Practice of Centralized Control over Cascade Hydropower Stations

Isolated operation of hydropower stations on Wujinag River was seen disadvantages of low rate of water utilization and much loss of electricity caused by abandoned water during low load periods. To tackle the problem, centralized control over cascade hydropower stations is practiced with a considerable economic benef it gained.

Controlling the dynamic behavior of decentralized cluster through centralized approaches

How to control the dynamic behavior of large-scale artificial active matter is a critical concern in experimental research on soft matter, particularly regarding the emergence of collective behaviors and the formation of group patterns. Centralized systems excel in precise control over individual behavior within a group, ensuring high accuracy and controllability in task execution. Nevertheless, their sensitivity to group size may limit their adaptability to diverse tasks. In contrast, decentralized systems empower individuals with autonomous decision-making, enhancing adaptability and system robustness. Yet, this flexibility comes at the cost of reduced accuracy and efficiency in task execution. In this work, we present a unique method for regulating the centralized dynamic behavior of self-organizing clusters based on environmental interactions. Within this environment-coupled robot system, each robot possesses similar dynamic characteristics, and their internal programs are entirely identical. However, their behaviors can be guided by the centralized control of the environment, facilitating the accomplishment of diverse cluster tasks. This approach aims to balance the accuracy and flexibility of centralized control with the robustness and task adaptability of decentralized control. The proactive regulation of dynamic behavioral characteristics in active matter groups, demonstrated in this work through environmental interactions, holds the potential to introduce a novel technological approach and provide experimental references for studying the dynamic behavior control of large-scale artificial active matter systems.

Centralized control of parallel connected power conditioning system in electric vehicle charge-discharge and storage integration station

This study presents a centralized control scheme that coordinates parallel operations of power conditioning system(PCS)for the grid interactions of electric vehicles(EVs)in EV charge-discharge and storage integration station.Key issues for the control and operation of PCS under various operation modes are discussed,including vehicle to grid(V2G)mode,stand-alone mode and seamless transfer mode.The intelligent multi-mode charge-discharge method is utilized for the V2G mode,and the parallel control method based on communication network is adopted for the standalone mode.In addition,a novel seamless transfer strategy is proposed,which is able to implement PCS transition between V2G mode and stand-alone mode.The detailed process of the seamless transfer between the two modes is illustrated.Experimental results are presented to show the performance and feasibility of this strategy.

A UAV-Assisted V2X Network Architecture with Separated Data Transmission and Network Control

With the explosive increasing number of connecting devices such as smart phones, vehicles,drones, and satellites in the wireless networks, how to manage and control such a huge number of networking nodes has become a great challenge. In this paper, we combine the advantages of centralized networks and distributed networks approaches for vehicular networks with the aid of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV), and propose a Center-controlled Multihop Wireless(CMW) networking scheme consisting of data transmission plane performed by vehicles and the network control plane implemented by the UAV.Besides, we jointly explore the advantages of Medium Access Control(MAC) protocols in the link layer and routing schemes in the network layer to facilitate the multi-hop data transmission for the ground vehicles.Particularly, the network control plane in the UAV can manage the whole network effectively via fully exploiting the acquired network topology information and traffic requests from each vehicle, and implements various kinds of control based on different traffic demands, which can enhance the networking flexibility and scalability significantly in vehicular networks.Simulation results validate the advantages of the proposed scheme compared with existing methods.

Can the Glucose Central Control System Dysfunctions Induce Diabetes Mellitus?

We study afresh how the glucose control system anomalies impact the organicity of the glucose homeostasis and build up events of persistent hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. We have used critically the state of art literature related to the subject, in order to cross, to compare, and to organize the relevant contents to create a logical and consistent support to the finds. We show that it is consistent to assume that persistent hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus can have precursors not only in pancreas, but also in brain, mainly induced by noxious dysfunctions of hypothalamus sensor neurons circuits and external noxious elements, causing pancreas overload, and the consequent exhaustion—overburden.

Risk assessment of high-speed railway CTC system based on improved game theory and cloud model

Purpose-In order to solve the problem of inaccurate calculation of index weights,subjectivity and uncertainty of index assessment in the risk assessment process,this study aims to propose a scientific and reasonable centralized traffic control(CTC)system risk assessment method.Design/methodologylapproach-First,system-theoretic process analysis(STPA)is used to conduct risk analysis on the CTC system and constructs risk assessment indexes based on this analysis.Then,to enhance the accuracy of weight calculation,the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process(FAHP),fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(FDEMATEL)and entropy weight method are employed to calculate the subjective weight,relative weight and objective weight of each index.These three types of weights are combined using game theory to obtain the combined weight for each index.To reduce subjectivity and uncertainty in the assessment process,the backward cloud generator method is utilized to obtain the numerical character(NC)of the cloud model for each index.The NCs of the indexes are then weighted to derive the comprehensive cloud for risk assessment of the CTC system.This cloud model is used to obtain the CTC system's comprehensive risk assessment.The model's similarity measurement method gauges the likeness between the comprehensive risk assessment cloud and the risk standard cloud.Finally,this process yields the risk assessment results for the CTC system.Findings-The cloud model can handle the subjectivity and fuzziness in the risk assessment process well.The cloud model-based risk assessment method was applied to the CTC system risk assessment of a railway group and achieved good results.Originality/value-This study provides a cloud model-based method for risk assessment of CTC systems,which accurately calculates the weight of risk indexes and uses cloud models to reduce uncertainty and subjectivity in the assessment,achieving effective risk assessment of CTC systems.It can provide a reference and theoretical basis for risk management of the CTC system.

Design and Implementation of Remote Control System of Coal Mine Conveyor Belt based on PLC

Aiming at the existing problems of safety, reliability and flexibility in the traditional coal mine belt transport system, this paper designed the mine centralized control system transmitted by CAN bus and PLC as the core, and use comparison instructions and trigger of Siemens S7-200 PLC, the article has elaborated the four level conveyor belt sequence control, realized the sequence start, reverse sequence stop and fault processing and other functions for four level conveyor belt, the compared with traditional timer control instructions scheme, the design has clear thinking, simple design program, and is easy to be extended to multilevel belt drive sequence control.

Optimal control based coordinated taxiing path planning and tracking for multiple carrier aircraft on flight deck

Coordinated taxiing planning for multiple aircraft on flight deck is of vital importance which can dramatically improve the dispatching efficiency.In this paper,first,the coordinated taxiing path planning problem is transformed into a centralized optimal control problem where collision-free conditions and mechanical limits are considered.Since the formulated optimal control problem is of large state space and highly nonlinear,an efficient hierarchical initialization technique based on the Dubins-curve method is proposed.Then,a model predictive controller is designed to track the obtained reference trajectory in the presence of initial state error and external disturbances.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed“offline planningþonline tracking”framework can achieve efficient and robust coordinated taxiing planning and tracking even in the presence of initial state error and continuous external disturbances.

Control strategy of central pattern generator gait movement under condition of attention selection

As a typical rhythmic movement, human being＇s rhythmic gait movement can be generated by a central pattern generator （CPG） located in a spinal cord by self- oscillation. Some kinds of gait movements are caused by gait frequency and amplitude variances. As an important property of human being＇s motion vision, the attention selection mechanism plays a vital part in the regulation of gait movement. In this paper, the CPG model is amended under the condition of attention selection on the theoretical basis of Matsuoka neural oscillators. Regulation of attention selection signal for the CPG model parameters and structure is studied, which consequentially causes the frequency and amplitude changes of gait movement output. Further, the control strategy of the CPG model gait movement under the condition of attention selection is discussed, showing that the attention selection model can regulate the output model of CPG gait movement in three different ways. The realization of regulation on the gait movement frequency and amplitude shows a variety of regulation on the CPG gait movement made by attention selection and enriches the controllability of CPG gait movement, which demonstrates potential influence in engineering applications.

Factors That Affect the Centrality Controllability of Scale-Free Networks

The influence of a node in a network can be characterized by its macroscopic properties such as eigenvector centrality. An issue of significant theoretical and practical interest is to modify the influence or roles of the nodes in a network, and recent advances indicate that this can be achieved by just controlling a subset of nodes： the socalled controllers. However, the relationship between the structural properties of a network and its controllability, e.g., the control of node importance, is still not well understood. Here we systematically＂ explore this relationship by constructing scale-free networks with a fixed degree sequence and tunable network characteristics. We calculate the relative size （nc＊） of the minimai controlling set required to controi the importance of each individual node in a network. It is found that while clustering has no significant impact on nc＊, changes in degree-degree correlations, heterogeneity and the average degree of networks demonstrate a discernible impact on its controllability.

The Control of Population Growth Is the Function of the Central Government

Mr.Jiang Zcmin,Gencral-Seerctary of the Cen-tral Committee of the Chincse Communist Party and.Chairman of the People's Republic of China,in a rC-ccnt spcech cm phasized that the family planning pro-gramme should be strictly and effectively im plemented in 1994,a year of crucial importance for promoting re-form and opening and thc drive lowards.modernization.To makc continucd contributions to the sociocconomic development in the country,we must fulfil the plan for controlling population growth..The spcech was delivcred at the anua!National Fo-rum on Family Planning Work convened jointly by the Party's Central Committcc and the Statc Council.

Key technologies and applications of intelligent dispatching command for high-speed railway in China

Purpose–The intelligent Central Traffic Control(CTC)system plays a vital role in establishing an intelligent high-speed railway(HSR)system.As the core of HSR transportation command,the intelligent CTC system is a new HSR dispatching command system that integrates the widely used CTC in China with the practical service requirements of intelligent dispatching.This paper aims to propose key technologies and applications for intelligent dispatching command in HSR in China.Design/methodology/approach–This paper first briefly introduces the functions and configuration of the intelligent CTC system.Some new servers,terminals and interfaces are introduced,which are plan adjustment server/terminal,interface for automatic train operation(ATO),interface for Dynamic Monitoring System of Train Control Equipment(DMS),interface for Power Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition(PSCADA),interface for Disaster Monitoring,etc.Findings–The key technologies applied in the intelligent CTC system include automatic adjustment of train operation plans,safety control of train routes and commands,traffic information data platform,integrated simulation of traffic dispatching and ATO function.These technologies have been applied in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou HSR,which commenced operations at the end of 2019.Implementing these key intelligent functions has improved the train dispatching command capacity,ensured the safe operation of intelligent HSR,reduced the labor intensity of dispatching operators and enhanced the intelligence level of China’s dispatching system.Originality/value–This paper provides further challenges and research directions for the intelligent dispatching command of HSR.To achieve the objectives,new measures need to be conducted,including the development of advanced technologies for intelligent dispatching command,coping with new requirements with the development of China’s railway signaling system,the integration of traffic dispatching and train control and the application of AI and data-driven modeling and methods.

Robust Adaptive FTC against Sensor Fault

This paper addresses the problem of robust Fault-Tolerant （FT） design for large-scale systems. This particular class constitutes complex system which can be decomposed into N-interconnected subsystems. Special attention is paid to two different design architectures of an Active Fault-Tolerant Control （AFTC）. An AFTCS is characterized by an online Fault Detection and Isolation （FDI） process and a control reconfiguration mechanism. As the AFTC system offers the possibility to choose different controllers, the controller may be the most appropriate choice for the faulty situation and obtaining better performance. The goal of each adaptive controller is to accommodate sensor anomalies. Continuous, Linear and Time Invariant （LTI） complex system with faulty sensors and external disturbances is proposed. This study focuses on two different internal structures of the system. In this paper the direct adaptive method based on feedback controller design is applied both centralized and decentralized architectures. The controller gain is updated online using an adaptive law which takes into account the estimation of the faults and the disturbances. Then from the both classes of systems structures the adaptation controller performances, in terms of stability and fault effect rejection capability, are studied and compared. The proposed techniques are finally evaluated in the light of a simulation for a centralized interconnected system that can be decomposed into N-subsystems with some strong interconnections.

Manifestations of type 2 diabetes in corneal endothelial cell density,corneal thickness and intraocular pressure

We sought to evaluate central corneal thickness（CCT）,corneal endothelial cell density（ECD）and intraocular pressure（IOP）in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus（DM）and to associate potential differences with diabetes duration and treatment modality in a prospective,randomized study.We measured ECD,CCT and IOP of125 patients with type 2 DM（mean age 57.1±11.5 years）and compared them with 90 age-matched controls.Measured parameters were analyzed for association with diabetes duration and glucose control modalities（insulin injection or oral medication）while controlling for age.In the diabetic group,the mean ECD（2511±252 cells/mm^2）,mean CCT（539.7±33.6μm）and mean IOP（18.3±2.5 mmHg）varied significantly from those the control group[ECD：2713±132 cells/mm^2（P〈0.0001）,CCT：525.0±45.3μm（P=0.003）and IOP：16.7±1.8 mmHg（P〈0.0001）].ECD was significantly reduced by about 32 cell/mm^2 for diabetics with duration of〉10 years when compared with those with duration of〈10 years（P〈0.05）.CCT was thicker and IOP was higher for diabetics with duration of〉10 years than those with duration of〈10 years（P〉0.05）.None of the measured parameters was significantly associated with diabetes duration and treatment modality（P〉0.05）.In conclusion,subjects with type 2DM exhibit significant changes in ECD,IOP and CCT,which,however,are not correlated with disease duration or if the patients receive on insulin injection or oral medications.

Financial Reporting Dilemmas for the Maltese Local Government

Maltese Local Councils are required to prepare financial reports compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS）. Through documentary research, this study examined the suitability of this requirement and implications for institutional relationships. This study showed that IFRS statements are problematic to produce and interpret at the local level of government, and that, on their own, they are undermining the control needs of the Central Government. This study highlighted the important role of financial reporting for accountability by showing that the use of financial reporting systems that do not fit the reporting entity may actually lead to avoidance of accountability by mystifying reality.

Implementing an Optimal Energy Management System for a Set of Microgrids Using the Harmony Search Algorithm

A microgrid(MG)refers to a set of loads,generation resources and energy storage systems acting as a controllable load or a generator to supply power and heating to a local area.The MG-generated power management is a central topic for MG design and operation.The existence of dispersed generation(DG)resources has faced MG management with new issues.Depending on the level of exchanges between an MG and the main grid,the MG operation states can be divided into independent or grid-connected ones.Energy management in MGs aims to supply power at the lowest cost for optimal load response.This study examines MG energy management in two operational modes of islanded and grid-connected,and proposes a structure with two control layers(primary and secondary)for energy management.At the principal level of control,the energy management system is determined individually for all MG by taking into consideration the probability constraints and RES uncertainty by the Weibull the probability density function(PDF),generation resources’power as well as the generation surplus and deficit of each MG.Then,the information of the power surplus and deficit of each MG must be sent to the central energy management system.To confirm the proposed structure,a case system with two MGs and a condensive load is simulated by using a multi-time harmony search algorithm.Several scenarios are applied to evaluate the performance of this algorithm.The findings clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed system in the energy management of several MGs,leading to the optimal performance of the resources per MG.Moreover,the proposed control scheme properly controls the MG and grid’s performance in their interactions and offers a high level of robustness,stable behavior under different conditions and high quality of power supply.

Integrated Management of Large Screen Communication Strategy for Electric Vehicles

The intelligent product of traditional fuel vehicles in electric vehicle region is the large screen of central control panel, which is the subversive innovative design of electric vehicles and the intelligent symbol under the Internet innovative thinking. Through the specific analysis of large screen innovative design, target customers, communication channel and communication effect of electric vehicle products, the comprehensive management of large screen communication of electric vehicles can be realized.

Optimization of CTC System of Beijing-Shanghai HSR and Prospect for its Intelligence

In view of the practical application of centralized traffic control(CTC)system of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR and in combination with the line conditions and user requirements,the system is optimized in terms of route self-triggering polling frequency,train receiving route self-triggering timing,train departure route section processing,route self-triggering between yards,wireless route forecasting and automatic train number conversion,which improves the efficiency of automatic route setting of CTC system and the adaptability of high-density and long-major lines.At the same time,according to the intelligent development requirements of railways,the paper proposes the expectation for the centralized traffic control system of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR in terms of intelligent adjustment of TWD,information sharing with traction power supply supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)system/disaster monitoring system,intelligent linkage of posts,etc.

Research of goal-directed fluid therapy on laparoscopic liver resection

Objective To explore the application effect of goal-directed fluid therapy(GDFT)on laparoscopic liver resection.Methods From July 2023 to December 2023,48 patients who underwent laparoscopic liver resection were randomly divided into the GDFT group and the CLCVP(controlled low central venous pressure)group.The patients in the GDFT group were guided by stroke volume variability(SVV)during surgery,while those in the CLCVP group were guided by a controlled low central venous pressure technique during fluid replacement surgery.Intraoperative bleeding volume,fluid replacement volume,urine output,liver blood flow obstruction time,postoperative exhaust time,length of hospital stays,and incidence of complications were recorded and compared between the two groups of patients.Results There was a difference between the two groups in terms of crystal fluid,colloid fluid,total fluid volume,and urine volume(P>0.05).However,the bleeding volume in the GDFT group(515.61±246.71)mL was lower than that in the CLCVP group(389.37±187.35)mL(P<0.05);and the blockade time of liver blood flow in the GDFT group(46.33±7.26)min was shorter than that of the CLCVP group(41.84±6.24)min(P<0.05);the postoperative exhaust time of patients in the GDFT group(4.86±1.24)d was shorter than that of patients in the CLCVP group(6.42±1.05)d(P<0.05);the hospitalization days of patients in the GDFT group(9.21±2.15)d were fewer than those in the CLCVP group(11.04±4.29)d(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).Conclusion GDFT guided by SVV can stabilize intraoperative hemodynamics in patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection,reduce intraoperative bleeding,and reduce liver blood flow blockage time.It is safer and more reliable than traditional fluid therapy.

Distributed Design of Approximately Optimal Controller for Identical Discrete-Time Multi-Agent Systems

This paper considers the distributed control of the LQR problem for discrete-time multiagent systems.Distributed controllers are designed based on the solutions of centralized optimal control and the topological structure of the systems.Under mild conditions,it is shown that the distributed controller can approximate to the centralized optimal controller.Then the states of the closed-loop systems of the distributed control exponentially converge to the states of the closed-loop systems of the centralized optimal control.Some examples are given to show effectiveness of the proposed results.