Effects of Tongmai Huoxue Yin(通脉活血饮) on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in the Acute Cerebral Ischemia Model Rat

Objective:To observe the interfering action of Tongmai Huoxue Yin(通脉活血饮) on the acute cerebral ischemia model rat.Methods:Total 60 SD rats,30 females and 30 males,were randomly divided into 4 groups,sham-operation group,model group,Nimodipine group and Tongmai Huoxue Yin group,15 rats in each group.The acute cerebral ischemia rat model was duplicated,the middle cerebral artery(MCA) were ligated and the thread was inserted for the rats in the model group,Nimodipine group and Tongmai Huoxue Yin group,for the rats in the sham-operation group,the arteries were separated without ligature and the thread was not inserted.After the modeling has succeed,the water-decocted concentrated solution of 20-fold Tongmai Huoxue Yin clinical dosage was intragastrically administrated in a dose of 3 mL /100 g · d divided into twice,1.5 mL /100 g once.Distilled water 3 mL /100 g·d was intragastrically administrated,1.5 mL /100 g once,for the rat in the model group,Nimodipne suspension 3 mL /100 g·d(0.6 mg /100 g) for the Nimodipine group and 3 mL /100 g · d(5.4g /100 g) for the Tongmai Huoxue Yin group,no drugs for the sham-operation group.And changes of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) contents in the serum and brain tissue were investigated.Results:Compared with the model group,compared with the sham-operation group,serum TNF-α content at 5 h of focal cerebral ischemic ischemia in the model group started to increase and reached to the high peak at 12 h,but in both the Tongmai Huoxue Yin group and the Nimodipine group decreased in varying degrees at the same time;compared with the sham-operation group,brain TNF-α content at 6 h of focal cerebral ischemic ischemia in the model group started to increase and reached to the high peak at 12 h,but in both the Tongmai Huoxue Yin group and the Nimodipine group decreased in varying degrees,with the most obviously decreased at 24 h of ischemia.Tongmai Huoxue Yin could significantly decrease TNF-α content in the brain tissue.Conclusion:Tongmai Huoxue Yin has a protective action on acute cerebral ischemia injury in the rat.

Nonhuman primate models of focal cerebral ischemia

Rodents have been widely used in the production of cerebral ischemia models. However, successful therapies have been proven on experimental rodent stroke model, and they have often failed to be effective when tested clinically. Therefore, nonhuman primates were recommended as the ideal alternatives, owing to their similarities with the human cerebrovascular system, brain metabolism, grey to white matter ratio and even their rich behavioral repertoire. The present review is a thorough summary of ten methods that establish nonhuman primate models of focal cerebral ischemia; electrocoagulation, endothelin-1-induced occlusion, microvascular clip occlusion, autologous blood clot embolization, balloon inflation, microcatheter embolization, coil embolization, surgical suture embolization, suture, and photochemical induction methods. This review addresses the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as precautions for each model, compared nonhuman primates with rodents, different species of nonhuman primates and different modeling methods. Finally it discusses various factors that need to be considered when modelling and the method of evaluation after modelling. These are critical for understanding their respective strengths and weaknesses and underlie the selection of the optimum model.

Meta-analysis of Buyang Huanwu decoction in animal model of cerebral ischemia

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Buyang Huanwu decoction in treating animal model of cerebral ischemia.Methods:We searched PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane,CNKI,VIP,WanFang(1983 to 2021)for randomized control trials about Buyang Huanwu decoction treating animal model of cerebral ischemia.Results:According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessment the quality of included trials(RCTs),the extraction of effective data,7 randomized clinical trials and their efficiency were evaluated,statistical analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.3 software.The outcome measures assessed were neurological score and/or infarction volume.Meta-analysis showed that the neurological behavior scores of Buyang Huanwu decoction on animal model of cerebral ischemia was lower than the control group(SMD=2.06,95%CI(1.75,2.37),P<0.00001);The cerebral infarct volume of Buyang Huanwu decoction on animal model of cerebral ischemia were smaller than the control group(SMD=4.08,95%CI(3.57,4.58),P<0.00001).Conclusion:It was effective by using Buyang Huanwu decoction to reduce neurological behavior scores and the volume of animal model of cerebral ischemia.

Evaluation of murine models of permanent focal cerebral ischemia

Background To date murine models of permanent focal cerebral ischemia have not been well characterized. The purposes of this paper were to compare three different permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models with or without cra niectomy, and to identify an ideal mouse model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Methods Experiments were performed on 45 healthy adult male Kunming mice, weighing 28 to 42 g. The animals were randomly assigned to three groups (n=15 in every group) based on surgical procedure: MCAo via the external carotid artery (ECA), MCAo via the common carotid artery (CCA), and direct ligation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Each day post-ischemia, the animals were scored using an eight-grade n eurological function scale, and mortality was also recorded. Seven days post-ischemia, the brains were removed for lesion size determination using triphenyltetrazoli um chloride staining. Correlation analysis of lesion volume and neurological score was carried out. Results Mortality in the group receiving direct MCA ligation was lowest among the three groups, and there was a significant difference between the direct MCA ligation group and the two intraluminal occlusion groups (P<0.05). In all groups, neurological scores gradually increased with prolongation of ischemic duration, peaking after two days, then gradually decreasing. In the direct MCA ligation group, however, neurological scores were relatively stable. There was a significant correlation between infarct volume and neurological score 7 days after MCAo in every group (all r>0.7, P<0.05), suggesting good reproducibility of lesion volume in the three groups, but the infarct volume was more constant in the direct MCA ligation group. Conclusion The direct ligation model of MCAo provides an optimal means of studying permanent focal cerebral ischemia, and is preferable to the models using intraluminal sutures.