Analysis and Modeling of the Central Air-Conditioning System in Intelligent Buildings

The central air conditioning system in an intelligent building (IB) was analyzed and modeled in order to perform the optimization scheduling strategy of the central air conditioning system. A set of models proposed and a type of periodically autoregressive model (PAR) based on the improved genetic algorithms (IGA) were used to perform the optimum energy saving scheduling. The example of the Liangmahe Plaza was taken to show the effectiveness of the methods.

Optimum Energy Management of the Central Air-Conditioning System in Intelligent Buildings

An optimum energy saving scheduling strategy of the central air conditioning system in an intelligent building (IB) was proposed. Based on the system analysis a set of models of the central air conditioning system was established. The periodically autoregressive models (PARM) based on genetic algorithms (GA) were used to predict the next day’s cold load. The improved genetic algorithms (IGA) with stochastic real number coding were used to finish the optimum energy saving scheduling of the system. The simulation results for the building of the Liangmahe Plaza show that the proposed strategy can save energy up to about 24 5%.

An Energy-Saving Control Strategy on Central Air-Conditioning System

An energy-saving control strategy based on predictive control for central air-conditioning systems is proposed in this paper. The cold load model is developed to describe the dynamic characteristics of temperature control systems, and then parameters in the cold load model and in the central air-conditioning system model are estimated. Generalized predictive control (GPC) is used to establish an optimization model to minimize the consumption of energy and the control error of temperature. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, combined with quadratic programming, is adopted to solve the optimal problem. Contrasted with the simulation of traditional PID control, the results prove the effectiveness of this proposed strategy.

Design of Fuzzy Controller for Central Air Conditioner

A structure of central air conditioning system in building and its running pattern are proposed in order to perform optimum energy saving strategy. The design of room temperature controller is taken as an example to discuss the design of fuzzy controller using common microprogrammed control unit (MCU) in detail. Based on fuzzy theory the query control tables fixed in read only memory (ROM) of MCU are established to realize the energy saving in the room temperature controller and the reasoning procedure is analyzed. The diagram of hardware design and the flow chart of software of room temperature controller are presented. The results show that the proposed method is practical and effective to achieve the energy saving goal.

Study on the Elman Neural Network Operation Control Strategy of the Central Air Conditioning Chilled Water System

The stable operation of the central air conditioning water system always is a major difficulty for the control profession. Paper focus on the water system with multi variable, strong coupling, nonlinear, large time delay characteristics, presented use feed forward coupling compensation method, to eliminate the coupling effect between temperature and pressure. In this paper, the Elman neural network controller is designed for the first time, and the simulation results show that the response time of Elman neural network controller is shorter, the system is more stable and the overshoot is small.

Strategy of constructing virtual peaking unit by public buildings’central air conditioning loads for day-ahead power dispatching

With the gradually widely usage of the air conditioning(AC) loads in developing countries, the urban power grid load has swiftly increased over the past decade.Especially in China, the AC load has accounted for over30% of the maximum load in many cities during summer.This paper proposes a scheme of constructing a virtual peaking unit(VPU) by public buildings’ cool storage central AC(CSCAC) systems and non-CSCAC(NCSCAC)systems for the day-ahead power network dispatching(DAPND). Considering the accumulation effect of different meteorological parameters, a short term load forecasting method of public building’s central AC(CAC) baseline load is firstly discussed. Then, a second-order equivalent thermal parameters model is established for the public building’s CAC load. Moreover, the novel load reduction control strategies for the public building’s CSCAC system and the public building’s NCSCAC system are respectively presented. Furthermore, based on the multiple-rank control strategy, the model of the DAPND with the participation of a VPU is set up. The VPU is composed of large-scale regulated public building’s CAC loads. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, results of a sample study on a region in Nanjing which involves 22 public buildings’ CAC loads are described in this paper. Simulated results show that, by adopting the proposed DAPND scheme, the power network peak load in the region obviously decreases with a small enough deviation between the regulated load value and the dispatching instruction of the VPU. The total electricity-saving amount accounts for7.78% of total electricity consumption of the VPU before regulation.

Experimental characterization of the removal efficiency and energy effectiveness of central air cleaners

This study assessed six commercially available in-duct air cleaning devices which are designed to be mounted in the central ventilation system of offices or commercial buildings.The selected devices use different air cleaning technologies:mechanical filtration,electrostatic precipitation,gas filtration,ionization/cold plasma,photocatalytic oxidation(PCO)and catalysis under UV light.They were tested against particles,a mixture of volatile organic compounds containing acetone,acetaldehyde,toluene,heptane and formaldehyde,and two bio-contaminants:Aspergillus brasiliensis(fungus)and Staphylococcus epidermidis(bacteria).Two different test rigs were used.The single pass efficiency of each device was determined for three airflow rates,corresponding to face velocities ranging from 0.9 to 2.7 m/s,and two sets of temperature and humidity that are representative of indoor air conditions in wintertime and summertime.The concentration of the chal-lenge volatile organic compounds was also varied in the 30 to 100μg/m^(3)range as a way to characterize their influence on efficiency at realistic concentration levels for non-industrial buildings.Measurements of ozone and formaldehyde concentration downstream of the air cleaners were carried out to determine the emission rate of by-products into the air stream.Finally,the energy issue was addressed by measuring the electric power drawn and pressure loss of the devices.The results showed that two devices,namely a radiant catalytic ionizer and a plasma ionizer,had a very low single pass efficiency against all the challenge pollutants.The association of the plasma ionizer and the electrostatic precipitator did not produce a synergetic effect between the two technologies either,contrary to what their manufacturer claims.Finally,three of the six devices tested were effective in terms of pollutant removal,but only two had an acceptable energy effectiveness in view of their use in low or zero energy buildings.Their energy effectiveness ranged from a few thousand m^(3)/kWh for VOCs at the highest airflow rate(3600 m^(3)/h),to more than 60000 m^(3)/kWh for particles and bio-contaminants at 1200 or 1600 m^(3)/h.These results are at least one order of magnitude higher than the majority of stand-alone air cleaners.Moreover,they suggest that optimal IAQ and energy conditions can be achieved if variable air volume control methods are used to maintain indoor temperature and humidity.

Study on the Characteristics of Urban Air Pollution Based on Correspondence Analysis--A Case Study of Six Provincial Capitals in Central-south China

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of urban air pollution on the basis of correspondence analysis.[Method] By using the correlated data from China Statistical Yearbook in 2010,a correspondence analysis on the air pollution indicators(like respirable particles,SO2 and NO2) of six provincial capitals in central-south China was carried out by means of SPSS software,and the characteristics of air pollution in the cities of China during different industrialization stages were summarized further.[Result] In the cities during early industrialization(like Nanning City and Guiyang City) and mineral resource-based cities(like Taiyuan City),the air was mainly polluted by SO2;for the cities in the middle industrialization(such as Changsha City,Wuhan City,Zhengzhou City and Chengdu City),the air was polluted by respirable particles chiefly;in the cities in late industrialization(like Guangzhou City and Shenzhen City) or completing industrialization(like Shanghai City),the air was mainly polluted by NO2;for the cities in pre-industrial stage(like Haikou City and Lhasa City),the characteristic of air pollution wasn’t obvious.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the control of urban air pollution in China in the further.

Experimental investigation of integrated air purifying technology for bioaerosol removal and inactivation in central air-conditioning system

In this research, high voltage static electricity and ultraviolet technologies were integrated to an air purifying device which can be used to trap and kill airborne bacteria and viruses in central air-conditioning systems. An experimental platform was built to mimic the central air system, in which the efficacy of the newly built device was examined. In addition to the standard physical and chemical tests, bacteriophages were used to simulate airborne viruses in the experimental system. The bacteriophage suspension was aerosolized into the air with ultrasonic wave atomization.The result showed that more than 86% removal efficiency of micro-particles (<10 micron in diameter) were removed after the device was in operation in a building and more than 95% of bacteriophages in the experimental system. It is concluded that the integrated air purifier is suitable for controlling air quality and preventing virus transmission through the central air system.

中央空调负荷精细化调控双层优化技术研究

针对当前中央空调系统粗放式调节不能准确释放调控潜力的问题,深入分析中央空调各子系统工作原理与调控方式,提出基于双层优化的中央空调负荷精细化调控技术方案。首先,面向实际工程实践需求建立建筑湿热标度模型;然后,建立以舒适度和经济性优化目标函数为主的上层调控模型,采用Shapley值法对温湿设定值的进行分配;接着,建立以各子系统优化组合能耗最低为优化目标函数的下层调控模型,采用蚁群算法对优化目标函数进行求解;之后,通过求解双层模型,制定包括末端风机、冷冻水泵以及冷水机组等组件的精细化调控策略;最后,通过多个算例验证所提中央空调负荷精细化调控技术方案的正确性与有效性。

地下立交互通匝道集中排烟效果研究

针对两端连接主隧道的互通匝道火灾烟气控制问题,依托南京建宁西路曲线A匝道工程,借助数值模拟软件FDS,研究HRR为30 MW下纵向诱导风速、排烟口尺寸及火源位置对顶部集中排烟效果的影响。结果表明:火源位于匝道中部,诱导风速为1.0 m/s时恰好保证烟气不发生“跨区蔓延”,诱导风速为1.5 m/s、排烟量为150 m^(3)/s时,控烟效果更好;匝道内烟气蔓延范围随排烟口尺寸增大而减小,当排烟口长宽比为4、面积为6 m^(2)时,匝道内烟气控制效果较好,系统整体排烟效率大于98%;排烟口长宽比不变时,拱顶最高温度随排烟口面积增大而降低;排烟口面积不变时,拱顶最高温度随排烟口长宽比增大而升高。火源位于匝道上游或下游时,排烟风量至少需增大至210 m^(3)/s,诱导风速需作针对性优化。

基于决策树算法的冷冻水系统优化运行研究

以四川省成都市某办公建筑空气源热泵中央空调系统为研究对象,针对冷冻水系统制定夏季供冷工况下变冷冻水供水温度与变冷冻水流量相耦合的优化运行策略。首先依据运行数据确定出建筑负荷的主要影响因素;其次结合影响因素依据建筑负荷建立决策树算法,将系统运行工况分为7类;最后整理出每种分类工况下空调系统能效COPsys的分布情况,并以COPsys最高时对应的冷冻水供水温度和冷冻水泵设定频率作为该工况下最佳设定参数。结果表明:以上一年度的运行条件为基准,使用该运行策略在保证室内环境舒适度要求的前提下,夏季可以节约33%左右的电量,有效提升了中央空调系统的运行效率。

集中供暖建筑不同计费模式对空气品质满意度的影响研究

为了探究寒冷地区不同供暖计费方式下空气品质满意度对热舒适度的影响,对中国河南省焦作地区某居民住宅分别于2018年、2020年两个供暖季进行了现场研究。在测量环境参数时,也采集了受试者的热舒适状况。通过对比、分析发现,在不同热计量方式下,用户的热感觉、空气品质满意度及行为调节均存在统计学上的显著差异。相较于按面积收费,按流量收费住户的热反应与空气品质满意度都更好。本研究旨在揭示空气品质满意度与热感觉、调控行为的关系,并为供暖计费方式的选择提供参考。

中央空调系统制冷机组节能优化

空调系统是公共建筑中重要的基础配套设施,其能源消耗占据较大比重,在节能降耗方面存在巨大潜力。为实现在满足冷负荷需求的条件下达到中央空调系统总运行能耗最小的目标,建立了中央空调系统制冷机组能耗模型,并将室外湿球温度和实时的冷负荷值作为空调系统能耗模型的输入条件,分别利用粒子群算法和改进粒子群算法获得在不同负荷需求时空调系统对应的最佳工作点,实现中央空调系统运行优化节能的效果。

中心静脉导管拔除后静脉空气栓塞1例

空气栓塞是一种罕见的可危及生命的疾病^([1]),其中静脉空气栓塞是血液透析和使用中心静脉导管的潜在并发症^([2])。本文报道1例中心静脉导管拔除后静脉空气栓塞患者的诊疗过程,并对静脉空气栓塞的发病机制、诊断、治疗、预后及预防措施进行文献复习,以提高认识。1 病例资料患者为女性,59岁。

基于AHP-CRITIC的集中空调冷热源系统用能画像分析

近年来,随着集中空调系统的应用日益普及,空调能耗呈增长趋势。空调能耗在建筑运行能耗中占据较大的比重,一个合理的集中空调系统能够有效地降低建筑对能源的需求。为此,本文构建了集中空调冷热源系统用能特性评价指标体系。从冷/热能利用、电能利用、系统能效及碳排放特性4个方面构建了相应的评价指标,建立了包括目标层、准则层和指标层的指标综合评价体系。利用层次分析法(AHP)与客观权重赋权法(CRITIC)确定了指标权重并计算了综合用能特性分值,建立了集中空调冷热源系统用能画像。以某办公楼集中空调冷热源系统为例,得到了其夏季工况和冬季工况的用能画像结果,验证了所提方法的有效性。

稻麦油兼用高速气送集排器螺旋斜置式搅种装置研制

针对稻麦油兼用气送式集排器高速作业时搅种装置易伤种、影响排种稳定性等问题,该研究设计了一种螺旋斜置式柔性搅种装置。基于Hertz接触理论分析确定了搅种装置影响种子破损的主要因素为搅种棒材质、顶端结构及搅种转速。通过EDEM仿真试验对比分析了梯形和圆弧形搅种棒与种群接触力随时间的变化趋势,明确了搅种棒安装方式对供种性能的影响,结果表明,圆弧形搅种棒与种群接触的切向力和法向力均小于梯形搅种棒,搅种棒倾斜角度为45°时供种稳定性较优。开展台架单因素试验确定了性能较优的搅种转速比范围,结果表明,水稻和小麦种子在搅种转速比范围1.0~2.0内性能较优,油菜种子在搅种转速比范围0.5~1.5内性能较优。开展三因素三水平二次旋转正交组合试验,构建了稻麦油种子破损率、供种速率及其稳定性变异系数的回归模型,明确了作业速度在10~14 km/h范围内搅种转速的较优匹配关系并进行田间验证试验。田间验证试验结果表明,当作业速度为12 km/h,在较优参数组合下,稻麦油总排量稳定性变异系数分别为1.92%、1.27%和1.14%,1 m^(2)内成苗总株数变异系数分别为15.47%、12.98%和17.93%,符合稻麦油兼用高速作业标准要求。研究结果可为稻麦油兼用型排种器实现高速低损播种作业的参数设置提供依据。

HBS-LNSB Ⅲ 型旋流燃烧器回流区和着火距离的试验研究

针对某煤粉燃烧器的回流区和着火距离进行了试验研究。试验考查了中心风量、外二次风量、内二次风量以及内二次风旋流强度对回流区大小的影响规律,结果发现内二次风量的变化对回流区宽度的影响最大,中心风量对回流区与燃烧器的轴向距离影响最大。试验结果为不同煤种燃烧时的燃烧器配风选择提供依据。通过对各影响因素下煤粉着火距离的研究发现,针对着火距离短的易燃煤种,为了避免燃烧器喷口烧损,提高中心风量以及一次风速是最有效的措施。由于低负荷下炉内整体温度水平低,煤粉着火距离变长,可以适当提高易燃煤种的掺烧比例。对于着火温度较高的煤种,中心风量、内外二次风量的变化对于其着火距离均有明显的规律性,内二次风旋流强度的影响需要综合考虑旋流强度带来的风量变化的影响。不同煤种着火距离的工业试验为旋流燃烧器的配风选择提供了指导。煤种发生较大变化时应进行回流区与着火距离的工业试验,为燃烧器配风找到最优选择。

LW25-252型断路器气动阀体密封圈检修(检验)方法

某220 kV站内进口设备LW25-252型断路器为单台供气式气动机构,内部气动阀由于存在运行时间较长,密封圈老化导致出现气动阀频繁漏气。文章通过研究该站LW25-252型断路器中VA133、VA134型气动阀,经过对气动阀的拆接、工作原理分析以及各部位密封垫作用,确定阀体内活塞杆密封圈为气动阀漏气根源,根据阀体活塞杆结构研制专用工具供拆解、组装阀体,并进一步模拟集中供气模式设计气动阀体检测平台,对修后气动阀进行自测自检,实现对该厂家VA133、VA134型气动阀自拆自修自检,降低对外部厂家援助依赖。

24h全日集中空气源热泵热水系统贮热水箱容积的分析探讨

在空气源热泵热水系统设计中,贮热水箱容积的计算至关重要。介绍并分析了现行标准规程贮热水箱容积的计算公式,指出了公式运用时可能存在的问题。针对空气源热泵定时运行、24 h全日集中热水供应系统,根据热泵运行时间与用水高峰持续时段的覆盖关系,分情况分析并推导了贮热水箱容积的计算公式。在设计取值范围内,对上述推导公式计算的贮热水箱容积进行了分析。提出了贮热水箱容积在方案阶段的估算建议值。