Chlorite cement and its effect on the reservoir quality of sandstones from the Panyu low-uplift,Pearl River Mouth Basin

Based on porosity and permeability measurements, mercury porosimetry measurements, thin section analyses, SEM observations, X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis and granulometric analyses, diagenetic features of reservoir sandstones taken from the Zhuhai formation in the Panyu low-uplift of the Pear River Mouth Basin were examined. This study shows that chlorite cements are one of the most important diagenetic features of reservoir sandstones. The precipitation of chlorite was controlled by multiple factors and its development occurred early in eo-diagenesis and continued till Stage A of middle diagenesis. The precipitation of chlorite at the early stage was mainly affected by the sedimentary environment and provenance. Abundant Fe- and Mg-rich materials were supplied during the deposition of distributary channel sediments in the deltaic front setting and mainly in alkaline conditions. With the burial depth increasing, smectite and kaolinite tended to be transformed into chlorite. Smectite cements were completely transformed into chlorite in sandstones of the studied area. Volcanic lithics rich in Fe and Mg materials were dissolved and released Fe2＋ and Mg 2＋ into the pore water. These cations precipitated as chlorite cements in middle diagenesis in an alkaline diagenetic environment. Chlorite coatings acted as porosity and permeability, thus helping preserve cements in the chlorite cemented sandstones. The reservoir quality of chlorite cemented sandstones is much better than sandstones without chlorite cements. Chlorite cements play an important role in the reservoir evolution that was mainly characterized by preserving intergranular porosity and forming better pore-throat structures of sandstones.

Predictive Model for Cement Clinker Quality Parameters

Managers of cement plants are gradually becoming aware of the need for soft sensors in product quality assessment. Cement clinker quality parameters are mostly measured by offline laboratory analysis or by the use of online analyzers. The measurement delay and cost, associated with these methods, are a concern in the cement industry. In this study, a regression-based model was developed to predict the clinker quality parameters as a function of the raw meal quality and the kiln operating variables. This model has mean squared error, coefficient of determination, worst case relative error and variance account for (in external data) given as 8.96 × 10–7, 0.9999, 2.17% and above 97%, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that the developed model can provide real time estimates of the clinker quality parameters and capture wider ranges of real plant operating conditions from first principle-based cement rotary kiln models. Also, the model developed can be utilized online as soft sensor since they contain only variables that are easily measured online.

RAW MEALS CONTAINING TRACE RE OXIDES TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF CEMENT CLINKER

Clay or industrial wastes containing trace rare earth (RE) oxides as one of the components are used to burn cement clinker. When the total amount of RE oxides reaches 0. 2×10-4 - 2. 0×10-4 (wt), it has positive effect on the burnability of raw meals? and the Alite content in clinker increases. However, with the addition of lan-thanide, the formation process of clinker and the distribu-tion of lanthanide in clinker are different from those of yt-trium. If the burning temperature is 1 450 C , yttrium shiws negative effect on the formation of clinker. There-fore, to improve the quality of cement clinkern, the raw meals in which yttrium content is lower and lanthanide con-tent is higher is preferable; to reduce the consumption of coal, the raw meals that yttrium content is higher is suit-able. Using raw meals containing trace RE oxides can re-duce the cost of fluorite and protect environment.

Research Progress of Eco-Friendly Portland Cement Porous Concrete:A Review

With the great impetus of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in various countries,the proposal of concepts such as“Sponge City”and“Eco-City”,and the emphasis on restoration and governance of ecological environment day by day,portland cement porous concrete(PCPC),as a novel building material,has attracted more and more attention from scientific researchers and engineers.PCPC possesses the peculiar pore structure,which owns numerous functions like river embankment protection,vegetation greening as well as air-cleaning,and has been of wide application in different engineering fields.This paper reviews the salient properties of PCPC,detailedly expounds the research progress of domestic and foreign literature about this subject in the past ten years(2010–2020),conducts the statistical analysis of the distribution rule of its major properties around the world,combines with the engineering application to summarize the excellent properties of PCPC,and makes a forecast of future research direction.

高温高压井水泥环缺失对多层套管应力影响规律

由于高温高压井中,固井工况复杂,套管与水泥环之间会出现缺失现象,导致套管损坏,尤其多层套管时上述问题更为突出而复杂。针对上述问题,以准噶尔盆地南缘某高温高压高产气井为研究对象,建立了套管水泥环缺失套管水泥环套管地层轴对称有限元模型,模型中水泥环缺失处采用圈闭流体单元,岩石和水泥环采用EDP本构模型,相互界面间用接触力学有限元模型。研究结果表明,该模型能够准确分析复杂条件下水泥环缺失套管受力情况,解决了以前的模型无法模拟水泥环缺失处流固耦合问题;当套管环空出现环状缺失时,水泥环缺失的交界面附近应力最大且水泥环缺失处液体性质对套管强度有较大影响。为保证其井筒完整性,在深井、超深井中,建议优化水泥环返高,使水泥环不返到井口,减小固井段长度,消除水泥环缺失问题。

Comparative Analysis of PM10 Emission Rates from Controlled and Uncontrolled Cement Silos in Concrete Batching Facilities

This research study quantifies the PM10 emission rates (g/s) from cement silos in 25 concrete batching facilities for both controlled and uncontrolled scenarios by applying the USEPA AP-42 guidelines step-by-step approach. The study focuses on evaluating the potential environmental impact of cement dust fugitive emissions from 176 cement silos located in 25 concrete batching facilities in the M35 Mussafah industrial area of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Emission factors are crucial for quantifying the PM10 emission rates (g/s) that support developing source-specific emission estimates for areawide inventories to identify major sources of pollution that provide screening sources for compliance monitoring and air dispersion modeling. This requires data to be collected involves information on production, raw material usage, energy consumption, and process-related details, this was obtained using various methods, including field visits, surveys, and interviews with facility representatives to calculate emission rates accurately. Statistical analysis was conducted on cement consumption and emission rates for controlled and uncontrolled sources of the targeted facilities. The data shows that the average cement consumption among the facilities is approximately 88,160 (MT/yr), with a wide range of variation depending on the facility size and production rate. The emission rates from controlled sources have an average of 4.752E-04 (g/s), while the rates from uncontrolled sources average 0.6716 (g/s). The analysis shows a significant statistical relationship (p < 0.05) and perfect positive correlation (r = 1) between cement consumption and emission rates, indicating that as cement consumption increases, emission rates tend to increase as well. Furthermore, comparing the emission rates from controlled and uncontrolled scenarios. The data showed a significant difference between the two scenarios, highlighting the effectiveness of control measures in reducing PM10 emissions. The study’s findings provide insights into the impact of cement silo emissions on air quality and the importance of implementing control measures in concrete batching facilities. The comparative analysis contributes to understanding emission sources and supports the development of pollution control strategies in the Ready-Mix industry.

基于改进DenseNet的固井质量评价新方法

为解决固井质量评价效率低、准确率不高的问题,提出一种基于改进的DenseNet卷积神经网络的评价方法。该方法通过增加多尺度卷积层可以同时获取固井质量特征图的大尺度和小尺度特征,从而提高感受野的覆盖范围,增强模型对不同尺度的适应能力;通过嵌入CBAM机制使模型在空间和通道两个维度上充分提取对评价任务有用的信息,增强模型对特征的关注能力和感知能力,提升评价结果的准确度以及模型的鲁棒性;同时,通过缩减网络层数减少模型参数的数量,提升模型的计算效率以及泛化能力。实验结果表明,测试集中的3类评价样本的准确率为95.86%,相比DenseNet-121提升了4.9百分点左右,且参数量显著减少;相比BP神经网络和支持向量机均提升了9百分点左右。从而揭示出,采用改进DenseNet模型实施固井质量评价的研究方案不仅是可行的,而且优于同类机器学习方法。

基于CNN-SVM和集成学习的固井质量评价方法

为解决固井质量评价问题,提出一种基于CNN-SVM和集成学习的固井质量评价方法.首先,针对DenseNet模型采取缩减网络层数、增加多尺度卷积层、嵌入卷积注意力模块等改进措施,以提高模型的训练速度和评价准确率;其次,利用InceptionV1模块和扩张卷积构建一个模型复杂度相对较小且评价准确率相对较高的Inception-DCNN模型;再次,优选3个经典的卷积神经网络模型(ResNet50,MobileNetV3-Small, GhostNet),利用卷积神经网络强大的特征提取能力及支持向量机的结构风险最小化能力,将上述模型分别与支持向量机组合成新的CNN-SVM模型,以提升模型的泛化能力;最后,采用Bagging方式将5个新的CNN-SVM模型集成为一个强学习器,从而提升评价结果的准确度,增强模型的抗干扰能力.实验结果表明,该方法对测试集中的3类评价样本的准确率为97.69%,与单个模型和其他方法相比提升了1~9个百分点,验证了采用基于CNN-SVM和集成学习的方法进行固井质量评价是切实可行的.

水平井深度可视化监测快速找水试验探索

为了实现低产液量水平井快速找水,突破常规井下电视测井在水平井找水测试领域的应用界限,提出水平井深度可视化监测快速找水技术。通过研发专用仪器接头,融合现有井下电视测井、套管外水泥胶结测井(RBT)、多臂井径成像+磁测壁厚测井(2M)技术为一体,设计形成了井下电视+RBT+2M为核心的深度可视化综合监测工艺管柱。矿场试验2口井,采用爬行器输送、预置测井仪的方式,在油井泵抽生产条件下,实现了井筒彩色全侦率视频图像、套外水泥环胶结状况、套管壁厚及内径变化特征信息的全面监测,综合水平井段固井质量、井筒形貌特征、产层段产出状态分析,精准确定了出水位置,为水平井快速找水测试开辟了新方向。

水泥稳定碎石基层取芯芯样分类与整体性评价技术标准

为了实现水泥稳碎石基层整体性质量客观和公正的评价,消除7 d取芯芯样质量评判的随意性、弥补因不考虑气候条件和公路等级等因素对施工质量评价的局限性,选择高速、一级、二级和三级共5条公路,对7 d龄期的水泥稳定粒料类基层进行了大量的取芯试验,系统地对取芯芯样的形态进行了调研、统计和分析,根据芯样的完整程度,将其分为完整类、残缺类和松散类3类,芯样完整性的差异代表其扩散荷载应力能力的不同,根据芯样的致密程度,将芯样进一步分成8级,芯样致密性的不同体现服役功能性差别,提出了评价路段芯样完整率的计算方法,确定了芯样完整率技术标准的确定原则,对于季冻区宜采用F(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)作为评价指标,对于非季冻区宜采用F(Ⅰ)作为评价指标,并根据回归曲线,提出了不同区域不同等级道路7 d龄期内的芯样完整率技术标准。结果表明:芯样完整率与道路等级呈线性关系,道路等级对其影响幅度为2%~9%,养生模式的影响幅度为10%左右,气候因素的影响幅度为5%左右。研究成果实现了对半刚性基层取芯芯样质量和整体性质量的定量化评价。

国产超声兰姆波测井仪在套管回收中的应用

在开发油气田进入生产末期时为了节约成本会将未被水泥固结的套管进行回收,为了确定回收套管的起始深度需要进行相应的测量得到套后水泥的分布情况。以往常常采用外方的测井仪器作业,导致费用高昂。中海油服在近年推出了具有完全自主知识产权的超声兰姆波成像测井仪(简称UCCS),首次在东海区域成功作业帮助油公司判断了套后水泥环分布状态,进一步指导了套管切割作业。

疏松砂岩多层气藏钻井难点及优化对策

涩北气田是典型的疏松砂岩气藏,具有纵向气层多、储层疏松非均质性强、敏感性矿物多等地质特征。利用大量的气藏地质、动态监测和钻录测资料,剖析钻井施工中存在的问题和技术难点,开展优化对策研究。结果表明:1)储层疏松、薄互层多、矿化度高和开发后期纵向压力系统紊乱是影响优快钻井施工的主要因素;2)针对钻井施工中井控风险大、井身结构确定困难的问题,通过优化研究确定了不同气藏、不同深度、不同部位井的井身结构;3)针对比较突出的井漏问题,研发适宜的低伤害、能有效抑制黏土膨胀的MEG (甲基葡萄糖苷)钻井液体系;4)针对固井质量难以保证的问题,采用纳米基低密度水泥浆、工艺改进和精细施工等措施得以解决。认为,优化技术对策应用效果明显,解决了钻井技术难点,实现了疏松砂岩多层气藏快速安全钻井。

水平井固井质量提升方法研究

针对水平井固井质量问题,对水平井固井技术进行了概述,并分析了水平井固井质量的影响因素,提出了水平井固井技术对策。结果表明,影响水平井固井质量的因素主要包括井眼和井身、套管下放过程、钻井岩屑床胶结质量、钻井液和前置液性能、水泥浆性能。针对影响因素,从井身和井眼的质量控制、套管串结构的改良、优化设计钻井液与前置液、合理设计水泥浆、提高固井的工艺和技术五个方面提出了相应的对策,为保障水平井固井作业的顺利开展奠定基础。

套管井固井质量声学检测技术现状与展望

套管井的固井质量检测在保护油气层和环境保护等方面具有重要的意义。在固井质量评价方法中,声波测井技术作为现代测井方法之一,因其对介质声阻抗大小、水泥环内部缺失及层间粘接状况敏感等优点被广泛应用。井孔声场理论是声波测井技术的基础,本文阐述了单层以及多层套管井的声场理论研究现状;介绍了几种国内外传统的声波测井技术,概括了不同技术的原理及特点。同时介绍了人工智能方法在固井质量检测中的应用,强调了多种机器学习方法在处理测井资料提供更大的函数空间,以及帮助测井专业人员以非线性方式从高维空间发掘知识等方面的优势。从5个方面展望了声波测井技术未来可能的发展趋势,为固井质量检测提供进一步的发展建议。

公路路缘石混凝土滑模施工技术及质量控制

分析了路缘石混凝土滑模施工的技术特点,从原材料优选、配合比设计、施工机具配置、现场施工技术与质量管理几个方面论述了路缘石混凝土滑模施工的技术要点与质量控制措施,并将研究成果应用于锡林郭勒盟某二级公路路缘石滑模施工工程,应用效果良好。

Azimuthal cement evaluation with an acoustic phased-arc array transmitter:numerical simulations and field tests

We developed a novel cement evaluation logging tool,named the azimuthally acoustic bond tool（AABT）,which uses a phased-arc array transmitter with azimuthal detection capability.We combined numerical simulations and field tests to verify the AABT tool.The numerical simulation results showed that the radiation direction of the subarray corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the first arrival matches the azimuth of the channeling when it is behind the casing.With larger channeling size in the circumferential direction,the amplitude difference of the casing wave at different azimuths becomes more evident.The test results showed that the AABT can accurately locate the casing collars and evaluate the cement bond quality with azimuthal resolution at the casing-cement interface,and can visualize the size,depth,and azimuth of channeling.In the case of good casingcement bonding,the AABT can further evaluate the cement bond quality at the cementformation interface with azimuthal resolution by using the amplitude map and the velocity of the formation wave.

基于MLP-CNN的固井质量智能评价方法

固井质量的好坏关系到油气井的产量和寿命,目前最常用的方法是使用声幅—变密度测井进行评估,但是解释过程复杂,且与重大风险相关的决策需要根据固井解释结果做出。因此,固井质量评价必须由经验丰富的专家进行解释,耗时耗力。为了提高固井解释的效率,本文基于VGG、ResNet等卷积神经网络对固井质量进行自动解释,但是准确率不足。于是,本文提出一种多层感知机和卷积神经网络并联的方法(MLP-CNN),声幅数据输入到多层感知机中,变密度图输入卷积神经网络中;针对变密度图存在不同尺度信息的特征(条纹的粗细、明暗、形状),本文修改了卷积神经网络的结构,设置了大小不同的卷积核,提取不同尺度信息。本文使用了塔里木油田富源区块的9000个数据进行训练和验证,结果表明,相较于传统的VGG、ResNet等卷积网络,MLP和CNN并联网络有效提高了固井质量识别的准确率,评价精度为90%,并且相较于单一尺度卷积核,多个大小不同卷积核的卷积神经网络算法更适合于固井变密度图像特征的提取,本文修改了卷积神经网络部分结构,建立的带有3个尺寸不同卷积核的MLP-CNN神经网络比单一卷积核的MLP-CNN模型提高了5%的准确率;同时,本文对比了7种网络的时间复杂度和空间复杂度,结果表明,MLP-CNN并联网络能有效避免大量的无效卷积,节省了模型计算成本,提高模型的计算效率。最后,为了测试模型的迁移性,本文使用塔里木油田满深和跃满区块的6万条数据进行了测试,评价准确率达89.16%,迁移效果良好,模型具有较强的鲁棒性。

保压候凝对页岩气井固井质量的影响及机理分析

页岩气井开发过程面临钻压同步的情况,常伴有套变现象发生,影响后期压裂改造。为此,油田采取保压候凝措施预防套变。通过跟踪页岩气井保压候凝后续固井质量情况,发现采取该措施的页岩气井存在质量分界现象,即保压候凝后,在某一井深范围会出现质量反转,固井质量差异明显。通过统计数据与测井曲线图特征分析,探索总结其影响规律,并结合弹性力学厚壁筒理论对其进行了机理分析。对于抗外挤强度高的套管,在满足抗外挤条件下,不建议候凝期间采取管内保压措施。如果必须采取保压措施,建议采用弹性水泥浆、树脂水泥浆等体系进行浆体设计,并合理控制保压值以减小微间隙的产生。另外,还可在重叠段关键位置使用遇烃遇水自膨胀管外封隔器封堵气窜通道,降低后期环空带压机率。

公路软土路基加固补强施工技术

公路工程施工中,往往会穿越软土段,如穿越鱼塘、农田等区域。软土路基加固补强技术有很多,如注浆、换填、水泥搅拌桩等,各自的适用范围和条件均不相同。文中以某公路项目为背景,简单介绍水泥搅拌桩的原理、施工工艺、质量检测等内容。

页岩气井固井分级式环空憋压技术研究与应用

防止环空异常带压以提高固井水泥环密封完整性是页岩气井安全高效开发的有力保障。固井候凝期间,水泥浆因失重导致环空液柱压力下降,地层流体窜入环空发生窜流,通常严重影响固井质量。针对页岩气井固井难点,研究了现场用水泥浆的失重过程与静胶凝强度发展过程。结果表明:三种水泥浆中快干浆的静胶凝强度发展最快,过渡时间最短(30 min);在静胶凝强度达到48 Pa时,缓凝浆失重率为1.04%,快干浆失重率达到85.2%,在过渡时间段内(48~240 Pa之间),中凝浆的失重速率最快,缓凝浆和快干浆的失重速率较慢;基于模拟计算环空憋压过程,在Z201井进行了现场试验,结果显示固井质量得以改善,第一界面合格率为97%,第二界面合格率为95.9%,气层段水泥胶结良好。分级式环空憋压技术具有良好的应用前景。