Influence of nanosized magnesia on the hydration of borehole-sealing cements prepared using different methods

Gas drainage is an efective technology for gas control in coal mines.A high borehole-sealing quality is the fundamental precondition for efcient gas drainage.The expansibilities of cement pastes used in borehole-sealing processes are critical for the borehole-sealing efect.Nanosized magnesia expansive agents are used to improve the expansibilities of cement pastes and improve the borehole-sealing efect.Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were adopted to study the efects of nanosized magnesia on the hydration of borehole-sealing cements used with diferent preparation methods.The results showed that an increase in the mass fraction of the nanosized magnesia promoted cement hydration,and the mass fraction was positively correlated with the promotion efect.The use of diferent preparation methods did not change the water-phase distribution in the cement.When using the wet-mixing preparation method,nanosized magnesia promoted the induction,acceleration,and deceleration periods of hydration;when using the dry-mixing preparation method,the nanosized magnesia promoted the induction period of cement hydration,and the promotion efect was less obvious than that seen when using the wet-mixing method.When using the wet-mixing preparation method,the nanosized magnesia was uniformly dispersed,thus enlarging the surface area of the reaction,which provided more nucleation sites for the hydration products of the cement and therefore accelerated the hydration reaction.When using the dry-mixing preparation method,the nanosized magnesia powders were dispersed nonuniformly and aggregated.Under these conditions,only a few nanosized magnesia particles on the surfaces of the aggregated clusters took part in hydration,so only a small number of nucleation sites were provided for the hydration products of cement.This led to inconsistent hydration of cement pastes prepared using the dry-mixing method.The surface porosity of the cement prepared with the wet-mixing preparation method frst decreased and then increased with increases in the mass fraction of the nanosized magnesia.The cement surface exhibited compact hydration products and few pores,and the surface was relatively smooth.In comparison,the surface porosity of the cement prepared using the dry-mixing method fuctuated with increasing mass fraction of the nanosized magnesia,resulting in a rough cement surface and microfractures on some surfaces.The two preparation methods both reduced the surface porosity of the cement.The wet-mixing preparation was more efective and consistent in improving the compactness of the cement than the dry-mixing preparation.These results provide important guidance on the addition of nanosized magnesia in borehole-sealing engineering and the selection of cement preparation methods,and they also lay a solid foundation for realizing safe and efcient gas drainage.

Effects of cement content, polypropylene fiber length and dosage on fluidity and mechanical properties of fiber-toughened cemented aeolian sand backfill

Using aeolian sand(AS)for goaf backfilling allows coordination of green mining and AS control.Cemented AS backfill(CASB)exhibits brittle fracture.Polypropylene(PP)fibers are good toughening materials.When the toughening effect of fibers is analyzed,their influence on the slurry conveying performance should also be considered.Additionally,cement affects the interactions among the hydration products,fibers,and aggregates.In this study,the effects of cement content(8wt%,9wt%,and 10wt%)and PP fiber length(6,9,and 12 mm)and dosage(0.05wt%,0.1wt%,0.15wt%,0.2wt%,and 0.25wt%)on fluidity and mechanical properties of the fibertoughened CASB(FCASB)were analyzed.The results indicated that with increases in the three aforementioned factors,the slump flow decreased,while the rheological parameters increased.Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)increased with the increase of cement content and fiber length,and with an increase in fiber dosage,it first increased and then decreased.The strain increased with the increase of fiber dosage and length.The effect of PP fibers became more pronounced with the increase of cement content.Digital image correlation(DIC)test results showed that the addition of fibers can restrain the peeling of blocks and the expansion of fissure,and reduce the stress concentration of the FCASB.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)test indicated that the functional mechanisms of fibers mainly involved the interactions of fibers with the hydration products and matrix and the spatial distribution of fibers.On the basis of single-factor analysis,the response surface method(RSM)was used to analyze the effects of the three aforementioned factors and their interaction terms on the UCS.The influence surface of the two-factor interaction terms and the three-dimensional scatter plot of the three-factor coupling were established.In conclusion,the response law of the FCASB properties under the effects of cement and PP fibers were obtained,which provides theoretical and engineering guidance for FCASB filling.

Study on the critical stress threshold of weakly cemented sandstone damage based on the renormalization group method

During the microstructural analysis of weakly cemented sandstone,the granule components and ductile structural parts of the sandstone are typically generalized.Considering the contact between granules in the microstructure of weakly cemented sandstone,three basic units can be determined:regular tetrahedra,regular hexahedra,and regular octahedra.Renormalization group models with granule-and pore-centered weakly cemented sandstone were established,and,according to the renormalization group transformation rule,the critical stress threshold of damage was calculated.The results show that the renormalization model using regular octahedra as the basic units has the highest critical stress threshold.The threshold obtained by iterative calculations of the granule-centered model is smaller than that obtained by the pore-centered model.The granule-centered calculation provides the lower limit(18.12%),and the pore-centered model provides the upper limit(36.36%).Within this range,the weakly cemented sandstone is in a phase-like critical state.That is,the state of granule aggregation transforms from continuous to discrete.In the relative stress range of 18.12%-36.36%,the weakly cemented sandstone exhibits an increased proportion of high-frequency signals(by 83.3%)and a decreased proportion of low-frequency signals(by 23.6%).The renormalization calculation results for weakly cemented sandstone explain the high-low frequency conversion of acoustic emission signals during loading.The research reported in this paper has important significance for elucidating the damage mechanism of weakly cemented sandstone.

Influence of Replacement Level of Coal-series Kaolin on Hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement by X-ray Diffraction/Rietveld Method

The influence of replacement level of calcined coal-series kaolin(CCK) on hydration of ordinary Portland cement(OPC) was studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD)/Rietveld method. X-ray diffraction/Rietveld method was used to quantify the crystalline phase composition of the hydrated samples. Additionally, the morphology of hydrated samples was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that, calcium hydroxide(CH), ettringite(AFt) and amorphous phase content in hydrated samples decreased as the replacement level of CCK increased, while AFm and str?tlingite increased, which was caused by the combination of dilute, physical and pozzolanic effects. The hydration of anhydrous cement phases was accelerated by physical effect but hindered by the retardation effect of CCK. The role of each effects was discussed in detail to analyze the mechanism of OPC hydration with CCK addition. The SEM images showed that the shortening of AFt at 1 day and the denser texture at 28 days was observed with CCK addition, which was caused by the physical and pozzolanic effects, respectively.

Quantitative XRD Analysis of Cement Clinker by the Multiphase Rietveld Method

Quantitative phase analysis of Portland cement clinker samples was performed using an adaptation of the Rietveld method.The Rietveld quantitative analysis program,originally in Fortran 77 code,was significantly modified in visual basic code with windows 9X graph user interface,which is free from the constraint of direct utilizable memory 640 k,and can be conveniently operated under the windows environment.The Rietveld quantitative method provides numerous advantages over conventional XRD quantitative method,especially in the intensity anomalies and superposition problems.Examples of its use are given with the results from other methods.It is concluded that,at present,the Rietveld method is the most suitable one for quantitative phase analysis of Portland cement clinker.

Effect of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbides

Gradient cemented carbides with the surface depleted in cubic phases were prepared following normal powder metallurgical pro-cedures.Gradient zone formation and the influence of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and performance of the alloys were investigated.The results show that the simple one-step vacuum sintering technique is doable for producing gradient cemented carbides.Gradient structure formation is attributed to the gradient in nitrogen activity during sintering,but is independent from nitrogen introduced methods.A uniform carbon distribution is found throughout the materials.Moreover,the transverse rupture strength of the cemented carbides can be increased by a gradient layer.Different nitrogen carriers give the alloys distinguishing microstructure and mechanical properties,and a gradient alloy with ultrafine-TiC0.5N0.5 is found optimal.

Single-factor analysis and interaction terms on the mechanical and microscopic properties of cemented aeolian sand backfill

The use of aeolian sand(AS)as an aggregate to prepare coal mine cemented filling materials can resolve the problems of gangue shortage and excessive AS deposits.Owing to the lack of research on the mechanism of cemented AS backfill(CASB),the response surface method(RSM)was adopted in this study to analyze the influence of ordinary Portland cement(PO)content(x_(1)),fly ash(FA)-AS(FA-AS)ratio(x_(2)),and concentration(x_(3))on the mechanical and microscopic properties of the CASB.The hydration characteristics and internal pore structure of the backfill were assessed through thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analysis,mercury intrusion porosimetry,and scanning electron microscopy.The RSM results show that the influence of each factor and interaction term on the response values is extremely significant(except x_(1)x_(3),which had no obvious effect on the 28 d strength).The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)increased with the PO content,FA-AS ratio,and concentration.The interaction effects of x_(1)x_(2),x_(1)x_(3),and x_(2)x_(3) on the UCS at 3,7,and 28 d were analyzed.In terms of the influence of interaction items,an improvement in one factor promoted the strengthening effect of another factor.The enhancement mechanism of the curing time,PO content,and FA-AS ratio on the backfill was reflected in the increase in hydration products and pore structure optimization.By contrast,the enhancement mechanism of the concentration was mainly the pore structure optimization.The UCS was positively correlated with weight loss and micropore content but negatively correlated with the total porosity.The R^(2) value of the fitting function of the strength and weight loss,micropore content,and total porosity exceeded 0.9,which improved the characterization of the enhancement mechanism of the UCS based on the thermogravimetric analysis and pore structure.This work obtained that the influence rules and mechanisms of the PO,FA-AS,concentration,and interaction terms on the mechanical properties of the CASB provided a certain theoretical and engineering guidance for CASB filling.

EFFECT OF BURNING METHOD ON THE FORMING PROCESSES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER

The forming temperature of Clinker melt underdifferent burning conditions has been studied by appearance examination and thermal shrinker determination, and the viscosity of melt has been discussed by studying the coordination number of Al^(3+) and Fe^(3+) in cement clinker burned by different method with x^- ray fluorescence analysis and Moss- bauer spectroscopy. The results show that the clin- ker melt under rapid burning may come into exis- tence at lower temperature and It's viscosity is lower. So the forming processes of clinker may be different at rapid burning from ordinary burning. They are probably an important factor to promote the formation of clinker burned at lower temperature with rapid burning method.

A Method for Semi-quantitative Analysis of C-S-H Gel in a Blended Cement Paste

An amended method for accurate measuring the quantity of calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) in pure cement paste and blended cement paste by water adsorption was made, which based on R.A.Olson’s method. Two improvements to this method, such as using C-S-H gel by hydro-thermal synthesis as standard sample and the stoichiometry of C-S-H gel is partitioned based on hydration time and the amount of mineral admixture. The result of C-S-H gel content in pure cement paste and blended cement paste is higher than by R.A.Olson’s method.

Toughness improvement mechanism and evaluation of cement concrete for road pavement:A review

Traditional cement concrete has the disadvantages of low tensile strength,poor toughness,and rapid development of cracks while cracking,which causes a significantly negative influence on the safety and durability of concrete road pavement.This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of toughness improvement mechanisms and evaluation methods of cement concrete for road pavement.The review indicates that(i)The performance of concrete material depends on its material composition and internal structure.Aggregate size,cement properties and admixtures are the main factors of concrete toughness.(ii)The incorporation of rubber or fiber in pavement concrete improves the toughness of concrete materials.However,these additions must be maintained within a reasonable range.The amount of rubber and fiber are encouraged not more than 30%of the volume of fine aggregate and 2%of the volume of concrete,respectively.(iii)The toughness of pavement concrete material includes the toughness regarding bending,impact and fracture.The toughness of cement concrete for highway and municipal pavement is generally evaluated by bending and fracture toughness,while the toughness of airfield pavement concrete is more focused on impact toughness.(iv)The toughening measures of cement concrete for road pavement are mainly mixed with rubber or fiber,while these two materials have their defects,and the application of hightoughness cement concrete in the actual road still faces many challenges.For example,the synergistic effect of rubber and fiber,the development and application of new flexible admixtures,and the formulation of the toughness index of pavement cement concrete materials need further research.

Dynamic response of jetting and cementing bucket platform to wave and current loading

The jetting and cementing bucket platform （JCBP） is a new type offshore oil-drilling platform. This paper aims to establish an analysis method for calculating the dynamic response of this platform. Based on the theory of elastic half space, the dynamic stiffness and damping of the platform＇ s foundation were obtained and attached to the end of the platform＇ s main jackets as a boundary condition. Then using finite element method （FEM）, the dynamic response of the platform due to wave and current loading was calculated. Furthermore, the whole platform＇ s finite element model was established and the dynamic response of the platform was calculated. The numerical results demonstrate that the present method by the usage of elastic half space theory and FEM is simple and it is reliable and efficient to calculate dynamic behavior of the platform in response to wave and current loading.

Integrity and Failure Analysis of Cement Sheath Subjected to Coalbed Methane Fracturing

Perforation and fracturing are typically associated with the development of coalbed methane wells.As the cement sheath is prone to failure during this process,in this work,the effects of the casing pressure,elastic modulus of the cement,elastic modulus of the formation,and casing eccentricity on the resulting stresses are analyzed in the frame of a finite element method.Subsequently,sensitivity response curves of the cement sheath stress are plotted by normalizing all factors.The results show that the maximum circumferential stress and Mises stress of the cement sheath increase with the casing internal pressure,elastic modulus of the cement and casing eccentricity.As the elastic modulus of the formation increases,the maximum circumferential stress of the cement sheath decreases,and its maximum Mises stress increases slightly.The cement sheath undergoes tensile failure during coalbed methane fracturing.The stress sensitivity of the cement sheath to the influential parameters is in the following order:casing internal pressure>elastic modulus of cement sheath>casing eccentricity>elastic modulus of formation.

Finite Element Analysis of the Influence of Artificial Cementation on the Strength Parameters and Bearing Capacity of Sandy Soil under a Strip Footing

Artificial cementation is a method commonly used to enhance and improve soil properties. This paper investigates the effect of using different amounts of cement on soil strength parameters and soil bearing capacity, using the finite element method. Experimental tests are conducted on soil samples with different amounts of Portland cement. A 2-D numerical model is created and validated using the numerical modelling software, COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software. The study finds that the cohesion, and the angle of the internal friction of the soil samples increase significantly as a result of adding 1%, 2%, and 4% of Portland cement. The results demonstrate that the stresses and strain under the strip footing proposed decrease by 3.24% and 7.42%. Moreover, the maximum displacement also decreases by 1.47% and 2.97%, as a result of adding cements of 2% and 4%. The bearing capacity values obtained are therefore excellent, especially when using the 2% and 4% cement. The increase identified is due to the increased values of the bearing capacity factors. It is concluded that from an economic viewpoint, using 2% cement is the best option.

改性磷石膏对超硫酸盐水泥水化特性的影响

本工作研究改性磷石膏对超硫酸盐水泥(SSC)早期水化热、强度、孔溶液pH值、水化产物和微观形貌的影响。与通用硅酸盐水泥(CPC)体系相比,SSC体系早期水化速率较慢、水化热较低、诱导期延长,第二放热峰出现延后,表现出较低的早期水化特性,磷石膏的改性方式可调控早期水化速率和体系水化活性。SSC体系主要水化产物为钙矾石和C-S-H凝胶,浆体pH值稳定在11,其强度与磷石膏特性有关,煅烧处理可提高其中后期强度,而石灰中和处理可提高全龄期强度。磷石膏经处理后,活性增加,产生更多的AFt和C-S-H凝胶,使其结构密实、强度增加。

糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元分析

糯米浆灰土是一种常见的遗址保护建筑材料,为研究糯米浆灰土压缩加载过程中的糯米-石灰胶结破坏和接触组构演化情况,采用离散单元法开展了糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元模拟。首先基于软胶结模型考虑糯米浆-石灰的强度特征,制备了糯米浆灰土离散元试样;然后通过参数敏感性分析为试样赋予合理的接触模型等效模量和胶结强度参数,最后对试样开展无侧限和三轴压缩模拟。结果表明:离散元模拟能再现糯米浆灰土加载试验的主要特征;加载过程中胶结破坏数量先缓后快增加,最终趋于平缓,胶结破坏呈现一定的聚集效应;无侧限压缩下胶结接触主要发生拉伸破坏,随着围压增加,剪切破坏接触数量增加;试样偏组构快速增加段为胶结破坏诱发。

水下抗分散水泥土正交试验及配比优化方法研究

水流经过桩基时会形成漩涡侵蚀床面,影响桩基及上部结构的稳定性,冲刷治理是工程界关注的热点问题。为促进固化土技术在桩基冲刷修复中的应用,设计开展了抗分散水泥固化土系列正交试验。针对高岭土和淤泥土,选用PAM、EVA、黄原胶、HPMC四种抗分散剂,采用平均效果分析和极差分析,研究了抗分散剂种类、抗分散剂掺量、含水量和水泥掺量对流动度、浊度、7 d和28 d无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明:对于高岭土,抗分散剂掺量从0.25‰增大到1‰,水泥土流动度减小20%,浊度减小25%,抗分散剂掺量对流动性和抗分散性的影响显著。对于淤泥土,对抗分散性影响显著的仍是抗分散剂掺量,而对流动性的影响显著的则是含水量,含水量从1.4倍液限增大到2.0倍液限,水泥土流动度增大45%。基于综合平衡法、矩阵分析法和多元线性回归模型,提出了一种抗分散水泥土配比设计方法,研究得到了高岭土和淤泥土抗分散水泥固化土的推荐配比,其在泥沙起动实验中的抗冲刷特性明显优于原始土样。

循环剪切作用下含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面强度弱化细观机制

含可燃冰砂土呈现埋藏浅、未成岩和强度低的特性。波浪循环荷载作用下含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面弱化特征显著,直接影响井口稳定。采用离散元方法,通过设置波浪循环荷载引起的井筒运动,研究含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面循环剪切力学特性,并从细观角度揭示界面宏观弱化机制。结果表明:可燃冰赋存导致含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面呈显著的强度弱化及剪胀体变特征,且可燃冰饱和度越高,弱化及剪胀越显著;原因在于近井区域含可燃冰砂土在循环剪切作用下形成胶结失效区域,大部分颗粒失去胶结约束,同时少部分胶结未失效的可燃冰颗粒与邻近颗粒形成较大粒径团簇,这些颗粒和团簇翻滚错动且无法充分传递荷载,导致界面产生强度弱化和剪胀体变;法向应力与剪切振幅的增大均会加剧界面试样可燃冰颗粒的胶结失效发展,强度弱化现象更为严重。

基于RSM的超细水泥注浆材料配比及性能优化模型

注浆堵水技术已成为水害措施防范向工程治理不可缺少的技术之一,超细材料的研究也成为了目前注浆材料发展的新方向。为了解决矿井水害注浆治理工程中注浆材料优选和配比优化问题,采用单因素试验与响应曲面法(RSM)相结合的方法进行超细水泥注浆材料优化配比研究。首先通过单因素试验对不同水灰比、硅灰(SF)掺量及高效聚羧酸减水剂(PCS)掺量条件下浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度进行分析,以确定RSM最佳基准水平,其次构建以浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度为响应目标的二次多项式预测模型,结合方差、残差及响应曲面分析各响应变量对响应目标的影响规律,确定注浆材料最优配比。通过单因素试验结果对比分析,发现最优水灰比、SF掺量及PCS掺量分别为1∶1、35%及0.3%。通过RSM研究发现,浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度不仅受单一因素影响,且存在多因素交互作用。根据建立的二次多项式响应面回归预测模型可知,当水灰比、SF掺量及PCS掺量分别为0.7∶1、38%及0.2%时,注浆材料性能最优,其回归模拟预测浆液黏度、泌水率及7 d单轴抗压强度分别为210.82 mPa·s、1.0%及12.22 MPa。通过室内试验,其结果与预测模型结果吻合度较高,进一步验证了模型的可靠性,证明了该模型能够用于注浆材料优化配比设计研究。

钛石膏不同方法制备的Ⅱ型硬石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥性能影响

目的为促进工业固废钛石膏资源再利用,了解硬石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥熟料性能的影响,方法以钛石膏为原料,采用加压水热法和酸浸法合成Ⅱ型硬石膏,研究不同方法合成的硬石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥熟料性能的影响。结果加压水热法和酸浸法合成的硬石膏因合成方法不同,对粒径、形貌、孔隙和表面积等微观性能影响也不同;在硫铝酸盐水泥熟料中添加不同方法合成的硬石膏或天然硬石膏,且不同种类的硬石膏掺量为15%时,硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的抗压强度均达到最大值;随着养护时间延长,硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的抗压强度均明显提高;与掺入天然硬石膏相比,掺入酸浸法合成硬石膏的抗压强度较低,但在硬石膏相同掺量和相同水化时间下,掺入加压水热法合成的硬石膏的硫铝酸盐水泥熟料的抗压强度均高于掺入其他两种硬石膏的。结论加压水热法合成硬石膏在水泥熟料中应用前景广阔,是钛石膏再利用的重要途径。

水平井固井质量提升方法研究

针对水平井固井质量问题,对水平井固井技术进行了概述,并分析了水平井固井质量的影响因素,提出了水平井固井技术对策。结果表明,影响水平井固井质量的因素主要包括井眼和井身、套管下放过程、钻井岩屑床胶结质量、钻井液和前置液性能、水泥浆性能。针对影响因素,从井身和井眼的质量控制、套管串结构的改良、优化设计钻井液与前置液、合理设计水泥浆、提高固井的工艺和技术五个方面提出了相应的对策,为保障水平井固井作业的顺利开展奠定基础。