Azacitidine maintenance therapy for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm allograft: A case report

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare,highly invasive malignant neoplasm.There is no universally accepted standard of care because of its rarity and the dearth of prospective research.It is still challenging for some patients to achieve persistent clinical remission or cure,despite the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT),indicating that there is still a significant recurrence rate.We report a case of prevention of BPDCN allograft recurrence by azacitidine maintenance therapy and review the relevant literature.CASE SUMMARY We report a 41-year-old man with BPDCN who was admitted to hospital due to skin sclerosis for>5 mo’duration.BPDCN was diagnosed by combined clinical assessment and laboratory examinations.Following diagnosis,the patients underwent induction consolidation chemotherapy to achieve the first complete remission,followed by bridging allo-HSCT.Post-transplantation,azacitidine(75 mg/m2 for 7 d)was administered as maintenance therapy,with repeat administration every 4–6 wk and appropriate extension of the chemotherapy cycle.After 10 cycles,the patient has been disease free for 26 mo after transplantation.Regular assessments of bone marrow morphology,minimal residual disease,full donor chimerism,Epstein–Barr virus,and cytomegalovirus all yielded normal results with no abnormalities detected.CONCLUSION Azacitidine may be a safe and effective maintenance treatment for BPDCN following transplantation because there were no overt adverse events during the course of treatment.

Systematic review of ablative therapy for the treatment of renal allograft neoplasms

BACKGROUND To date,there are no guidelines on the treatment of solid neoplasms in the transplanted kidney.Historically,allograft nephrectomy has been considered the only reasonable option.More recently,nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) and ablative therapy (AT) have been proposed as alternative procedures in selected cases.AIM To review outcomes of AT for the treatment of renal allograft tumours.METHODS We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 Checklist.PubMed was searched in March 2019 without time restrictions for all papers reporting on radiofrequency ablation (RFA),cryoablation (CA),microwave ablation (MWA),high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU),and irreversible electroporation (IRE) of solid tumours of the kidney allograft.Only original manuscripts describing actual cases and edited in English were considered.All relevant articles were accessed in full text.Additional searches included all pertinent references.Selected studies were also assessed for methodological quality using a tool based on a modification of the Newcastle Ottawa scale.Data on recipient characteristics,transplant characteristics,disease characteristics,treatment protocols,and treatment outcomes were extracted and analysed.Given the nature and the quality of the studies available (mostly retrospective case reports and small retrospective uncontrolled case series),a descriptive summary was provided.RESULTS Twenty-eight relevant studies were selected describing a total of 100 AT procedures in 92 patients.Recipient age at diagnosis ranged from 21 to 71 years whereas time from transplant to diagnosis ranged from 0.1 to 312 mo.Most of the neoplasms were asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during imaging carried out for screening purposes or for other clinical reasons.Preferred diagnostic modality was Doppler-ultrasound scan followed by computed tomography scan,and magnetic resonance imaging.Main tumour types were: papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and clear cell RCC.Maximal tumour diameter ranged from 5 to 55 mm.The vast majority of neoplasms were T1a N0 M0 with only 2 lesions staged T1b N0 M0.Neoplasms were managed by RFA (n = 78),CA (n = 15),MWA (n = 3),HIFU (n = 3),and IRE (n = 1).Overall,3 episodes of primary treatment failure were reported.A single case of recurrence was identified.Follow-up ranged from 1 to 81 mo.No cancer-related deaths were observed.Complication rate was extremely low (mostly < 10%).Graft function remained stable in the majority of recipients.Due to the limited sample size,no clear benefit of a single procedure over the other ones could be demonstrated.CONCLUSION AT for renal allograft neoplasms represents a promising alternative to radical nephrectomy and NSS in carefully selected patients.Properly designed clinical trials are needed to validate this therapeutic approach.

Liver-directed therapies for liver metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms:Can laser ablation play any role?

Aggressive cytoreduction can prolong survival in patients with unresectable liver metastases(LM)from neuroendocrine neoplasms(NEN),and minimally invasive,liver-directed therapies are gaining increasing interest.Catheter-based treatments are used in disseminated disease,whereas ablation techniques are usually indicated when the number of LM is limited.Although radiofrequency ablation(RFA)is by far the most used ablative technique,the goal of this opinion review is to explore the potential role of laser ablation(LA)in the treatment of LM from NEN.LA uses thinner needles than RFA,and this is an advantage when the tumors are in at-risk locations.Moreover,the multi-fiber technique enables the use of one to four laser fibers at once,and each fiber provides an almost spherical thermal lesion of 12-15 mm in diameter.Such a characteristic enables to tailor the size of each thermal lesion to the size of each tumor,sparing the liver parenchyma more than any other liver-directed therapy,and allowing for repeated treatments with low risk of liver failure.A recent retrospective study reporting the largest series of LM treated with LA documents both safety and effectiveness of LA,that can play a useful role in the multimodality approach to LM from NEN.

Experimental study on effect of recombinant human growth hormone combined with chemotherapy on stomach neoplasms implanted in nude mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of different doses of recombined growth hormone (rhGH) on stomach neo- plasms implanted in nude mice, and its efficacy in combining with chemotherapy (flurouracil, 5-FU). Methods: Human stom- ach neoplasms model was established in nude mice. The nude mice were divided into control group, moderate-dose of rhGH group, low-dose rhGH group, 5-FU group, moderate-dose rhGH/5-FU group, and low-dose rhGH/5-FU group. The results of each group were observed after ten days. Results: After therapy, the body mass of rhGH groups was significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.05), the body mass of rhGH/5-FU groups was significantly increased compared with 5-FU group (P<0.05), but it was no significant difference between rhGH/5-FU groups and control group (P>0.05). The average tumor mass and volume of rhGH groups were not significantly increased compared with control group (P>0.05), but they were significantly reduced in 5-FU group and rhGH/5-FU groups (P<0.05). They were no significant difference between rhGH/5- FU groups and 5-FU group (P>0.05). After treatment, the percentages of S, G0/G1 and G2/M phases and proliferation index (PI) were not significantly changed in rhGH groups compared with control group (P>0.05), and the same with rhGH/5-FU groups compared with 5-FU group (P>0.05). The difference caused by dose of rhGH was not significant. Conclusion: rhGH enhances body mass, does not stimulate tumor growth, and has no adverse effects on tumor bearing nude mice. Combined with flurouracil, rhGH does not influence the efficacy of chemotherapy, and has no effect on tumor cell cycle kinetics.

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms - what have we learned so far?

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms are neoplastic processes arising as a result of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities given for a primary condition. The disease biology varies based on the etiology and treatment modalities patients receive for their primary condition. Topoisomerase Ⅱ inhibitor therapy results in balanced translocations. Alkylating agents, characteristically, give rise to more complex karyotypes and mutations in p53. Other etiologies include radiation therapy, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation and telomere dysfunction. Poor-risk cytogenetic abnormalities are more prevalent than they are in de novo leukemias and the prognosis of these patients is uniformly dismal. Outcome varies according to cytogenetic risk group. Treatment recommendations should be based on performance status and karyotype. An in-depth understanding of risk factors that lead to the development of therapyrelated myeloid neoplasms would help developing riskadapted treatment protocols and monitoring patients after treatment for the primary condition, translating into reduced incidence, early detection and timely treatment.

Favorable response after radiation therapy for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms manifesting as acute recurrent pancreatitis:A case report

BACKGROUND There has been an increasing number of elderly patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN),who are surgically intolerant and require less invasive treatment options,which are limited.In the present study,we report a case of IPMN presenting with acute recurrent pancreatitis(ARP),in which radiation therapy effectively prevented further attacks of ARP and reduced tumor volume.CASE SUMMARY An 83-year-old man was referred to our hospital with an asymptomatic incidental pancreatic cyst.Endoscopic ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed a multiloculated tumor in the head of the pancreas,with dilated pancreatic ducts and mural nodules.The patient was diagnosed with mixed-type IPMN,and five years later,he developed ARP.Several endoscopic pancreatic ductal balloon dilatations failed to prevent further ARP attacks.Surgery was considered clinically inappropriate because of his old age and comorbidities.He was referred to our department for radiation therapy targeted at those lesions causing intraductal hypertension and radiation was administered at a dose of 50 Gy.An magnetic resonance imaging scan taken ten weeks after treatment revealed a decrease in tumor size and improvement of pancreatic duct dilatation.Fourteen months later,he remains symptom-free from ARP.CONCLUSION This case highlights the important role of radiation therapy in mitigating the signs and symptoms of ARP in patients with inoperable IPMN.

A new breakthrough:ESD using a newly developed grasping type scissor forceps for early gastrointestinal tract neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has allowed the achievement of histologically curative en bloc resection of gastrointestinal neoplasms regardless of size,permitting the resection of previously non-resectable tumors.The ESD technique for treatment of early gastric cancer has spread rapidly in Japan and a few other Asian countries due to its excellent eradication rate compared to endoscopic mucosal resection.Although numerous electrosurgical knives have been developed for ESD,technical difficulties and high complication rates(bleeding and perforation) have limited their use worldwide.We developed the grasping type scissor forceps(GSF) to resolve such ESD-related problems.Our animal and preliminary clinical studies showed that ESD using GSF is a safe(no intraoperative complication) and technically efficient(curative en bloc resection rate 92%) method for dissection of early gastrointestinal tumors.The use of GSF is a promising option for performing ESD on early stage GI tract tumors both safely and effectively.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms:A clinical snapshot

Our understanding about the epidemiological aspects,pathogenesis,molecular diagnosis,and targeted therapies of neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs)have drastically advanced in the past decade.Gastroenteropancreatic(GEP)NENs originate from the enteroendocrine cells of the embryonic gut which share common endocrine and neural differentiation factors.Most NENs are welldifferentiated,and slow growing.Specific neuroendocrine biomarkers that are used in the diagnosis of functional NENs include insulin,glucagon,vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,gastrin,somatostatin,adrenocorticotropin,growth hormone releasing hormone,parathyroid hormone-related peptide,serotonin,histamine,and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid(5-HIAA).Biomarkers such as pancreatic polypeptide,human chorionic gonadotrophin subunits,neurotensin,ghrelin,and calcitonin are used in the diagnosis of non-functional NENs.5-HIAA levels correlate with tumour burden,prognosis and development of carcinoid heart disease and mesenteric fibrosis,however several diseases,medications and edible products can falsely elevate the 5-HIAA levels.Organ-specific transcription factors are useful in the differential diagnosis of metastasis from an unknown primary of well-differentiated NENs.Emerging novel biomarkers include circulating tumour cells,circulating tumour DNA,circulating micro-RNAs,and neuroendocrine neoplasms test(NETest)(simultaneous measurement of 51 neuroendocrine-specific marker genes in the peripheral blood).NETest has high sensitivity(85%-98%)and specificity(93%-97%)for the detection of gastrointestinal NENs,and is useful for monitoring treatment response,recurrence,and prognosis.In terms of management,surgery,radiofrequency ablation,symptom control with medications,chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapies are all considered as options.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment,but depends on factors including age of the individual,location,stage,grade,functional status,and the heredity of the tumour(sporadic vs inherited).Medical management is helpful to alleviate the symptoms,manage inoperable lesions,suppress postoperative tumour growth,and manage recurrences.Several molecular-targeted therapies are considered second line to somatostatin analogues.This review is a clinical update on the pathophysiological aspects,diagnostic algorithm,and management of GEP NENs.

Advances in medical treatment for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(PanNENs)are rare neoplasms with strong heterogeneity that have experienced an increasing incidence rate in recent years.For patients with locally advanced or distant metastatic PanNENs,systemic treatment options vary due to the different differentiations,grades and stages.The available options for systemic therapy include somatostatin analogs,molecularly targeted agents,cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents,immune checkpoint inhibitors,and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.In addition,the development of novel molecularly targeted agents is currently in progress.The sequence of selection between different chemotherapy regimens has been of great interest,and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is the major limitation in their clinical application.Novel agents and high-level clinical evidence continue to emerge in the field of antiangiogenic agents.Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is increasingly employed for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumors,and greater therapeutic efficacy may be achieved by emerging radiolabeled peptides.Since immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapies for PanNENs appear to have limited antitumor activity,dual immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies or combinations of antiangiogenic therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been applied in the clinic to improve clinical efficacy.Combining the use of a variety of agents with different mechanisms of action provides new possibilities for clinical treatments.In the future,the study of systemic therapies will continue to focus on the screening of the optimal benefit population and the selection of the best treatment sequence strategy with the aim of truly achieving individualized precise treatment of PanNENs.

Endoscopic techniques for diagnosis and treatment of gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms:Where we are

BACKGROUND The correct localization of the primary tumor site and a complete histological diagnosis represent the milestones for the proper management of gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(GEP-NENs).AIM To analyze current evidence on the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis/treatment of GEP-NENs.METHODS An extensive bibliographical search was performed in PubMed to identify guidelines and primary literature(retrospective and prospective studies,systematic reviews,case series)published in the last 15 years,using both medical subject heading(MeSH)terms and free-language keywords:gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms;endoscopy;ultrasound endoscopy;capsule endoscopy;double-balloon enteroscopy;diagnosis;therapy;staging.RESULTS In the diagnostic setting,endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)represents the diagnostic gold standard for pancreatic NENs and the technique of choice for the locoregional staging of gastric,duodenal and rectal NENs.The diagnosis of small bowel NENs(sbNENs)has been improved with the advent of video capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy,which allow for direct visualization of the entire small bowel;however,data regarding the efficacy/safety of these techniques in the detection of sbNENs are scanty and often inconclusive.From a therapeutic point of view,endoscopic removal is the treatment of choice for the majority of gastric NENs(type 1/2),for well-differentiated localized nonmetastatic duodenal NENs<1 cm,confined to the submucosa layer and for<10 mm,stage T1–T2,rectal NENs.EUS-guided pancreatic locoregional ablative treatments have been proposed in recent studies with promising results in order to control symptoms or reduce tumor burden in selected patients.CONCLUSION Standard axial endoscopy and EUS still play a pivotal role in several GEP-NENs.Advanced techniques for increasing the rate of R0 resection should be reserved for high-volume referral centers.

Prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies in the targeted therapy era

Hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation can be serious and potentially fatal,but is preventable.HBV reactivation is most commonly reported in patients receiving chemotherapy,especially rituximab-containing therapy for hematological malignancies and those receiving stem cell transplantation.Patients with inactive and even resolved HBV infection still have persistence of HBV genomes in the liver.The expression of these silent genomes is controlled by the immune system.Suppression or ablation of immune cells,most importantly B cells,may lead to reactivation of seemingly resolved HBV infection.Thus,all patients with hematological malignancies receiving anticancer therapy should be screened for active or resolved HBV infection by blood tests for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.Patients found to be positive for HBsAg should be given prophylactic antiviral therapy.For patients with resolved HBV infection,there are two approaches.The first is pre-emptive therapy guided by serial HBV DNA monitoring,and treatment with antiviral therapy as soon as HBV DNA becomes detectable.The second approach is prophy-lactic antiviral therapy,particularly for patients receiving high-risk therapy,especially anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Entecavir and tenofovir are the preferred antiviral choices.Many new effective therapies for hematological malignancies have been introduced in the past decade,for example,chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell therapy,novel monoclonal antibodies,bispecific antibody drug conjugates,and small molecule inhibitors,which may be associated with HBV reactivation.Although there is limited evidence to guide the optimal preventive measures,we recommend antivi-ral prophylaxis in HBsAg-positive patients receiving novel treatments,including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors,B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors,and CAR-T cell therapy.Further studies are needed to determine the risk of HBV reactivation with these agents and the best prophylactic strategy.

Current update on imaging for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(panNEN)are a heterogeneous group of tumors with differing pathological,genetic,and clinical features.Based on clinical findings,they may be categorized into functioning and nonfunctioning tumors.Adoption of the 2017 World Health Organization classification system,particularly its differentiation between grade 3,well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(panNET)and grade 3,poorly-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas(panNEC)has emphasized the role imaging plays in characterizing these lesions.Endoscopic ultrasound can help obtain biopsy specimen and assess tumor margins and local spread.Enhancement patterns on computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)may be used to classify panNEN.Contrast enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging have been reported to be useful for characterization of panNEN and quantifying metastatic burden.Current and emerging radiotracers have broadened the utility of functional imaging in evaluating panNEN.Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(PET)/CT and somatostatin receptor imaging such as Gallium-681,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid–octreotate PET/CT may be useful for improved identification of panNEN in comparison to anatomic modalities.These new techniques can also play a direct role in optimizing the selection of treatment for individuals and predicting tumor response based on somatostatin receptor expression.In addition,emerging methods of radiomics such as texture analysis may be a potential tool for staging and outcome prediction in panNEN,however further investigation is required before clinical implementation.

Analysis of 30 patients with persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix within one year after concurrent chemoradiotherapy

Objective:To investigate the recurrence sites,risk factors,and prognosis of patients with persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)of the cervix within one year after undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CCRT).Methods:Clinical data of 30 patients with persistent or recurrent SCC of the cervix within one year after CCRT between July 2006 and July 2011 were analyzed retrospectively.These data were compared with those of 35 SCC cases with no signs of recurrence after complete remission.These 35 patients were treated during the same period(between 2006 and 2011)and selected randomly.Results:Among these 30 patients,25 exhibited distant metastases of which 14 were observed within 6 months after CCRT.Univariate analysis showed higher incidence of pelvic or para-aortic lymphadenectasis and SCC-ag>10 ng/mL in the group with persistent or recurrent disease before treatment(P<0.01).Multivariate analysis by logistic regression revealed that the pre-therapeutic pelvic or para-aortic lymph node enlargement and SCC-ag>10 ng/mL were the independent risk factors.Palliative chemotherapy was the main treatment option for patients with persistent or recurrent disease.The 2-year survival rate was 21.7%,and the median survival time was 17 months.Conclusion:Patients with persistent or recurrent SCC of the cervix after CCRT exhibited a high rate of distant metastasis with poor prognosis.The pre-therapeutic pelvic or para-aortic lymph node enlargement and SCC-ag>10 ng/mL were identified as the independent risk factors for persistent or recurrent SCC within 1 year after CCRT.

The Physical and Clinical Aspects of Radiation Therapy in Skin Cancer and Subcutaneous Tissue Neoplasm

Cancers, malignant melanoma and sarcomas of the skin represent the most common group of malignancies in humans. The main treatment method of almost all skin cancers and subcutaneous tissue tumours is surgery, which consists of complete removal of a neoplastic lesion, with an adequate margin of healthy tissue. Radiotherapy plays an adjuvant role in this process, meaning complementing of the surgical procedure. This study compared four methods of irradiation treatment of cancer located in the skin or in subcutaneous tissues: contact brachytherapy, conventional orthovoltage therapy, electron beam conformal teleradiotherapy and IMRT dynamically shaped photonic beams conformal teleradiotherapy. In order to compare the methods and techniques of surface radiotherapy, following specific objectives were formulated. At the beginning in order to compare the scopes of the absorbed doses at different tissue depths, an analysis of parameters describing particular beams or radiation source has been performed—the curves for the absorbed-dose depth drop-offs. Doses distribution in tissue-like phantoms stimulating homogeneous cuboidal tissue block has been determined. A quality comparison of dose distribution in 2D and 3D treatment planning system for contact brachytherapy application has been made. The dose distribution for electron beam in the system has been determined. Conformal plannings for electron beam treatment, contact brachytherapy applicator treatment and 4 photon beams treatment optimized in IMRT technology have been performed. Dose distribution has been performed for the irradiated female patient within the well chest—the target included the recurrence area in the post-operative scar. The radiation therapy with X-rays has actually been completely eliminated from skin cancer and subcutaneous tissue radiotherapy by the electrons generated in linear accelerators, contact brachytherapy HDR and by high-energy photons used in conformal techniques, ex. IMRT. It is because the residual dose beyond the target is the highest for single X-ray beam. Although in brachytherapy HDR a rapid dose drop-off is observed, 5 cm from its normalization level for the target the residual radiation remains at the level of several percent. So, both X-rays beam radiation and brachytherapy in skin cancer treatment is connected with the administration of the dose with a high gradient in the health tissues. The dose distribution for photon conformal techniques IMRT or for electron radiation looks different. There with the dose normalization at the level of 90% or 85% we deal with the dose layer, the division does not exceed 15% of heterogeneity.

Immunotherapy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is presented frequently in late stages that are not amenable for curative treatment.Even for patients who can undergo resection for curative treatment of HCC,up to 50%recur.For patients who were not exposed to systemic therapy prior to recurrence,recurrence frequently cannot be subjected to curative therapy or local treatments.Such patients have several options of immunotherapy(IO).This includes programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 treatment,combination of PD-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor or single agent PD-1 therapy when all other options are deemed inappropriate.There are also investigational therapies in this area that explore either PD-1 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors or a novel agent in addition to PD-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors.This minireview explored IO options for patients with recurrent HCC who were not exposed to systemic therapy at the initial diagnosis.We also discussed potential IO options for patients with recurrent HCC who were exposed to first-line therapy with curative intent at diagnosis.

垂体催乳素瘤的临床特点及诊治要点更新--基于《2022版ICCE/AME垂体催乳素瘤临床实践共识》解读

垂体催乳素瘤是一种由垂体催乳素细胞瘤过量合成和分泌催乳素引起的神经内分泌疾病,垂体催乳素瘤的规范化诊疗对于恢复并维持患者的正常垂体功能并提高其生活质量具有重要意义。2022年1月,《欧洲内分泌杂志》发布了国际临床内分泌学分会(ICCE)与意大利临床内分泌学家协会(AME)关于垂体催乳素瘤的临床实践最新共识申明——《2022版ICCE/AME垂体催乳素瘤临床实践共识》(简称2022版ICCE/AME新共识)。2022版ICCE/AME新共识立足最新循证医学证据,对于垂体催乳素瘤的临床诊治问题进行系统性阐述、分析和建议。本文围绕2022版ICCE/AME新共识关于垂体催乳素瘤的诊断、治疗、特殊人群、多巴胺激动剂抵抗及侵袭性疾病等诊治要点更新进行解读,希望有助于全科医生及内分泌专科医生对于垂体催乳素瘤的认识,为其临床实践的规范化诊疗提供参考。

肝癌靶向联合免疫治疗耐药后的二线治疗方案研究进展

近年来,靶向和免疫单药及联合治疗晚期肝癌的临床研究为一线用药方案选择提供了丰富的疗效与安全性证据。然而,对于肝癌二线治疗方案的选择,目前各项临床指南尚无统一意见,原因在于现有循证医学证据局限于索拉非尼失败后的选择,而对于新的一线方案,如靶向免疫联合治疗肝癌耐药后的二线治疗方案,依然缺乏高证据等级的临床试验结论。本文回顾了目前临床试验研究结果,根据药物作用的不同机制,对靶向免疫一线治疗耐药后肝癌二线治疗方案的研究进行了归纳,并系统总结近年研究进展。对于一线靶免联合治疗耐药的肝癌患者,靶向联合治疗、免疫双抗治疗均有望提高疗效、改善生存,未来还需更多前瞻性临床研究数据,为靶免联合治疗耐药的肝癌患者提供有效、安全的治疗方案。

团体认知行为干预对高危型HPV持续感染患者临床转归的影响

目的 探讨团体认知行为干预(cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT)对宫颈高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high risk human papillomavirus, HR-HPV)持续感染患者临床转归的影响,构建针对情绪障碍的HR-HPV持续感染患者的系统性心理干预治疗方案。方法 选取HR-HPV持续感染合并情绪障碍患者,按照随机数字表法分为干预组(n=44)和对照组(n=45):对照组给予健康宣教、随访监测,干预组在此基础上给予CBT干预,比较两组的临床转归及心理量表评分。结果 随访6月及12月,HR-HPV感染消退率干预组高于对照组;而HR-HPV持续感染率及进展率干预组低于对照组(P<0.05)。抑郁症筛查量表(PHQ-9)及广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)评分,干预结束后即刻、随访6月及12月,干预组均低于对照组(P<0.05);干预组干预结束后即刻、随访6月及12月评分均低于干预前(P<0.05);对照组干预前后评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 HR-HPV持续感染患者进行系统性心理干预治疗,有助于HR-HPV感染消退。

儿童胃肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗

目的总结儿童胃肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,IMT)的临床特征及诊治经验。方法回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院普外科2010年1月至2021年12月收治的11例胃肠道IMT患儿临床资料,男7例,女4例;发病年龄8个月至15岁,收集患儿临床特点、影像学检查、病理学诊断、外科治疗及随访情况等。结果11例主要以腹痛、呕吐、发热、血便及腹部肿物就诊。10例行一期手术完整切除肿瘤,其中1例术后予化疗;1例经活检确诊后未予手术,仅行化疗。11例均病理诊断明确,均获随访(随访时间6~60个月),其中9例治愈,2例带瘤生存(1例于术后2年复发)。结论儿童胃肠道IMT临床少见,手术是首选治疗方法。复发、难治性IMT的治疗亟待进一步积累经验。

PARP抑制剂与免疫检查点抑制剂联合治疗在妇科恶性肿瘤中的应用

近年来肿瘤靶向和免疫治疗的研究进展迅速,如多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶抑制剂[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor,PARPi]、免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)等已改变了妇科肿瘤的传统治疗模式,但部分患者疗效有限或出现耐药。临床前研究发现,PARPi损伤DNA修复过程,可造成肿瘤突变负荷与肿瘤特异性抗原增加,调节肿瘤微环境,刺激肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes,TIL)产生并促进抗肿瘤免疫反应,为PARPi与ICI联合治疗提供了理论基础。近年多项临床研究发现PARPi与ICI联合使用可显著改善妇科恶性肿瘤患者的预后。