动态含水砂层。

外加剂对水泥-水玻璃浆液凝固特性的影响

水泥-水玻璃浆液是一种适用范围广泛的注浆材料,本文在其化学反应机理及两种外加剂作用机理分析的基础上,对氯化铝溶液及磷酸氢二钠两种不同外加剂对该浆液凝固特性的影响进行了对比试验研究。试验包括凝胶时间、结石率、抗压强度、浸出液pH值的测定及耐久性试验,实验结果表明,相对于磷酸氢二钠,氯化铝溶液对水泥-水玻璃浆液的缓凝效果更佳,浆液结实率及抗压强度也更大,同时其浆液结石体的耐久性能更加优越,且随着养护龄期的延长,其浸出液由碱性逐渐接近中性。

水泥-水玻璃浆液凝固特性试验研究

水泥-水玻璃浆液在灌浆、堵水等工程中具有广泛的应用,而浆液的凝固特性对灌浆、堵水效果具有直接的影响。在对水泥-水玻璃浆液凝结硬化机理分析的基础上,对不同水灰比浆液的胶凝时间和流动度进行了试验研究,并对FDN、SM、NF、UNF-5、柠檬酸、多聚磷酸钠、酒石酸钾钠、酒石酸、磷酸氢二钠等外加剂对浆液凝固特性的影响进行了对比试验研究。在此基础上重点对磷酸氢二钠的缓凝性能进行了试验分析,初步获得了磷酸氢二钠对水泥-水玻璃浆液的凝固性能的影响规律。最后按初凝时间设计了几种水泥-水玻璃浆液的配方。

粉煤灰与碱激发剂对注浆结石体孔隙结构特征影响研究

为研究粉煤灰注浆材料与碱激发剂对注浆浆液孔隙结构及物理响应的影响,制备不同掺量粉煤灰(0、10%、20%、30%)与硅酸钠(0、1%、2%、3%)的注浆试样,通过低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)对结石体孔隙结构进行研究。研究表明:注浆浆液的黏度随粉煤灰掺量的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当粉煤灰掺量较高时,硅酸钠增加浆液的黏度,且随着硅酸钠掺量的增加而增加;粉煤灰对结石率的影响较小,硅酸钠的加入会增加浆液的结石率,同时减小水灰比对结石率的影响;注浆结石体波速随硅酸钠掺量变化较小,且随着粉煤灰掺量的增加呈现减小趋势;粉煤灰的添加降低了结石体的孔隙率,结石体孔隙率随硅酸钠掺量的增加呈现先降低后上升趋势,且主要以微孔(r<0.1μm)为主。试验结果对粉煤灰、硅酸钠在注浆工程的应用具有一定的参考价值。

水泥-水玻璃注浆在围堰防渗漏浆处理中的应用

漏浆是围堰防渗注浆过程中常遇到的工程现象,采取合理有效的方法解决漏浆问题对注浆效果具有重要的工程意义。针对引黄工程某围堰防渗注浆过程中的大量漏浆问题,对现场工程情况及漏浆原因进行了分析,提出采用水泥-水玻璃双液注浆的解决方案。在分析水泥-水玻璃浆液凝结硬化机理基础上,主要从注浆材料、注浆方法、注浆压力、注浆结束条件及封孔等方面对其注浆技术的现场应用情况进行了分析。检查孔压水试验表明,通过水泥-水玻璃注浆处理后,漏浆地层透水率大幅减小,满足工程设计要求,达到漏浆封堵效果。

影响水泥-水玻璃注浆材料特性的关键因素研究

为了探究水泥-水玻璃双液注浆材料凝胶时间、凝固时间、强度的影响因素,通过多组实验得出水玻璃波美度、水泥浆的水灰比、水泥浆和水玻璃质量比等因素均对材料的特性参数产生影响,其中双浆液的质量比、体系中水含量及温度等因素影响较大。

水泥-水玻璃灌浆材料行业标准的制定

水泥-水玻璃灌浆材料是一种传统的化学灌浆材料,具有可灌性好、凝胶时间易于调节、无毒、易于施工、价格低等优点,广泛应用于水利水电、铁路、隧道、地铁、公路、桥梁等地基与基础的防渗堵漏和加固补强。在此,介绍了制定水泥-水玻璃灌浆材料行业标准的目的与意义,标准的内容与制定依据,标准的验证试验和标准执行的可行性分析。

水泥-化学复合灌浆技术在城市垃圾填埋场防渗工程中的应用

山东省威海市艾山垃圾填埋场帷幕灌浆防渗工程采用湿磨细水泥灌浆和酸性水玻璃化学灌浆相结合的方法,施工后灌浆帷幕渗透系数完全达到设计标准,能有效解决城市山谷型垃圾填埋场防渗帷幕灌浆施工的难题,可为其他类似工程提供借鉴。

复合水泥基-水玻璃双液注浆材料胶凝性能及抗压强度试验研究

传统的水泥水玻璃双液注浆材料的优点在于凝胶时间短、早期的抗压强度大,所以在加固软弱地层或堵漏中被广泛的使用。本文在传统材料的基础上,加入了粉煤灰、矿粉等工业废渣,提出一种复合水泥基-水玻璃双液注浆材料,并对新型材料的胶凝性能和28 d抗压强度进行研究,并通过改变水玻璃体积掺量、波美度和矿物掺合料比例来研究浆液凝胶时间及28 d抗压强度的变化规律;当水玻璃体积掺量为25%时,浆液硬化结石体强度最大,使用更大波美度的水玻璃或者配制合适比例的水泥、粉煤灰和矿粉的复合水泥基A液都可以提升双液注浆材料的抗压强度。