Accelerating Grain Legumes Production in Nigeria： Prospects and Challenges

This paper reviews programs and projects that are elements of the strategy to boost crop production in general and grain legumes in particular in Nigeria. The objective is to bring to fore the neglect of grain legumes production in such strategies and for improved understanding of the need to implement grain legumes specific programs for enhanced food security in the country. The paper reiterates that grain legumes were neglected in most of the strategies for increased crop production which presented enormous challenges and reflects largely the inbalance in the policies for the attainment of food self-sufficiency and food security in the country The paper gives an overview of the programs and projects, and reviews the output of grain legumes during the period （1970-2007）. It submits that the activities of some research institutes and the presidential initiative on vegetable oil development program had positive impact on the output of legumes which is an added impetus for the need to establish grain legumes specific research institutes and programs for further productivity increases. Constraints identified by the paper include： poverty, storage systems, among others. It itemizes prospects and current challenges for grain legume crop sub-sector in Nigeria.

Research on the Library Enterprise Development Prospects and Challenges under the Environment of Big Data and Cloud Computing

In this paper, we conduct research on the library development prospects and challenges under the environment of big data and cloud computing. Increasingly nervous and public libraries are facing funding, resources construction pace slow or stagnant difficult situation, readers to the library cause in the new times challenge. Big data era has quietly come, for the knowledge storage, use and development as own duty, the library, how to improve the ability of handling large amounts of growth literature is urgent. Our methodology solves the issues well which will be meaningful.

Peritoneal Dialysis: Prospects and Challenges

There are 3 kinds of Renal Replacement Therapy:hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.Although a kidney transplant would be the best solution,organ donations are limited and the transplanted organs can be rejected by the body.Hemodialysis is a widely recognized and near-universally available treatment method,however,the patient must make at least 3 weekly visits to a hospital to undergo treatment,with each session lasting on average around 4 hours.Consequently this can have an impact on the patients’life,including work and travel.Since the clinical populariza-

Direct observation of the carrier transport process in InGaN quantum wells with a pn-junction

A new mechanism of light-to-electricity conversion that uses InGaN/GaN QWs with a p-n junction is reported.According to the well established light-to-electricity conversion theory,quantum wells（QWs） cannot be used in solar cells and photodetectors because the photogenerated carriers in QWs usually relax to ground energy levels,owing to quantum confinement,and cannot form a photocurrent.We observe directly that more than 95% of the photoexcited carriers escape from InGaN/GaN QWs to generate a photocurrent,indicating that the thermionic emission and tunneling processes proposed previously cannot explain carriers escaping from QWs.We show that photoexcited carriers can escape directly from the QWs when the device is under working conditions.Our finding challenges the current theory and demonstrates a new prospect for developing highly efficient solar cells and photodetectors.

Advancements on metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts in photo-electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and other useful products

Due to its fascinating and tunable optoelectronic properties,semiconductor nanomaterials are the best choices for multidisciplinary applications.Particularly,the use of semiconductor photocatalysts is one of the promising ways to harness solar energy for useful applications in the field of energy and environment.In recent years,metal oxide-based tailored semiconductor photocatalysts have extensively been used for photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into fuels and other useful products utilizing solar energy.This is very significant not only from renewable energy consumption but also from reducing global warming point of view.Such current research activities are promising for a better future of society.The present mini-review is focused on recent developments(2–3 years)in metal oxide semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts-based photo-electrochemical conversion of CO_(2)into fuels and other useful products.First,general mechanism of photo-electrochemical conversion of CO_(2)into fuels or other useful products has been discussed.Then,various metal oxide-based emerging hybrid photocatalysts including tailoring of their morphological,compositional,and optoelectronic properties have been discussed with emphasis on their role in enhancing photoelectrochemical efficienty.Afterwards,mechanism of their photo-electrochemical reactions and applications in CO_(2)conversion into fuels/other useful products have been discussed.Finally,challenges and future prospects have been discussed followed by a summary.

Prospects and Challenges

The future of Sino-Japanese relations is bright,but the two sides should alsolook out for potential problems Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso paid a visit to China

A critical review of key materials and issues in solid oxide cells

Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are all solid ceramic devices with the dual functionality of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)to convert the chemical energy of fuels like H2,natural gas and other hydrocarbons to electricity and of solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs)to store renewable electric energy of sun and wind in hydrogen fuel.Among the electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices,SOCs are the most clean and efficient technology with unique dual functionality.Due to the high operation temperature(typically 600–800°C),SOCs exhibit many advantages over other energy conversion devices,such as low material cost,high efficiency and fuel flexibility.There has been rapid development of SOC technologies over the last decade with significant advantages and progress in key materials and a fundamental understanding of key issues such as an electrode,electrolyte,performance degradation,poisoning,and stack design.The reversible polarization also has a critical effect on the surface segregation and stability of the electrode and electrode/electrolyte interface.This critical review starts with a brief introduction,working principles and thermodynamics of SOC technology to readers with interests in this rapidly developing and emerging field.Then the key materials currently used in SOCs are summarized,followed by the discussion of the most advanced electrode modification methods and critical issues of SOCs,including the surface chemistry,segregation,electrode/electrolyte interface and varying material degradation mechanisms under reversible operations.The challenges and prospects of SOC technology for future developments are discussed.

Quasiperiodic photonic crystal fiber[Invited]

In the fields of light manipulation and localization,quasiperiodic photonic crystals,or photonic quasicrystals[PQs],are causing an upsurge in research because of their rotational symmetry and long-range orientation of transverse lattice arrays,as they lack translational symmetry.It allows for the optimization of well-established light propagation properties and has introduced new guiding features.Therefore,as a class,quasiperiodic photonic crystal fibers,or photonic quasicrystal fibers[PQFs],are considered to add flexibility and richness to the optical properties of fibers and are expected to offer significant potential applications to optical fiber fields.In this review,the fundamental concept,working mechanisms,and invention history of PQFs are explained.Recent progress in optical property improvement and its novel applications in fields such as dispersion control,polarization-maintenance,supercontinuum generation,orbital angular momentum transmission,plasmon-based sensors and filters,and high nonlinearity and topological mode transmission,are then reviewed in detail.Bandgap-type air-guiding PQFs supporting low attenuation propagation and regulation of photonic density states of quasiperiodic cladding and in which light guidance is achieved by coherent Bragg scattering are also summarized.Finally,current challenges encountered in the guiding mechanisms and practical preparation techniques,as well as the prospects and research trends of PQFs,are also presented.