Formation and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons in the Central Uplift,Dongying Depression

A large number of crude oil and rock samples from various oil pools of the Central Uplift in Dongying Depression were investigated to reveal the origin and accumulation of hydrocarbons. The results showed that the composition and areal distribution of hydrocarbons vary with the location of the oil pools. An increasing trend of gammacerane/C30-hopane and steranes/hopanes but a decreasing trend of prystane/phytane （Pr/Ph） and 18（H）-/17（H）- trisnorhopane （Ts/Tm） ratios were observed from southwest to northeast. This indicates a variation of source rocks and hydrocarbon properties. An increasing trend of water salinity with much more input of algae-rich microorganisms in the deposition environment of the source rock was observed from southwest to northeast. However, the thermal maturity of the source rocks showed a decreasing trend in the same direction. Oil-to-oil and oil-to-source rock correlations showed that most oils were sourced from Es3 and Es4 members with a burial depth of more than 3,000-3,150 m and 2,700 m respectively. The oils in the Shinan and Ying 11 sand bodies, which were generally mixed with the Es4 sourced oils, came mostly from Es3 mudstones. It is quite significant that the Es4 derived oils migrated vertically for hundreds of meters and accumulated in an overlying lithologic pool of the Es3^m, i.e., Ying 11 synclinal lithologic pool, which suggests that the mechanisms of migration and accumulation for subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are more complex than that of the previously expected.

East central Uplift Belt of Junggar Basin

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CHARACTERIZATION AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF THE CENTRAL UPLIFT OF THE QIANGTANG BASIN

The Qiangtang basin is located between Kekexili-Jingshajiang suture belt and Bangong-Lujiang suture belt, and is divided into the north part and south part by the central uplift that has no crop out of Mesozoic strata. When the Jinshajiang Ocean was closed, the subducting plate was subducted southward. In the central part of the Qiangtang basin, the cushioning effect of the asthenosphere resulted in the thermal doming of the mantle and subsequent large-scale anatexis. Mantle source materials and antectic materials were upwelled and extruded into the middle crust, leading to the thickening of the middle crust and the heating and weakening of the middle to upper crust, and resulting in the rapid deformation (detachment) and tectonic erosion, and in the isostatic uplifting and the formation of metamorphic core complex. The upwelling of anatectic materials would further enhance the buoyant repercussion, which would combine with the side stress due from extrusion in resulting in the formation of an extensional stress field. The extensional structure and detachment fault are formed under the influence of the losing stabilized gravitation. In the deformation area in both the upper part and the lower part, an extensional deposition area would be formed, and this is the generation of a new basin.The metamorphic core complex of the central uplift is comprised of gneiss, which is itself overlain by non-metamorphic to weakly metamorphic covering strata intersected by faults.

Tectonics and Mechanisms of Uplift in the Central Uplift Belt of the Huimin Depression

The Huimin（惠民） depression is a third-level tectonic element of the Bohai（渤海） Bay basin in eastern China.The central uplift belt is the most important oil and gas accumulation zone in the depression,but the lack of adequate geological studies in the area has greatly hindered exploration and development.In this article,using seismic data,fracture mechanics,and a combination of data on fault growth indices and fault throws,we present an analysis of tectonic activity in the central uplift belt and adjacent regions.The amount of extension is calculated along balanced N-S cross-sections,along with the thickness of strata eroded from the fourth,third,and second members of the Shahejie（沙河街） Formation（Es4-Es2） in the uplift belt,by analyzing porosity and stratigraphic correlations.In addition,uplift features are described,and their timing and processes of formation are analyzed and dis-cussed.The results indicate that strike-slip and extensional tectonic movements coexisted,with the effects of the latter most obvious.The spatial and temporal nature of the extensional move-ments is varied：fault activity during the period Ek-Es4 was the strongest on the northern Ningnan（宁南） fault,and activity in the western part of the area was stronger than that in the east,which in turn was stronger than that in the central region;during Es3-Es2,the strongest fault movements were along the eastern part of the middle Linyi（临邑） fault,and activity in the western part of the area was rela-tively weak,whereas in the mid-west it was the strongest.The extensional movements were a response to the activity of the faults.The sediments in the lower part of the fourth member of the Shahejie For-mation（Es4x） show that Es4 was the time when the central belt first began to be uplifted strongly.Uplift was uneven during the Paleogene：the western part of the area was uplifted continuously,while the mid-eastern area underwent alternating periods of uplift and subsidence.During the Paleogene,a number of different tectonic features developed in the central uplift belt at different times and are manifested as follows：during the period Ek-Es4,a gentle slope was formed as part of the Zizhen（滋镇） sag;during Es3-Es2,the northern part of the central uplift belt continued to display a gentle slope as part of the Zizhen sag,but the southern region developed an steep slope as part of the Linnan（临南） sag.There are close interrelationships between uplift,strike-slip,and extension within the central uplift belt of the Huimin depression,as is manifest by the areas of strongest extension being uplifted most rapidly,and also eroded the most.

Test of Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling across Central Uplift of Qiangtang Terrane in Tibetan Plateau

A test of deep seismic reflection profiling across the central uplift or metamorphic belt of the Qiangtang （羌塘） terrane, Tibet plateau, provides a first image of the crustal structure. Complex reflection patterns in the upper crust are interpreted as a series of folds and thrusts, and bivergent reflections in the lower crust may represent a convergence between the Indian and the Eurasian plates.

Salt-related structure and deformation mechanism of the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the middle-west parts of the Central Uplift and adjacent areas of the Tarim Basin

The salt beds of the Middle-Lower Cambrian are widespread in the middle-west parts of the Central Uplift and adjacent areas, the Tarim Basin. This paper presents the results of seismic interpretation and drilling data analysis, which discovered that the salt beds were formed in an old geologic age, deeply buried, with relatively small scaled flowing and gathering and uneven distribution. As the regional detachment layers, the salt sequences considerably control the structural deformation of the up-salt Paleozoic, forming a series of hydrocarbon traps. In due course, the salt beds of the Middle-Lower Cambrian provide excellent cap rocks and trap conditions; thus the value of exploring hydrocabon reservoir in the target strata of the sub-salt Sinian- Cambrian is greatly increased. Research has shown that the salt-related structures of the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the area mainly exist in the form of salt pillow, salt roller, up-salt anticline, salt diapir, assemblage of the salt arch and up-salt fault-block, assemblage of basement fault and salt anticline, assemblage of the basement fault-block and salt dome, assemblage of salt detachment and fault-related fold, and assemblage of basement fault-block, salt arch and up-salt imbricated thrusts. The evolution and deformation mechanisms of the salt-related structures are controlled largely by basement faulting, compressional shortening, plastic flowing and gathering, superstratum gravitation, and up-salt faulting and detaching. They are distributed in rows or belts along basement faults or fault block belts.

Sedimentology and Chronology of Paleogene Coarse Clastic Rocks in East-Central Tibet and Their Relationship to Early Tectonic Uplift

A systematic sedimentological and chronological study of typical Paleogene basins in eastcentral Tibet suggests that the depositional characteristics of extensively developed huge-bedded, purplish-red coarse clastic rocks formed in a tectonic setting of regional thrusting and strike-slipping represent a typical dry and hot subaerial alluvial fan environment formed in a proximal and rapidaccumulating sediment body in debris flows and a fan-surface braided river. Combining results from basin-fill sequences, sequences of coarse clastic rocks, fauna and sporo-pollen associations and thermochronological data, it is conduded that the coarse clastic rocks formed in the period of 54.2- 24.1 Ma, nearly coeval with the formation of Paleogene basins in the northern （Nangqen-Yushu thrust belt）, middle （Batang-Lijiang fault belt）, and disintegration of large basins in the southern （LanpingSimao fold belt） segments of Tibet. The widespread massive-bedded coarse clastic rocks, fold thrusting and strike-slip, thrust shortening, and igneous activities in the Paleogene basins of eastcentral Tibet indicate that an early diachronous tectonic uplift might have occurred in the Tibetan Plateau from Middle Eocene to Oligocene, related to the initial stage of collision of the Indian and Asian plates.

The Formation Mechanism and Geological Significance of Fluorite in Ordovician, Central Uplift of Tarim Basin

Based on analysisof karst fracture-vuggy filling mineralogy and geochemical fluorite in hercynian, this paper make further research about formation and significance of fluorite in central uplift of Tarim Basin. It is point out that the development of hercynian fracture-vuggy and filling succession of fracture-cave mineral was under the background of the mingling of low-temperature magma hydrotherm and the brine of upper strata. There are overlap or associate relations between generate of fluorite and buried dissolution or oil-gas migration. It was volume decreased 26.4% after calcite metasomatic by fluorite, this reaction made fluorite engender plentiful intergranular space. It’s created appreciable reservoir space. At same time, hydrotherm carried by fluorite generating could erode adjacent rock though fracture or fissure, forming irregular fracture-cave system, and also accompanied with hydrocarbon migration. The time of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation happened in late hercynian-indosinian is inosculates with the sedimentation time such as fluorite and several hydrothermal mineral.

鲁中南典型地热区地热水氟分布特征及其驱动机制

山东省鲁中南典型地热区主要包括沂沭断裂带地热区和鲁中隆起地热区,为了探明研究区地热水氟分布特征及其富集规律,综合运用水化学图解、地球化学模拟和主成分分析等方法,分析沂沭断裂带地热区和鲁中隆起地热区地热水水化学数据。结果表明:研究区地热水以Na-Ca-Cl型、Na-Ca-SO_(4)-Cl型和Na-Cl^(-)SO 4型为主,基本为弱碱性水,优势阳离子为Na^(+),氟质量浓度在0.38~4.5 mg/L之间,富钠弱碱性环境有利于地热水中氟的富集。地热水中F-质量浓度与Na^(+)、Cl^(-)和总溶解固体(TDS)质量浓度呈显著正相关,而沂沭断裂带地热水样中F-质量浓度还与K^(+)、SO_(4)^(2-)质量浓度呈显著正相关,与Mg^(2+)和HCO_(3)质量浓度呈显著负相关;鲁中隆起地热区地热水中阳离子交换作用较沂沭断裂带地热区更为强烈,Na^(+)反应强度明显强于Mg^(2+)。鲁中隆起地热区和沂沭断裂带地热区均为裂隙型热储,热储岩性分别为石灰岩、灰岩热蚀变带和安山岩破碎带,水岩作用强烈。研究区地热水中氟离子的物质来源主要为萤石等含氟矿物的溶解沉淀,受控于阳离子交换等水岩相互作用影响,最终形成高氟地热水,其中高温和富钠对研究区地热水中氟离子富集影响较大。研究成果为地热资源开发利用提供了参考。

塔里木盆地塔中隆起中北部地区断裂构造特征及演化

为系统揭示塔里木盆地塔中隆起中北部地区断裂构造特征及其成因演化,通过对该区大连片三维地震工区精细构造解析和相干体等分析,并结合区域动力背景,系统论述了该区的断裂构造类型、几何学特征、差异活动机制及其构造演化过程。研究结果表明,塔中隆起中北部发育了4类7期断裂构造,其中逆冲断裂和走滑断裂尤其发育。平面上北西向弧形逆冲断裂与北东向、北西向及南北向走滑断裂相互交切与耦合;垂向上断裂分层差异活动特征明显,下奥陶统及其以下地层,断裂发育数量多且以线形为主,中奥陶统-中下泥盆统多呈雁列式,上泥盆统-二叠系仅在塔中Ⅱ号断裂带、顺北5号断裂带西南端等地区发育少量断裂。研究区断裂活动受多期、多方向不同性质应力场所控制,经历了极其复杂的演化历史:加里东早期以塔中Ⅱ号断裂带等少量北倾正断层活动为主;加里东中期Ⅰ幕断裂活动强烈,表现为逆冲断裂与走滑断裂协同演化和相互耦合特征,走滑断裂对逆冲断裂的切割或限制作用明显;加里东中期Ⅲ幕断裂活动基本继承了加里东中期Ⅰ幕的构造格局,但在工区北部的顺北4号、5号等断裂带张扭性断裂活动特征显著;加里东晚期-海西早期,部分断裂发生继承性活动且张扭断裂发育范围进一步向南扩大;印支-燕山期,仅有少数断裂发生继承性活动;喜山期该区构造比较稳定,早期形成的复杂断裂构造进入深埋阶段。

中央古隆起对富县地区马五段储层发育的控制

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳气藏自1989年陕参1井发现以后,马家沟组五段风化壳气藏勘探取得了丰硕成果。中央古隆起对富县地区马家沟组沉积和储层的影响,未进行详细的研究,制约了该地区下古生界的油气勘探。通过对富县地区奥陶系马家沟组地层特征、沉积微相、岩溶发育规律的研究,明确了中央古隆起对研究区地层沉积的控制作用以及对岩相、沉积微相展布的影响。研究表明:中央古隆起对富县地区奥陶系马家沟组地层沉积具有继承性,整体厚度表现为北厚南薄、东厚西薄。通过沉积微相特征的研究,古隆起的边缘地区水动力较强,发育呈席状的台内滩、潮缘滩。奥陶系风化壳与中央古隆起的形态、结构、演化与保存密切相关,中央古隆起的形成与演化制约了奥陶系岩溶体系的发育与保存。

渤海湾盆地惠民凹陷中央隆起带张扭性断裂演化的构造物理模拟研究

惠民凹陷位于渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷西部,新生代时期经历了南北向伸展,形成了典型的“北断南超”半地堑结构。平面上,惠民凹陷中央隆起带发育了NE至近EW向的张扭断裂体系;垂向上,中央隆起带断裂体系从深部到浅部呈现出由雁列式分段到逐渐连接贯通的特征。目前对惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂体系的结构特征有了较好的刻画,但是对于该断裂体系形成的运动学过程及其控制因素仍然停留在描述阶段。文章设计了一组张扭构造物理模拟实验,以探究惠民中央隆起带断裂构造演化过程及其控制因素。实验再现了惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂体系在平面上由早期孤立分段、侧向传播、最终贯通的三个阶段;在剖面上也很好对应了中央隆起带沿走向由共轭断裂系向阶梯式断裂的结构转变特征。基于粒子成像测速(PIV)的应变分析,文章构建了三阶段的应变—断层距离统计图,揭示了各分段断裂由早期无连接,经历侧向生长,从软连接到硬连接的构造演化过程。研究证实在南北向区域伸展作用下,盆地基底NEE向先存断裂的活化是惠民凹陷中央隆起带张扭构造形成的根本原因。文章利用砂箱构造物理模拟实验揭示了惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂发育的机制,可为类似的张扭性断陷盆地的断裂演化与油气成藏研究提供有益的启示。

松南中央隆起带聚热机制及对青山口组地热资源开采影响

通过岩心热物性测试、地热井生产数据分析,结合数值模拟技术对松南中央隆起带青山口组聚热机制、地热井温度恢复规律等方面开展研究,对比不同构造部位、不同埋深的地热储层及生产井的共性与差异,笔者总结了盆地型地热资源聚热机制及其对生产井的影响规律。结果表明:青山口组中部温度在45~165℃之间,凸起部位温度明显高于凹陷部位,温度最大相差达100℃;同时地热井开采模拟显示,持续开采30 a凸起部位较凹陷部位井的流体温度降低更为缓慢,降幅相差约7℃。综合地质结构、断裂系统、构造格局分析,认为凹凸相间的构造格局是松南中央隆起带青山口组储层主要聚热机制,并且在相似条件下,构造凸起部位在地热井开采过程中,温度降低幅度较构造凹陷部位缓慢,可持续开采的时间更久。

烃类包裹体荧光光谱技术划分油气成藏期次———以川中古隆起地区震旦系灯影组为例

流体包裹体显微荧光光谱技术,是利用显微荧光光谱技术对包裹体的荧光性质进行研究,以确定包裹体的流体性质、化学成分及形成时代的一种研究方法。运用烃类包裹体显微荧光光谱分析以及包裹体测温的技术手段,对川中古隆起灯影组油气成藏期次进行分析。通过实验检测,观察到灯影组储层中存在3种荧光颜色的烃类包裹体,分别为橙色、黄绿色和蓝白色,显示了包裹体中充注的油从低成熟度到高成熟度的变化。通过包裹体显微荧光光谱参数分析,结合埋藏生烃史及包裹体的均一温度测定分析,得到的结论是研究区灯影组油藏共经历了3期油气充注:第Ⅰ期发橙色荧光的低成熟度油的充注时间约在志留世—晚泥盆世期间;第Ⅱ期发黄绿色荧光的中等成熟度油的充注时间约为早三叠世—早侏罗世期间;第Ⅲ期高成熟度油气的充注时间约在晚侏罗世—早白垩世之间。第Ⅰ期和第Ⅱ期主要为原油充注,第Ⅲ期为古油藏裂解生气形成气藏。该研究成果与前人根据构造运动以及研究区包裹体均一温度划分的油气成藏期次结论相印证,对川中地区进一步油气勘探工作具有重要指导意义。

松辽盆地北部古中央隆起带基底岩石弹性参数测试及特征分析

古中央隆起带基底上覆地层缺失断陷期沉积地层,基岩暴露地表时间长,风化壳普遍发育。基底岩性复杂,主要发育花岗岩、浅变质沉积岩及浅变质火山岩3大类岩石;基底主要发育花岗岩、变质岩储层,不同类型储层的裂缝发育程度不同。钻井揭示:花岗岩的脆性大,易形成裂缝,花岗岩储层物性最好,属于孔隙—裂缝型储层;基底花岗岩风化壳储层非均质性强,储层物性较差,以裂缝为主。目前有关基底花岗岩和变质岩的岩石物理弹性参数特征的实验室研究较少。为此,采用超声频段和地震频段弹性参数测试方法,系统分析了围压及孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响,研究了不同孔隙度和饱和状态下岩石弹性参数与微裂缝密度及孔隙纵横比的关系;应用弹性参数交会分析,明确了基底风化壳储层及裂缝敏感参数,建立了符合基底孔隙—裂缝型储层特征的岩石物理模型,获得以下成果和认识:(1)对松辽盆地北部古中央隆起带基底33块岩性样品,采用超声频段和地震频段实验测试,测得的标准铝块的超声频段纵波速度(6430 m/s)与参考值(6400 m/s)基本相同,相对误差为0.5%,精度较高。(2)随着围压增加,在水饱和和气饱和状态下纵、横波速度均增大,且横波速度变化不大。随着孔压增加,在水饱和和气饱和状态下纵、横波速度均呈降低趋势,且在气饱和状态下纵波速度的变化量大于水饱和状态,在水饱和和气饱和状态下横波速度的下降趋势相似。(3)不同压力的超声频段和地震频段速度差异表明微裂隙是影响频散绝对变化量的主要因素,随着压力增加,微裂隙逐渐闭合,孔隙间的流体流动效应减弱,喷射效应降低。(4)地震频段和超声频段储层敏感参数优选结果相同,即v_(P)/v_(S)(纵横波速度比)、ν(泊松比)、λ(拉梅系数)、λ/μ(拉梅系数/剪切模量)、λ_(ρ)(拉梅系数×密度)等参数对流体最敏感,可作为识别基底风化壳的储层敏感参数。(5)在裂缝密度为3条/m、裂缝倾角为50°的条件下建立了饱和度—孔隙度解释图板,在含水饱和度为50%、裂缝倾角为50°的条件下建立了裂缝密度—孔隙度解释图板,为风化壳孔隙—裂缝型储层预测奠定了理论基础。

基于峰值预测的天然气产量风险量化评价——以川中古隆起震旦系气藏为例

大气田建设之初,峰值产量预测及风险量化研究是规划决策的重要内容。四川盆地震旦系地层古老,气藏埋藏深,多年的持续探索,展现出巨大的勘探开发潜力。以川中古隆起震旦系气藏为例,通过将最终可采储量(URR)作为边界条件,采用峰值模型预测气藏产量增长趋势。基于产量预测结果,采用蒙特卡洛模拟法计算产量实现概率,将概率曲线与风险等级矩阵叠置,评判目标气藏风险等级,实现了气藏从规模预测到风险量化的全过程研究,构建了完整的天然气战略规划风险决策量化体系。研究结果表明:①震旦系气藏将于2036年达到130×108~251×10^(8) m^(3)/a的产量峰值,相对稳产期8年。②以峰值模型预测结果为基础,将最终可采储量URR为自变量的产量增长曲线进行蒙特卡洛模拟,求取了各年份产量实现概率P,模拟结果表明震旦系气藏2030年累计概率P50对应的产量为131×10^(8) m^(3)。③以实现概率P和离散程度C为评价指标建立风险等级评价矩阵,产量上升阶段和产量缓慢递减阶段的离散程度C∈(5%,10%),风险等级范围Ⅱ~Ⅳ级;产量稳定阶段与产量快速递减阶段的离散程度C∈(10%,25%),风险等级范围Ⅲ~Ⅳ级,产量目标实现风险综合评价。

川中古隆起北斜坡蓬莱气区上震旦统-下寒武统海相碳酸盐岩天然气多层系立体成藏

2022年9月,西南油气田部署于川中古隆起北斜坡(蓬莱气区)的东坝1井在下寒武统龙王庙组取得重大勘探突破,标志着川中古隆起北斜坡上震旦统—下寒武统超深层古老海相碳酸盐岩多层系立体成藏的确立。针对蓬莱气区上震旦统—下寒武统的多个含气目的层的沉积相、岩相、储层特征进行分析,进而从烃源岩及源-储配置、沉积相及成岩作用、多层系含气特征及圈闭等3个方面着手,对斜坡区多层系含气的有利条件进行解剖,建立了立体成藏模式。结果表明:分布广泛的厚层、优质烃源岩(灯三段泥页岩和筇竹寺组黑色页岩)为多层系天然气成藏提供了良好的物质保障,上生下储、旁生侧储的源-储配置关系保证了天然气的高效充注;震旦系灯影组受多期桐湾运动海平面升降旋回影响发育厚层叠置丘滩体,寒武系沧浪铺组和龙王庙组受古地貌控制发育白云石化的高能颗粒滩相,丘滩体和高能颗粒滩构成储层形成的物质基础,而后期广泛发育的岩溶作用进一步改善了储层的物性条件,直接控制了优质储层的形成和分布;局部发育的小型构造圈闭和斜坡背景下的岩性圈闭、构造-岩性复合圈闭共同控制上震旦统—下寒武统多层系含气。

塔里木盆地鹰山组白云岩成因与Mg同位素证据

中—下奥陶统鹰山组作为塔里木盆地中央隆起区潜在的重要勘探接替层系,其白云岩成因认识仍不清楚,因此制约了对该区域的进一步勘探。鹰山组由下至上依次发育白云岩、白云质灰岩和灰岩,表明发生了灰岩向白云岩的交代转化过程。交代白云岩的形成需要足够的含镁流体和长期的镁泵输送机制,而新兴的Mg同位素技术在示踪白云石化流体来源和迁移路径方面已经取得良好效果。因此,本研究通过系统采集鹰山组白云岩、白云质灰岩和灰岩,开展岩石学、微量元素、碳氧同位素和Mg同位素测试。实验结果显示,鹰山组发育6类岩石,分别是泥晶-微晶白云岩(D1)、粉晶-细晶白云岩(D2)、颗粒白云岩(D3)、中晶-粗晶白云岩(D4)、白云质灰岩(DL)和灰岩(L)。鹰山组碳酸盐岩的δ^(13)C_(V-PDB)值为-2.10‰~-0.37‰(平均值-1.37‰),δ^(18)O_(V-PDB)值为-7.51‰~-3.54‰(平均值-5.41‰),δ^(26)Mg值为-4.03‰~-1.28‰(平均值-2.55‰)。δ^(26)Mg、Na含量、Sr/Ba、Mn/Fe、δ^(13)C_(V-PDB)、δ^(18)O_(V-PDB)、古盐度(Z)和古温度(T)在垂向上显示出一定的联动性和系统性。通过综合分析与讨论得出以下几点认识:(1)鹰山组δ^(26)Mg值垂向变化趋势与沉积旋回具有密切联系,沉积旋回的顶部为富镁流体源区,旋回界面为流体迁移通道;(2)识别出4种Mg同位素变化趋势与白云石化流体迁移规律,即云灰互层结构(L→DL→D)、准同生白云岩结构(D1→D2)、渗透回流白云岩结构(D1→D2→D3→D4→L)和埋藏白云岩结构(D4→DL/D);(3)鹰山组白云岩形成主要与海平面周期性波动有关,海平面下降时,蒸发作用促使局限水体中富集Mg^(2+),并且富镁流体会沿着下伏高孔高渗的颗粒灰岩垂向迁移至下伏地层,有利于白云石化作用的持续进行,当富镁流体遇到孔隙度不发育的泥晶灰岩时,富镁流体无法进入矿物晶格中,白云石化作用停止。海平面上升时,局限水体转变为开阔水体,海水与富镁流体源区相互混合,降低了流体的白云石化驱动力,致使白云石化作用逐渐减弱,从而发育灰质白云岩和灰岩;(4)除受海平面控制外,深埋藏阶段经历的多期交代、重结晶或热液作用也有利于鹰山组白云岩的形成;(5)白云石化作用对鹰山组沉积储层具有建设性意义,早期白云石化作用有利于孔隙的继承和保存,而晚埋藏和热液白云石化对储层起破坏作用。

Soft Sediment Deformation Structures in the Sediment Deposits of Ganga River and Its Oxbow Lakes in Parts of Indo-Gangetic Plain: Implications for Quake Proxies and Paleoseismicity Tracking

The Late Quaternary thick sedimentary fills of the Ganga basin predominantly consist of unconsolidated fluvial sandy deposits which are often intercalated with mud. These deposits at various places record the evidence of earthquakes, which occurred in the recent geological past. The evidence is contained and manifested in the form of Soft Sediment Deformation Structures (SSDSs). Saturated sediments/muds/soils are liquefied by earthquake tremors which either generate SSDS or produce structural discordance in the pre-existing sedimentary structures. The present study reports the occurrence of SSDS, e.g. load and associated flame structures, clastic dikes and sill structures, slump structures and sedimentary breccias, etc. from the Ganga River and adjacent oxbow lake sediment deposits. An attempt has been made to establish the origin of soft sediment structures of this region in accordance with its neotectonic history and in turn, identification of seismic structural proxies to delineate paleoseismic events in this region with futuristic implications. The preservation of soft sediment deformation structures in large numbers with multiple geomorphology and scale, in the river and adjoining lake sediments, is indicative of frequent earthquakes of high magnitude consequent to tectonic activism in the Himalayan region.

塔里木盆地塔中隆起断裂系统特征及其对海相碳酸盐岩油气的控制作用

结合新三维地震与区域地质资料研究,塔里木克拉通中部的塔中隆起挤压断裂与走滑断裂发育,张性断裂欠发育,断裂系统具有构造样式的多样性、形成演化的多期性、构造发育的继承性及平面展布的区段性。新资料表明挤压断裂缺少基底卷入型,多在中寒武统盐膏层滑脱,主要发育4种断裂样式,形成于早奥陶世末,多具有扭压作用与分段性。塔中隆起北斜坡新发现一系列北东向左旋走滑断裂带,剖面上以负花状构造、直立型构造、正花状构造为主,平面上发育向西南方向收敛的雁列构造、羽状构造、帚状构造等;塔中地区经历志留纪晚期、中泥盆世、晚二叠世等三期走滑断裂作用,东南方向强烈斜向挤压作用是走滑断裂形成的动力机制。塔中隆起断裂主要分布在下古生界,三类、三级、四组方向断裂控制了塔中隆起纵向分层、南北分带、东西分块的构造格局。塔中隆起经历新元古代强伸展-弱挤压的断裂发育阶段、寒武纪-奥陶纪局部弱伸展-强挤压逆冲断裂发育阶段、志留纪-中泥盆世走滑断裂发育阶段、石炭纪-早三叠世局部断裂继承性发育阶段等4阶段9期的差异发育演化史。塔中隆起断裂对下古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气分布控制作用明显,断裂控制了油气的纵向复式聚集,断裂带储层发育、油气富集;不同时期、不同类型断裂控油作用有差异性,断裂带横向上的变化造成油气分布的区段性;油气源断裂与储层组成的运聚体系内具有流体分布的有序性。