Skopos:The Central Theory of Functional Approach

Skopos is the central theory of functional approach. In this article, firstly, it will discuss Katharina Reiss's Skopostheorie. Secondly, it will explain Has. J. Vermeer's Skopostheorie. Thirdly, it will analyze Justa Holz-Manttari and Chrisriane Nord's Skopostheorie. Finally, it will give some opinions the importance and practicality of Skopostheorie in the translating.

Abnormal resting-state functional network centrality in patients with high myopia： evidence from a voxel-wise degree centrality analysis

AIM： To investigate the functional networks underlying the brain-activity changes of patients with high myopia using the voxel-wise degree centrality（DC） method.METHODS： In total, 38 patients with high myopia（HM）（17 males and 21 females）, whose binocular refractive diopter were-6.00 to-7.00 D, and 38 healthy controls（17 males and 21 females）, closely matched in age, sex, and education levels, participated in the study. Spontaneous brain activities were evaluated using the voxel-wise DC method. The receiver operating characteristic curve was measured to distinguish patients with HM from healthy controls. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the observed mean DC values of the different brain areas and the behavioral performance.RESULTS： Compared with healthy controls, HM patients had significantly decreased DC values in the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula, right middle frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal/inferior parietal lobule（P〈0.05）. In contrast, HM patients had significantly increased DC values in the right cerebellum posterior lobe, left precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus, and right middle cingulate gyrus（P〈0.05）. However, no relationship was found between the observed mean DC values of the different brain areas and the behavioral performance（P〉0.05）.CONCLUSION： HM is associated with abnormalities in many brain regions, which may indicate the neural mechanisms of HM. The altered DC values may be used as a useful biomarker for the brain activity changes in HM patients.

A central analgesic mechanism of acupuncture for migraine An ongoing functional MRI study

Shaoyang acupoints are the most frequently used in migraine treatment. However, the central anal- gesic mechanism remains poorly understood. Studies have demonstrated that single stimulus of the verum acupuncture in healthy subjects can induce significant connectivity or activity changes in pain- related central networks compared with sham acupuncture. However, these findings are not indicative of the central analgesic mechanism of acupuncture at Shaoyang acupoints. Thus, we recruited 100 migraine sufferers and randomly assigned them into five groups： Shaoyang uncommon acupoint, Shaoyang common acupoint, Yangming uncommon acupoint, non-acupoint control, and blank control groups. Subjects were subjected to evaluation of curative effects and functional MRI prior to and after 10 and 20 acupuncture treatments. All subjects were diagnosed by physicians and enrolled following clinical physical examination. Subjects were observed during 1-4 weeks after inclusion. At the fifth week, the first clinical evaluation and resting functional MRI were conducted. The Shaoyang uncom- mon acupoint, Shaoyang common acupoint, Yangming uncommon acupoint, and non-acupoint control grousp then were treated with acupuncture, five times per week, 20 times in total over 4 weeks. The second and third clinical evaluations and resting functional MRI screenings were conducted following 10 and 20 acupuncture treatments. The blank control group was observed during the 5 to 8 week pe- riod, followed by clinical evaluation and resting functional MRI. The aim of this study was to examine changes in brain functional activity and central networks in subjects with migraine undergoing acu- puncture at Shaoyang uncommon acupoints. This study provides a further explanation of the central analgesic mechanism by which acupuncture at Shaoyang acupoints treats migraine,

THE SPHERICAL FUNCTIONS AND THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM ON SU(2,2)/S(U(2)×U(2))

Let G = SU（2, 2）, K = S（U（2） × U（2））, and for l ∈ Z, let {Tl}l∈z be a one-dimensional K-type and let El be the line bundle over G/K associated to Tl. It is shown that the Tl-spherical function on G is given by the hypergeometric functions of several variables. By applying this result, a central limit theorem for the space G/K is obtained.

Centrality Measures Based on Matrix Functions

Network is considered naturally as a wide range of different contexts, such as biological systems, social relationships as well as various technological scenarios. Investigation of the dynamic phenomena taking place in the network, determination of the structure of the network and community and description of the interactions between various elements of the network are the key issues in network analysis. One of the huge network structure challenges is the identification of the node(s) with an outstanding structural position within the network. The popular method for doing this is to calculate a measure of centrality. We examine node centrality measures such as degree, closeness, eigenvector, Katz and subgraph centrality for undirected networks. We show how the Katz centrality can be turned into degree and eigenvector centrality by considering limiting cases. Some existing centrality measures are linked to matrix functions. We extend this idea and examine the centrality measures based on general matrix functions and in particular, the logarithmic, cosine, sine, and hyperbolic functions. We also explore the concept of generalised Katz centrality. Various experiments are conducted for different networks generated by using random graph models. The results show that the logarithmic function in particular has potential as a centrality measure. Similar results were obtained for real-world networks.

The Control of Population Growth Is the Function of the Central Government

Mr.Jiang Zcmin,Gencral-Seerctary of the Cen-tral Committee of the Chincse Communist Party and.Chairman of the People's Republic of China,in a rC-ccnt spcech cm phasized that the family planning pro-gramme should be strictly and effectively im plemented in 1994,a year of crucial importance for promoting re-form and opening and thc drive lowards.modernization.To makc continucd contributions to the sociocconomic development in the country,we must fulfil the plan for controlling population growth..The spcech was delivcred at the anua!National Fo-rum on Family Planning Work convened jointly by the Party's Central Committcc and the Statc Council.

Central swallowing in normal adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND： While brain-imaging studies in healthy adults have indicated that multiple cortical regions are involved in swallowing, these functional imaging techniques have not been extensively applied to the complete understand neurophysiology of swallowing in China. A full understanding of normal swallowing neurophysiology is important for improving functional outcomes for dysphagia due to neurologic disorders or damage with increasing age. Thus the interpretations of the functional contributions of various brain areas in swallowing should be scientifically researched. OBJECTIVE： To identify the activation and characteristic of swallowing center in healthy adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An uncontrolled neuroimaging study was performed at the Outpatient Clinic, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University between March and November 2008. PARTICIPANTS： Ten healthy right-handed volunteers, aged over 20 years with a mean age of （34.2 ＋ 8.1） years, a range of 25-45 years and including five males and five females participated. A medical history was obtained from all potential subjects and all subjects were free of systemic diseases and neurological disorders. METHODS： The healthy volunteers were examined with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of blood oxygenation level-dependent while laryngeal swallow-related movements were recorded. Subjects were scanned during voluntary saliva swallowing and water bolus swallowing activation tasks. Data was processed using the General Linear Model. A voxel by voxel group comparison was performed using random effect analysis. Any cluster with a corrected P 〈 0.05 for spatial extent was considered significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The cerebral cortical activation maps of voluntary swallowing of saliva and swallowing of water bolus in healthy adults were observed. RESULTS： A multifocal cortical representation of swallowing was in the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebellum, in a bilateral and asymmetrical manner, predominantly on the left hemisphere in the volunteers （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Activation of the cortex during normal swallowing tasks may be functionally linked to basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebellum, greatly appearing in the left hemisphere.

Ecological Function Value of Tropical Forests in the Central Mountainous Areas of Hainan Island

The integrated value of the ecological function of tropical forests in the central mountainous areas of Hainan Island was 33.064 8 billion yuan/a in 2010(soil improvement,soil consolidation,soil nutrient maintenance,water storage and moisture regulation,water purification,carbon sequestration,oxygen releasing,air purification,biodiversity conservation,eco-tourism),equivalent to 16.1%of GDP in Hainan Province this year(205.212 billion yuan).The tropical forests in the central mountainous areas of Hainan Island make great contribution to Hainan Island's ecology,and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the ecological environment in Hainan Island.Through the understanding of major ecological function value of tropical forests,it is necessary to make people cherish the tropical forests in the central ecological function conservation areas of Hainan Province,and spontaneously throw themselves into the ecological environment protection and construction,to promote the rapid and sustainable development of construction in Hainan Province as an international tourism island.

基于静息态功能磁共振成像的紧张性头痛度中心度研究

目的采用静息态功能MRI(resting state functional MRI,rs-fMRI)度中心度(degree centrality,DC)探讨紧张性头痛(tension-type headache,TTH)患者在slow-4(0.027~0.073 Hz)和slow-5(0.010~0.027 Hz)频段的全脑网络节点中心性的改变及其与临床特征的相关性。材料与方法纳入自2018年5月~2019年7月到潍坊医学院附属医院神经内科就诊的TTH患者33例及与之匹配的健康对照38例,进行rs-fMRI扫描,利用DC的方法分析TTH组及健康对照组在slow-4(0.027~0.073 Hz)和slow-5(0.010~0.027 Hz)频段的DC值的差异,分析DC值的改变与疼痛程度、病程、疼痛发作频率的相关性。结果与健康对照组相比,在slow-5(0.010~0.027 Hz)频段,TTH组右侧额中回、右侧背外侧额上回的DC值显著增高;在slow-4(0.027~0.073 Hz)频段,TTH组与健康对照组的DC值差异无统计学意义[基于高斯随机场(Gaussian random field,GRF)校正,体素水平P<0.001,簇水平P<0.05]。另外,相关性分析的结果显示DC异常脑区与TTH患者的视觉模拟评分法(Visual Analog Scale,VAS)得分、病程、疼痛发作频率之间无显著相关性。结论额中回和额上回参与TTH疼痛信号的整合与处理,可能是TTH的关键中枢;slow-5(0.010~0.027 Hz)频段较slow-4(0.027~0.073 Hz)频段在探测TTH患者DC方面更敏感。

伴有童年创伤的重症抑郁患者异常全脑功能连接:一项静息态功能磁共振研究

【目的】童年创伤(CT)被认为是成年后发展为重度抑郁(MDD)的主要危险因素之一。然而,伴有CT的MDD(CT-MDD)患者的神经基础仍然知之甚少。因此,本研究的目的是探讨CT-MDD患者静息态全脑功能连接(FC)。【方法】对34名CT-MDD患者和34名健康对照组进行静息态功能磁共振扫描。进行全脑体素水平度中心性(DC)分析,选取两组间显著差异的脑区作为感兴趣区(ROI),进一步计算全脑FC。随后,将异常脑区DC,FC值与临床量表进行相关性分析。【结果】CT-MDD组右侧额中回(MFG)的DC值高于健康对照组。基于种子点的脑功能连接分析发现,与健康对照组相比,CT-MDD组右侧MFG与右内侧前额叶和左侧楔前叶之间的FC增加(P<0.05)。此外,右侧MFG的DC值与CT严重程度相关。【结论】我们的结果表明,以右侧MFG作为ROI,其与默认网络(DMN)中的两个重要脑区右内侧前额叶和左侧楔前叶之间的FC增加,这可能表明CT-MDD患者的认知执行网络与DMN之间的同步性增加。这些发现可能为深入了解CT-MDD的病理生理机制提供了见解。

党的职能部门统一归口协调管理的党内法规制度完善

归口协调管理是中国特色社会主义政治制度下,执政党对政府和其他政权组织、社会组织的领导与分类管理相结合的分类治理机制。党的职能部门统一归口协调管理作为党的十八大以来党和国家机构改革的重大制度举措,是发挥好党总揽全局、协调各方领导核心作用的重要内容之一。现行党内法规体系中并未将归口管理列为正式制度单独予以规定,归口管理作为新时代具有创制意义的党政机构改革模式,尚处于发展期和磨合期,仍然需要结合改革实践不断调试、完善与发展。其不仅涉及党的组织对政府组织和其他政权组织、社会组织的多重领导关系和管理关系,更涉及党的组织工作层次的合理划分以及工作机制的分类推进等党和国家机构深化改革中的一些深层次问题,仍需要在理论上和实践中不断探索、逐步完善。现阶段,党的职能部门归口管理虽不具备通过制定专门党内法规进行统一规范的立规条件,但应当以《中国共产党工作机关条例》的修订工作为契机,在明确党的职能部门归口管理制度内涵的基础上,本着规范主体、规范行为的原则,完善归口管理的一般性原则规定,为其制度的体系化完善打好坚实基础。

无充气腋窝入路和颈前开放入路甲状腺癌根治术对甲状旁腺功能及中央区淋巴结清扫水平的影响

目的:比较无充气腋窝入路和颈前开放入路甲状腺癌根治术对甲状旁腺功能及中央区淋巴结清扫水平的影响。方法:回顾性分析2021年1月至2022年6月我院收治的80例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料,其中40例行颈前开放入路甲状腺癌根治术(开放组),40例行无充气腋窝入路甲状腺癌根治术(腋窝组),对比两组术前和术后血清全段甲状旁腺激素(siPTH)水平、血清钙水平及中央区淋巴结清扫个数。结果:两组术前siPTH和血清钙水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组术后siPTH水平虽有降低,但均在正常范围,两组术后血清钙均值也在正常范围,两组术后siPTH及血清钙水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。开放组中央区淋巴结清扫数量多于腋窝组(P<0.05)。结论:两种入路甲状腺癌根治术对甲状旁腺功能的影响无明显差异,但传统颈前开放入路术式较无充气腋窝入路术式对清扫中央区淋巴结更有利。

基于访问序列的历史街区功能组合模式研究——以哈尔滨中央大街为例

移动定位技术和数据挖掘技术的快速发展以及它们在城市空间研究中的大量实践与应用,为空间研究的量化计算提供了可能。历史街区反映了城市的文化内涵,其活化利用对城市发展与历史资源保护具有重要意义,大量研究已经证明街区功能植入是一条可行的路径,对其的功能访问可以揭示人在空间中的活动规律,更好地探讨人与空间的互动关系。因此,文章以哈尔滨中央大街历史街区为例,基于行为轨迹数据识别行为序列,采用Apriori算法,从空间访问序列和功能访问序列两个方面进行关联规则的计算与挖掘,进而探讨街区的功能组合模式。研究发现:①基于访问序列的关联规则挖掘,可以从行为主体视角挖掘人与空间的互动模式,对功能组合模式进行探究;②在一级功能访问序列中,餐饮类与购物类的组合模式访问概率最大,对其他功能的具有带动作用;③在二级功能访问序列中,组合模式大多为历史文化遗迹、购物中心、饮品店和住宿服务之间的相互组合,其中饮品店、购物中心的访问概率最大,且与其他功能进行组合的稳定性强;④街区的历史文化遗存、空间本底环境会促进其他功能空间的使用。文章所提及的街区功能访问组合模式的计算方法对研究其他空间关联问题同样适用。

Structural neuroimaging and neuropsychological correlates of a single case of focal central pontine myelinolysis: Intact memory function with decreased intellectual and motor functions

We report on the case of middle-aged right-handed woman with central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) revealed by high resolution structural T2-weighted FLAIR MRI imaging. There was a general flattening of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition subtest scores which were 1 standard deviation below expected values. In contrast Wechsler Memory Scale—Fourth Edition visual and auditory memory scores remained within the normal range. Verbal working memory appeared mildly impaired while nonverbal working memory was not. Scores on the Advanced Clinical Solution’s Social Perception battery were all in the normal range as were academic skills measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test—Fourth Edition. Performance was impaired on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System’s counterpart of the Trail-Making Test: Part B. Similarly, on the Draw-A-Person Test there was a discrepancy in that our patient’s standard score was 76 compared to her estimated premorbid FSIQ in the average range. She also displayed bilateral motor coordination slowing on the Finger Tapping task collectively suggesting damage to pontine motor tracts. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Second Edition—Restructured Form profile was consistent with a diagnosis of severe anxiety and depression perhaps due to damage to serotoninergic neural tracts originating within the central pons. Finally, the patient displayed severe sleep disturbances and other signs of reticular activating formation injury. CPM may constitute a unique means of studying reversible subcortical lesions in the central pons in otherwise healthy subjects with benign illness. To our knowledge this is among the first patients with CPM without the usual risk factors for the disorder and who was otherwise healthy. Knowledge of the etiology and neuropsychology of such patients might aid in understanding the interaction of the fronto-ponto-cerebellar tracts in executive functions and motor programming.

闽江江心洲不同生境植物叶功能性状差异及其对土壤特性的响应

基于植物群落叶功能性状的角度研究植物群落与环境的关系有助于探究植物的适生策略。然而,目前关于江心洲植物群落叶功能性状的研究还有待深入探究。基于此,选取8项植物群落叶功能性状指标和9项土壤理化性质指标,探究闽江福州河段5个江心洲3种不同生境类型(洲岸沙滩、洲岸泥滩和洲中央林地)的植物群落叶功能性状与土壤因子特征及其响应机制。结果表明:(1)除土壤温度外,江心洲不同生境的其余8个土壤理化因子存在显著差异。(2)江心洲不同生境的植物群落叶功能性状存在显著差异。在灌木层上,洲中央林地的叶面积(80.935 cm^(2))显著高于洲岸泥滩(31.685 cm^(2))和洲岸沙滩(14.280 cm^(2));在草本层上,洲中央林地的比叶面积(535.684 cm^(2)/g)显著高于洲岸沙滩(384.974 cm^(2)/g);然而,在乔木层上,不同生境的植物群落叶功能性状无显著性差异。(3)影响江心洲不同生境植物群落叶功能性状的主要土壤因子不尽相同,洲岸沙滩为土壤温度,洲岸泥滩为土壤含水量、土壤全碳含量和土壤容重,洲中央林地为土壤容重和土壤含水量。研究发现,与相对远离闽江的洲中央林地相比,河流水动力和潮汐的干扰导致洲岸沙滩和洲岸泥滩的生境发生变化,植物群落通过调整资源分配利用的适生策略,权衡功能性状组合以适应环境的变化。

基于POI数据的南京主城区城市功能混合度研究

提高城市用地混合使用的程度,建设多样化、多功能的城市空间,是塑造城市活力、促进可持续健康发展的重要方式。以南京主城区为对象,首先指出香农多样性指数在测度功能混合度时存在一定局限性,其次尝试用混合程度和混合质量两个指标来评判地块功能混合度的高低,最后对主城区用地功能混合度进行识别,总结空间分布特征并分析相关影响因素。研究发现:南京主城区的功能混合度总体呈现“中心集聚、多点散布”的高混合度地块空间分布特征,局部呈现中心区片状集聚、沿主要道路线状集聚以及围绕地铁站点状集聚的特征。根据混合度特征分析,宏观层面的影响因素包括城市建设发展时序、商业中心体系规划等,而中微观层面的分布形态则与市场因素、用地布局、地铁站点等密切相关。

中枢神经系统相关水通道蛋白的研究进展

水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)是一族表达于细胞膜上,对水分子高效通透的特异性孔道蛋白,其在全身广泛分布,与多个生物过程关系密切,同时也与较多神经系统疾病的发生发展存在联系。AQPs与中枢神经系统内的液体流动、能量代谢、神经修复与发生、血脑屏障的发育与稳定、信号转导以及CSF的产生与循环密切相关。AQPs还与脑水肿、阿尔茨海默病、视神经脊髓炎、原发性颅内高压及帕金森病等中枢神经系统疾病的发生发展有关。在中枢神经系统中,虽然已经发现较多种类的AQPs存在,但研究成果主要集中于AQP1、AQP4及AQP9三个水通道蛋白上。对于AQPs的研究有助于加深中枢神经系统的认识,并提供疾病的潜在治疗靶点。本文综述了AQPs在中枢神经系统的表达分布、调节机制、生理功能及其与中枢神经系统疾病的关联,为相关神经科学研究提供新思路。

中枢性性早熟女童肠道菌群分析

目的 分析中枢性性早熟(CPP)女童肠道菌群的多样性、结构及功能特征,挖掘其与同年龄段健康女童的差异菌群及潜在功能。方法 选择2023年11~12月在湖北省中医院儿科门诊就诊并确诊为CPP的女童20例为CPP组,同期选取同年龄段健康女童志愿者20例为对照组。收集两组粪便样本进行16S rRNA测序,分析两组肠道菌群组成结构及功能差异。结果 两组肠道菌群的α多样性比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CPP组肠道菌群的β多样性显示出明显的分离趋势,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CPP组的基因富含内分泌和代谢疾病、核苷酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、细胞加工及信号转导等功能。结论 CPP女童与健康女童在肠道菌群数目、种类多样性、分布均匀性方面差异不大,但在结构上存在显著差异;预测内分泌和代谢疾病、核苷酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、细胞加工及信号转导等功能与CPP有潜在相关性。

泛中亚干旱区植物比叶面积观测数据集

泛中亚干旱区的气候复杂多变,植被具有较高的生态敏感性。比叶面积(Specific leaf area,SLA)是反映植物获取资源和适应环境能力的关键叶功能性状,已被广泛应用于植被响应环境变化研究。本数据集收集了2000–2023年泛中亚干旱区公开发表的植物比叶面积的文献资料,构建了泛中亚干旱区植物比叶面积观测数据集。本数据集包含362个物种共835条比叶面积的观测记录,涵盖落叶阔叶乔木、落叶针叶乔木、常绿阔叶乔木、常绿针叶乔木、落叶阔叶灌木、常绿阔叶灌木和草本植物7种植物功能类型。此外,还包含了采样点经纬度、海拔、地理区域等辅助信息。建立和共享本数据集有助于深入研究干旱区植物对气候变化的响应与适应,理解植物在资源限制性环境中的生存策略,并为生态系统模型优化提供可靠的数据支持。

静息态全脑体素水平功能连接分析对脑小血管病相关轻度认知障碍患者认知水平的预测作用

目的通过体素水平静息态功能MRI(resting state functional MRI,rs-fMRI)序列探索脑小血管病相关轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment associated with cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD-MCI)患者早期认知障碍的机制,并分析其与临床神经心理学指标的相关性。材料与方法筛选临床及常规MRI检查符合CSVD-MCI诊断标准的受试者21例,并挑选与其年龄、性别及受教育年限相匹配的健康对照(health control,HC)20例,所有被试都接受rs-fMRI检查,计算全脑度中心度(degree centrality,DC)值,将两组DC值差异显著团块的峰值蒙特利尔神经病学研究所(Montreal Neurological Institute,MNI)坐标作为种子点,与全脑其他体素进行功能连接(functional connection,FC)分析,两组脑功能存在差异脑区的DC及FC值与蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)评分进行相关性分析,并进一步分析CSVD总负荷评分与MoCA评分,以及CSVD总负荷评分与各认知域评分的相关性。结果与HC组相比,CSVD-MCI组左侧内侧额上回/左侧前扣带回、左侧角回/左侧缘上回、右侧内侧额上回/右侧额中回、左侧小脑及右侧小脑DC值减低,左侧前扣带回与左侧颞中下回、双侧楔前叶、双侧中扣带回FC值减低。白质高信号评分、CSVD总负荷评分与MoCA评分呈显著负相关(r_(s)=−0.461,P=0.036;r_(s)=−0.458,P=0.037);CSVD总负荷评分与视空间和执行功能评分呈负相关(r_(s)=−0.473,P=0.030),与其他认知域评分无显著相关性。CSVD-MCI组左侧前扣带回-右侧楔前叶FC值与MoCA评分呈显著正相关(r=0.565,P=0.018)。结论常规MRI可以显示CSVD特征性影像学病灶,rs-fMRI序列可以早期发现DC及FC减低脑区,CSVD评分及DC、FC值与临床神经心理学评分呈明显相关,可作为CSVD-MCI患者的潜在影像学标志物,揭示其认知功能减退的潜在机制。