Nervous mechanisms of restraint water-immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion

Stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion(SGML)is one of the most common visceral complications after trauma.Exploring the nervous mechanisms of SGML has become a research hotspot.Restraint water-immersion stress(RWIS)can induce GML and has been widely used to elucidate the nervous mechanisms of SGML.It is believed that RWIS-induced GML is mainly caused by the enhanced activity of vagal parasympathetic nerves.Many central nuclei,such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus,nucleus of the solitary tract,supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus,mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus,central nucleus of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex,are involved in the formation of SGML in varying degrees.Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators,such as nitric oxide,hydrogen sulfide,vasoactive intestinal peptide,calcitonin gene-related peptide,substance P,enkephalin,5-hydroxytryptamine,acetylcholine,catecholamine,glutamate,γ-aminobutyric acid,oxytocin and arginine vasopressin,can participate in the regulation of stress.However,inconsistent and even contradictory results have been obtained regarding the actual roles of each nucleus in the nervous mechanism of RWIS-induced GML,such as the involvement of different nuclei with the time of RWIS,the different levels of involvement of the sub-regions of the same nucleus,and the diverse signalling molecules,remain to be further elucidated.

The Characteristics and Mechanism of Island-Arc Volcanism on the Central and Southern Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica

The volcanic rock series on the Fildes Peninsula is the product of the later subduction of the Pacific platebeneath the Antarctic plate. It consists mainly of basalt, basaltic andesite and andesite with minor dacite. Itsisotopic ages range from 64.6±1 to 43±2 Ma, belonging to Palaeocene to Eocene. Volcanism in the area maybe divided into two phases. The contents of major oxides, rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements in vol-canic rocks formed in different phases show regular changes, which are mainly related to the rock associationsof these phases. Isotope geochemical studies indicate that the primitive magma in the area originating by par-tial melting in the upper mantle underwent fractional crystallization and ascended to the high-level (shallow)magma chamber. Before eruption the primitive basalt-andesitic magma was subjected to differentiation in thehigh-level magma chamber, forming zones of derivative magmas of different compositions. In various phasesmagma-conducting faults experienced periodic extension and cut through various derivative magma zones indifferent parts of the peninsula, leading to the eruption of magmas of different compositions on the surface andthe formation of volcanic rock associations of corresponding compositions.

Overview of researches on central action mechanism of needling Zusanli(ST 36)

The contents about the central action mechanisms of needling Zusanli（ST 36） were sorted by summarizing the relevant literatures published in the past 10 years, and it was found that： by comparing acupuncture at Zusanli（ST 36）, other acupoints or sham points, most studies showed that Zusanli（ST 36） had relatively specific characteristics in the brain function response; studies on the central action mechanisms of Zusanli（ST 36） were mainly focused on sequelae of cerebral apoplexy, pain, gastrointestinal diseases, weight loss and drug addiction withdrawal and so on; acupuncture manipulations, stimulation methods, individual differences, stimulation quantity, and stimulation duration, etc. could also induce different brain function responses; acupuncture at Zusanli（ST 36） had an after-working effect, also called long-term effect, but with poor repeatability. So, it was suggested that the future studies should focus on the factors that affect the clinical efficacies and experimental results, including the compatibility effects of the acupoints, reproducibility of research results, sample size, acupuncture methods, long-term effects and disease entities.

Central mechanisms of acupuncture in relieving visceral hypersensitivity in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A narrative review

Visceral hypersensitivity(VH),one of themajor symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs),impacts the social life and quality of life of the patients.Because of the complex pathological mechanism,the drug therapy for VH has unsatisfactory clinical efficacy and induces side effects.Alternative strategies acting on the central nervous system with few side effects are urgently needed.We summarize the centralmechanisms of acupuncture in relieving VH to provide theoretical support for the clinical application of acupuncture in the treatment of VH in FGIDs.In this study,we retrieved the related articles from PubMed and Web of Science with the key words of“acupuncture,”“electroacupuncture,”and“visceral hypersensitivity.”According to the sensory conduction,perception,and emotion-related pathways involved in VH,we summarize the central mechanism of acupuncture in relieving VH from the perspectives of molecular biology and neuroimaging.The pathogenesis of VH in FGIDs involves the peripheral and central nervous systems,which are responsible for the transmission and perception of visceral sensations as well as the regulation of emotion.The widespread nature of VH indicates the involvement of the central nervous system.Acupuncture mediates the signaling pathways between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain to regulate gastrointestinal function and relieve VH.Acupuncture relieves VH by integrating multiple pathways and targets.The available studies in this field mainly focus on the regulation of a specific target or chemical transmitter by acupuncture,while the exact connection among these targets remains to be clarified by multilevel and multitarget studies.

针刺调控慢性疲劳综合征中枢机制研究进展

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that lasts for a long time and doesn't alleviate with rest.The number of the cases has been increasing during the era of COVID-19 pandemic.Acupuncture may have some effect on chronic fatigue syndrome,but its mechanism remains unclear.This article was to summarize the specific manifestations of abnormal central mechanism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome through laboratory tests and neuroimaging.It was found from the laboratory evaluation that there were changes in the structure of the frontal cortex,thalamus and other brain tissues;factors,including IFN-a and IL-10 in cerebrospinal fluid were found abnormal;results of oxidative and nitrosative stress and changes in neurobiochemical substances,e.g.hypothalamus hormone levels and neurotransmitter concentrations,were observed.With magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography,it was shown that the partial brain of persons with chronic fatigue syndrome had morphological changes with diminished grey matter and white;changes in cerebral blood flow velocity caused by decreased perfusion and functional activity with abnormal connectivity in brain were detected.In addition,there was significant decrease in glucose metabolism accompanied with neuroinflammatory response;metabolic disorders of serotonergic,cholinergic,glutamatergic and yaminobutyric acid energy neurotransmitters were also discovered.The regulatory effect of acupuncture on the above central neurological abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome model animals was elaborated,and the direction for further research was analyzed in order to provide ideas for further research on the central mechanism of acupuncture treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome.