Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) was developed to be a less invasive and complex procedure compared to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). It has emerged as an alternative for patients who are considered to have high ...Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) was developed to be a less invasive and complex procedure compared to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). It has emerged as an alternative for patients who are considered to have high surgical risks due to medical comorbidities or anatomical high-risk features [1]. The procedure is usually done under local anesthesia with light sedation, with the subsequent expectation of less neurologic injury, venous thromboembolisms, and myocardial infarctions—all well-known clinical risks of undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia. CAS, however, carries some increased risks of arterial dissection, dislocation of atherothrombotic debris and embolization to the brain or eye, late embolization due to thrombus formation on the damaged plaque, and bradycardia and hypotension as a result of carotid sinus stimulation. Electroencephalography can detect cerebral ischemia and hypoxia along with measuring hypnotic effects, but has not been reported to be used during CAS to signal impending neurological deficit and allow for intervention to prevent stroke. We report on the use of patient state index (PSI), an electroencephalographic (EEG) derived variable used by SEDLine monitor (Masimo Inc., San Diego, CA) to monitor changes in cerebral blood flow during carotid angioplasty and stenting in an awake patient under local anesthesia. PSI was developed to measure the level of hypnosis and sedation during anesthesia and in the ICU. The PSI is based on quantitative electroencephalogram features, recorded from anterior and posterior scalp sites, as input to a multivariate algorithm that quantifies the most probable level of anesthesia or sedation. The PSI is reported as a range from 0 to 100, with decreasing values indicating increasing levels of anesthesia or sedation. Adequate depth of anesthesia is reflected by PSI value of 25 - 50, and a fully awake state by a PSI of 100 [2]. Other EEG analysis techniques have been explored to detect changes in cerebral blood flow during carotid surgery [3], such as entropy described by Khan and Ozcan in his recent work entitled Disagreement in Bilateral State Entropy Values in Carotid Artery Disease [4], but there are no previous reports of the use of PSI during procedural sedation in carotid angioplasty and stenting in an awake patient.展开更多
目的:探讨麻醉深度指数(cerebral state index,CSI)监测丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉患者镇静深度的可行性。方法:44例择期全麻手术患者。ASAI～Ⅱ级。随机分为R_0、R_2、R_4、R_6组(n=11)。R_0组麻醉诱导时靶控输注(TCI)生理盐水.R_2、R_4、R_...目的:探讨麻醉深度指数(cerebral state index,CSI)监测丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉患者镇静深度的可行性。方法:44例择期全麻手术患者。ASAI～Ⅱ级。随机分为R_0、R_2、R_4、R_6组(n=11)。R_0组麻醉诱导时靶控输注(TCI)生理盐水.R_2、R_4、R_6组分别以效应室靶浓度(RCe)2、14、6 ng/ml TCI瑞芬太尼,输注10 min时开始TCI丙泊酚,初始丙泊酚效应室靶浓度(PCe)均为1.5μg/ml.每4 min增加0.5μg/ml,改良警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分为1分时给予强直刺激,记录在睫毛反射消失、强直刺激反应消失时CSI、脑电双频指数(bispectrat index.BIS)、PCe,并对CSI与改良OAA/S评分、BIS、PCe进行直线相关分析。结果:与R_0组相比,R_2、R_4、R_6组睫毛反射消失、强直刺激反应消失时CSI、BIS明显升高,PCe明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01)。相关性研究结果表明CSI与改良OAA/S评分、BIS呈正相关,与PCe呈负相关(P均<0.01)。结论:CSI可用于监测丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉患者镇静深度。展开更多
文摘Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) was developed to be a less invasive and complex procedure compared to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). It has emerged as an alternative for patients who are considered to have high surgical risks due to medical comorbidities or anatomical high-risk features [1]. The procedure is usually done under local anesthesia with light sedation, with the subsequent expectation of less neurologic injury, venous thromboembolisms, and myocardial infarctions—all well-known clinical risks of undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia. CAS, however, carries some increased risks of arterial dissection, dislocation of atherothrombotic debris and embolization to the brain or eye, late embolization due to thrombus formation on the damaged plaque, and bradycardia and hypotension as a result of carotid sinus stimulation. Electroencephalography can detect cerebral ischemia and hypoxia along with measuring hypnotic effects, but has not been reported to be used during CAS to signal impending neurological deficit and allow for intervention to prevent stroke. We report on the use of patient state index (PSI), an electroencephalographic (EEG) derived variable used by SEDLine monitor (Masimo Inc., San Diego, CA) to monitor changes in cerebral blood flow during carotid angioplasty and stenting in an awake patient under local anesthesia. PSI was developed to measure the level of hypnosis and sedation during anesthesia and in the ICU. The PSI is based on quantitative electroencephalogram features, recorded from anterior and posterior scalp sites, as input to a multivariate algorithm that quantifies the most probable level of anesthesia or sedation. The PSI is reported as a range from 0 to 100, with decreasing values indicating increasing levels of anesthesia or sedation. Adequate depth of anesthesia is reflected by PSI value of 25 - 50, and a fully awake state by a PSI of 100 [2]. Other EEG analysis techniques have been explored to detect changes in cerebral blood flow during carotid surgery [3], such as entropy described by Khan and Ozcan in his recent work entitled Disagreement in Bilateral State Entropy Values in Carotid Artery Disease [4], but there are no previous reports of the use of PSI during procedural sedation in carotid angioplasty and stenting in an awake patient.
