Nano-selenium alleviates cadmium-induced cerebellar injury by activating metal regulatory transcription factor 1 mediated metal response

This study aims to investigate the role of metal regulatory transcription factor 1(MTF1)-mediated metal response in cadmium(Cd)-induced cerebellar injury,and to evaluate the antagonistic effects of nanoselenium(Nano-Se)against Cd toxicity.A total of 80 chicks(1 d old,male,Hy-Line Variety White)were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups for 3 months:the control group(fed with a basic diet,n=20),the Nano-Se group(basic diet with 1 mg/kg nano-Se 1 mg/kg Nano-Se in basic diet,n=20),the NanoSe+Cd group(basic diet with 1 mg/kg Nano-Se and 140 mg/kg Cd Cl_(2),n=20)and the Cd group(basic diet with 140 mg/kg Cd Cl_(2),n=20).The results of the experiment showed that the Purkinje cells were significantly decreased with their degradation and indistinct nucleoli after Cd exposure.Moreover,exposure to Cd caused a significant accumulation of Cd and cupper.However,the contents of Se,iron,and zinc were decreased,thereby disturbing the metal homeostasis in the cerebellum.The Cd exposure also resulted in high levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)and down regulation of selenoprotein transcriptome.Furthermore,the expressions of MTF1,metallothionein 1(MT1),MT2,zinc transporter 3(ZNT3),ZNT5,ZNT10,zrt,irt-like protein 8(ZIP8),ZIP10,transferrin(TF),ferroportin 1(FPN1),ATPase copper transporting beta(ATP7B),and copper uptake protein 1(CTR1)were inhibited by Cd exposure.However,all these changes were significantly alleviated by the supplementation of Nano-Se.This study proved that Cd could disorder metal homeostasis and induce oxidative stress,whereas Nano-Se could relieve all these negative effects caused by Cd via activating the MTF1-mediated metal response in the cerebellum of chicken.

Recovery of cerebellar peduncle injury in a patient with a cerebellar tumor: validation by diffusion tensor tractography

The cerebellum has a complex network and relates to various clinical functions including ataxia, gait disturbance, hearing and vision, cognition and affective control. Cerebellar peduncles are the structure connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem and the cerebrum. There exist three cerebellar peduncles. The superior cerebellar peduncle （SCP） involves vestibular sense and proprio- ception connecting to the thalamocortical pathway. The middle cerebellar peduncle （MCP） is the largest structure among the three cerebellar peduncles conveying impulses from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum through corticopontocerebellar tract.

Diffusion tensor imaging for measuring recovery from cerebellar peduncle injury due to intracerebral hemorrhage: A case report

Diffusion tensor tractography （DTT） in diffusion tensor imaging （DTI） examination allows for the three-dimensional visualization of cerebellar peduncles. The present case-control study analyzed the relationship between functional recovery of intracerebral hematoma patient and cerebellar peduncle injury, as detected by DTI. The enrolled patient could not sit at 3 weeks after onset, but was able to walk independently and perform most daily activities after 4 months. The 3-week DTT images revealed that all six cerebellar peduncles were compressed by the hematoma, posterior portions of all three left cerebellar peduncles were shortened, and the left middle cerebellar peduncle was interrupted in the mid-portion. The 4-week DTT images showed that all compressed cerebellar peduncles were ameliorated, although injured posterior portions of the three left cerebellar peduncles did not recover. The fractional anisotropy value of the right inferior cerebellar peduncle increased from two standard deviations below the normal control value to within two standard deviations of the normal control value. These findings suggested that functional recovery was primarily due to decompression of compressed cerebellar peduncles, and not to recovery of injured cerebellar peduncles. DTI evaluations of cerebellar peduncles could be helpful when cerebellar peduncle injury is suspected.

Circuit reorganization in cerebellar cultures after injury

As elaborated in a recent review（Seil,2014）,we used an easily manipulable cerebellar culture system to study injury-induced reorganizational changes in a simplified central nervous system（CNS）model.The structural and functional interrelationships of the neurons of the rodent cerebellar cortex are well known（Eccles et al.,1967）.